Moment.thy further improved.
authorzhangx
Wed, 13 Jan 2016 23:39:59 +0800
changeset 73 b0054fb0d1ce
parent 72 3fa70b12c117
child 74 83ba2d8c859a
Moment.thy further improved.
Correctness.thy
Correctness.thy~
CpsG.thy~
Moment.thy
--- a/Correctness.thy	Wed Jan 13 15:22:14 2016 +0000
+++ b/Correctness.thy	Wed Jan 13 23:39:59 2016 +0800
@@ -124,13 +124,16 @@
   qed
 qed
 
-locale red_extend_highest_gen = extend_highest_gen +
+(* locale red_extend_highest_gen = extend_highest_gen +
    fixes i::nat
+*)
 
+(*
 sublocale red_extend_highest_gen <   red_moment: extend_highest_gen "s" "th" "prio" "tm" "(moment i t)"
   apply (insert extend_highest_gen_axioms, subst (asm) (1) moment_restm_s [of i t, symmetric])
   apply (unfold extend_highest_gen_def extend_highest_gen_axioms_def, clarsimp)
   by (unfold highest_gen_def, auto dest:step_back_vt_app)
+*)
 
 context extend_highest_gen
 begin
@@ -790,5 +793,6 @@
   thus ?thesis using th_blockedE by auto
 qed
 
+
 end
 end
--- a/Correctness.thy~	Wed Jan 13 15:22:14 2016 +0000
+++ b/Correctness.thy~	Wed Jan 13 23:39:59 2016 +0800
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 imports PIPBasics
 begin
 
+
 text {* 
   The following two auxiliary lemmas are used to reason about @{term Max}.
 *}
@@ -79,17 +80,15 @@
   ultimately show ?thesis by auto
 qed
 
-lemma highest_cp_preced: "cp s th = Max ((\<lambda> th'. preced th' s) ` threads s)"
-  by (fold max_cp_eq, unfold eq_cp_s_th, insert highest, simp)
+lemma highest_cp_preced: "cp s th = Max (the_preced s ` threads s)"
+  using eq_cp_s_th highest max_cp_eq the_preced_def by presburger
+  
 
-lemma highest_preced_thread: "preced th s = Max ((\<lambda> th'. preced th' s) ` threads s)"
+lemma highest_preced_thread: "preced th s = Max (the_preced s ` threads s)"
   by (fold eq_cp_s_th, unfold highest_cp_preced, simp)
 
 lemma highest': "cp s th = Max (cp s ` threads s)"
-proof -
-  from highest_cp_preced max_cp_eq[symmetric]
-  show ?thesis by simp
-qed
+  by (simp add: eq_cp_s_th highest)
 
 end
 
@@ -125,7 +124,6 @@
   qed
 qed
 
-
 locale red_extend_highest_gen = extend_highest_gen +
    fixes i::nat
 
@@ -248,16 +246,15 @@
   operations of PIP. All cases follow the same pattern rendered by the 
   generalized introduction rule @{thm "image_Max_eqI"}. 
 
-  The very essence is to show that precedences, no matter whether they are newly introduced 
-  or modified, are always lower than the one held by @{term "th"},
-  which by @{thm th_kept} is preserved along the way.
+  The very essence is to show that precedences, no matter whether they 
+  are newly introduced or modified, are always lower than the one held 
+  by @{term "th"}, which by @{thm th_kept} is preserved along the way.
 *}
 lemma max_kept: "Max (the_preced (t @ s) ` (threads (t@s))) = preced th s"
 proof(induct rule:ind)
   case Nil
   from highest_preced_thread
-  show ?case
-    by (unfold the_preced_def, simp)
+  show ?case by simp
 next
   case (Cons e t)
     interpret h_e: extend_highest_gen _ _ _ _ "(e # t)" using Cons by auto
@@ -285,7 +282,8 @@
             assume "x = thread"
             thus ?thesis 
               apply (simp add:Create the_preced_def preced_def, fold preced_def)
-              using Create h_e.create_low h_t.th_kept lt_tm preced_leI2 preced_th by force
+              using Create h_e.create_low h_t.th_kept lt_tm preced_leI2 
+              preced_th by force
           next
             assume h: "x \<in> threads (t @ s)"
             from Cons(2)[unfolded Create] 
@@ -440,10 +438,25 @@
   finally show ?thesis .
 qed
 
-lemma th_cp_max: "cp (t@s) th = Max (cp (t@s) ` threads (t@s))"
+lemma th_cp_max[simp]: "Max (cp (t@s) ` threads (t@s)) = cp (t@s) th"
   using max_cp_eq th_cp_max_preced the_preced_def vt_t by presburger
 
-lemma th_cp_preced: "cp (t@s) th = preced th s"
+lemma [simp]: "Max (cp (t@s) ` threads (t@s)) = Max (the_preced (t@s) ` threads (t@s))"
+  by (simp add: th_cp_max_preced)
+  
+lemma [simp]: "Max (the_preced (t@s) ` threads (t@s)) = the_preced (t@s) th"
+  using max_kept th_kept the_preced_def by auto
+
+lemma [simp]: "the_preced (t@s) th = preced th (t@s)"
+  using the_preced_def by auto
+
+lemma [simp]: "preced th (t@s) = preced th s"
+  by (simp add: th_kept)
+
+lemma [simp]: "cp s th = preced th s"
+  by (simp add: eq_cp_s_th)
+
+lemma th_cp_preced [simp]: "cp (t@s) th = preced th s"
   by (fold max_kept, unfold th_cp_max_preced, simp)
 
 lemma preced_less:
@@ -455,6 +468,21 @@
     preced_linorder rev_image_eqI threads_s vat_s.finite_threads 
     vat_s.le_cp)
 
+section {* The `blocking thread` *}
+
+text {* 
+  The purpose of PIP is to ensure that the most 
+  urgent thread @{term th} is not blocked unreasonably. 
+  Therefore, a clear picture of the blocking thread is essential 
+  to assure people that the purpose is fulfilled. 
+  
+  In this section, we are going to derive a series of lemmas 
+  with finally give rise to a picture of the blocking thread. 
+
+  By `blocking thread`, we mean a thread in running state but 
+  different from thread @{term th}.
+*}
+
 text {*
   The following lemmas shows that the @{term cp}-value 
   of the blocking thread @{text th'} equals to the highest
@@ -471,17 +499,31 @@
   finally show ?thesis .
 qed
 
-section {* The `blocking thread` *}
+text {*
+  The following lemma shows how the counting of 
+  @{term "P"} and @{term "V"} operations affects 
+  the running state of threads in @{term t}.
+
+  The lemma shows that if a thread's @{term "P"}-count equals 
+  its @{term "V"}-count (which means it no longer has any 
+  resource in its possession), it can not be in running thread. 
 
-text {*
-  Counting of the number of @{term "P"} and @{term "V"} operations 
-  is the cornerstone of a large number of the following proofs. 
-  The reason is that this counting is quite easy to calculate and 
-  convenient to use in the reasoning. 
+  The proof is by contraction with the assumption @{text "th' \<noteq> th"}. 
+  The key is the use of @{thm count_eq_dependants}
+  to derive the emptiness of @{text th'}s @{term dependants}-set
+  from the balance of its @{term P} @{term V} counts. 
+  From this, it can be shown @{text th'}s @{term cp}-value 
+  equals to its own precedence. 
 
-  The following lemma shows that the counting controls whether 
-  a thread is running or not.
-*} (* ccc *)
+  On the other hand, since @{text th'} is running, by 
+  @{thm runing_preced_inversion}, its @{term cp}-value
+  equals to the precedence of @{term th}. 
+
+  Combining the above two we have that @{text th'} and 
+  @{term th} have the same precedence. By uniqueness of precedence, we
+  have @{text "th' = th"}, which is in contradiction with the
+  assumption @{text "th' \<noteq> th"}. 
+*} 
                       
 lemma eq_pv_blocked: (* ddd *)
   assumes neq_th': "th' \<noteq> th"
@@ -507,16 +549,16 @@
               equals its @{term preced}-value: *}
         have "?L = cp (t@s) th'"
           by (unfold cp_eq_cpreced cpreced_def count_eq_dependants[OF eq_pv], simp)
-        -- {* Since @{term "th'"} is running by @{thm otherwise},
-              it has the highest @{term cp}-value, by definition, 
-              which in turn equals to the @{term cp}-value of @{term th}. *}
+        -- {* Since @{term "th'"} is running, by @{thm runing_preced_inversion},
+              its @{term cp}-value equals @{term "preced th s"}, 
+              which equals to @{term "?R"} by simplification: *}
         also have "... = ?R" 
-            using runing_preced_inversion[OF otherwise] th_kept by simp
+        thm runing_preced_inversion
+            using runing_preced_inversion[OF otherwise] by simp
         finally show ?thesis .
       qed
     qed (auto simp: th'_in th_kept)
-    moreover have "th' \<noteq> th" using neq_th' .
-    ultimately show ?thesis by simp
+    with `th' \<noteq> th` show ?thesis by simp
  qed
 qed
 
@@ -589,15 +631,6 @@
   using assms
   by (simp add: eq_pv_blocked eq_pv_persist) 
 
-text {* 
-  The purpose of PIP is to ensure that the most 
-  urgent thread @{term th} is not blocked unreasonably. 
-  Therefore, a clear picture of the blocking thread is essential 
-  to assure people that the purpose is fulfilled. 
-  
-  The following lemmas will give us such a picture: 
-*}
-
 text {*
   The following lemma shows the blocking thread @{term th'}
   must hold some resource in the very beginning. 
@@ -757,5 +790,6 @@
   thus ?thesis using th_blockedE by auto
 qed
 
+
 end
 end
--- a/CpsG.thy~	Wed Jan 13 15:22:14 2016 +0000
+++ b/CpsG.thy~	Wed Jan 13 23:39:59 2016 +0800
@@ -1,47 +1,3208 @@
-section {*
-  This file contains lemmas used to guide the recalculation of current precedence 
-  after every system call (or system operation)
+theory CpsG
+imports PIPDefs 
+begin
+
+(* I am going to use this file as a start point to retrofiting 
+   PIPBasics.thy, which is originally called CpsG.ghy *)
+
+locale valid_trace = 
+  fixes s
+  assumes vt : "vt s"
+
+locale valid_trace_e = valid_trace +
+  fixes e
+  assumes vt_e: "vt (e#s)"
+begin
+
+lemma pip_e: "PIP s e"
+  using vt_e by (cases, simp)  
+
+end
+
+lemma runing_ready: 
+  shows "runing s \<subseteq> readys s"
+  unfolding runing_def readys_def
+  by auto 
+
+lemma readys_threads:
+  shows "readys s \<subseteq> threads s"
+  unfolding readys_def
+  by auto
+
+lemma wq_v_neq [simp]:
+   "cs \<noteq> cs' \<Longrightarrow> wq (V thread cs#s) cs' = wq s cs'"
+  by (auto simp:wq_def Let_def cp_def split:list.splits)
+
+lemma runing_head:
+  assumes "th \<in> runing s"
+  and "th \<in> set (wq_fun (schs s) cs)"
+  shows "th = hd (wq_fun (schs s) cs)"
+  using assms
+  by (simp add:runing_def readys_def s_waiting_def wq_def)
+
+context valid_trace
+begin
+
+lemma actor_inv: 
+  assumes "PIP s e"
+  and "\<not> isCreate e"
+  shows "actor e \<in> runing s"
+  using assms
+  by (induct, auto)
+
+
+lemma isP_E:
+  assumes "isP e"
+  obtains cs where "e = P (actor e) cs"
+  using assms by (cases e, auto)
+
+lemma isV_E:
+  assumes "isV e"
+  obtains cs where "e = V (actor e) cs"
+  using assms by (cases e, auto) 
+
+
+lemma ind [consumes 0, case_names Nil Cons, induct type]:
+  assumes "PP []"
+     and "(\<And>s e. valid_trace s \<Longrightarrow> valid_trace (e#s) \<Longrightarrow>
+                   PP s \<Longrightarrow> PIP s e \<Longrightarrow> PP (e # s))"
+     shows "PP s"
+proof(rule vt.induct[OF vt])
+  from assms(1) show "PP []" .
+next
+  fix s e
+  assume h: "vt s" "PP s" "PIP s e"
+  show "PP (e # s)"
+  proof(cases rule:assms(2))
+    from h(1) show v1: "valid_trace s" by (unfold_locales, simp)
+  next
+    from h(1,3) have "vt (e#s)" by auto
+    thus "valid_trace (e # s)" by (unfold_locales, simp)
+  qed (insert h, auto)
+qed
+
+lemma wq_distinct: "distinct (wq s cs)"
+proof(induct rule:ind)
+  case (Cons s e)
+  from Cons(4,3)
+  show ?case 
+  proof(induct)
+    case (thread_P th s cs1)
+    show ?case 
+    proof(cases "cs = cs1")
+      case True
+      thus ?thesis (is "distinct ?L")
+      proof - 
+        have "?L = wq_fun (schs s) cs1 @ [th]" using True
+          by (simp add:wq_def wf_def Let_def split:list.splits)
+        moreover have "distinct ..."
+        proof -
+          have "th \<notin> set (wq_fun (schs s) cs1)"
+          proof
+            assume otherwise: "th \<in> set (wq_fun (schs s) cs1)"
+            from runing_head[OF thread_P(1) this]
+            have "th = hd (wq_fun (schs s) cs1)" .
+            hence "(Cs cs1, Th th) \<in> (RAG s)" using otherwise
+              by (simp add:s_RAG_def s_holding_def wq_def cs_holding_def)
+            with thread_P(2) show False by auto
+          qed
+          moreover have "distinct (wq_fun (schs s) cs1)"
+              using True thread_P wq_def by auto 
+          ultimately show ?thesis by auto
+        qed
+        ultimately show ?thesis by simp
+      qed
+    next
+      case False
+      with thread_P(3)
+      show ?thesis
+        by (auto simp:wq_def wf_def Let_def split:list.splits)
+    qed
+  next
+    case (thread_V th s cs1)
+    thus ?case
+    proof(cases "cs = cs1")
+      case True
+      show ?thesis (is "distinct ?L")
+      proof(cases "(wq s cs)")
+        case Nil
+        thus ?thesis
+          by (auto simp:wq_def wf_def Let_def split:list.splits)
+      next
+        case (Cons w_hd w_tl)
+        moreover have "distinct (SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set w_tl)"
+        proof(rule someI2)
+          from thread_V(3)[unfolded Cons]
+          show  "distinct w_tl \<and> set w_tl = set w_tl" by auto
+        qed auto
+        ultimately show ?thesis
+          by (auto simp:wq_def wf_def Let_def True split:list.splits)
+      qed 
+    next
+      case False
+      with thread_V(3)
+      show ?thesis
+        by (auto simp:wq_def wf_def Let_def split:list.splits)
+    qed
+  qed (insert Cons, auto simp: wq_def Let_def split:list.splits)
+qed (unfold wq_def Let_def, simp)
+
+end
+
+context valid_trace_e
+begin
+
+text {*
+  The following lemma shows that only the @{text "P"}
+  operation can add new thread into waiting queues. 
+  Such kind of lemmas are very obvious, but need to be checked formally.
+  This is a kind of confirmation that our modelling is correct.
+*}
+
+lemma wq_in_inv: 
+  assumes s_ni: "thread \<notin> set (wq s cs)"
+  and s_i: "thread \<in> set (wq (e#s) cs)"
+  shows "e = P thread cs"
+proof(cases e)
+  -- {* This is the only non-trivial case: *}
+  case (V th cs1)
+  have False
+  proof(cases "cs1 = cs")
+    case True
+    show ?thesis
+    proof(cases "(wq s cs1)")
+      case (Cons w_hd w_tl)
+      have "set (wq (e#s) cs) \<subseteq> set (wq s cs)"
+      proof -
+        have "(wq (e#s) cs) = (SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set w_tl)"
+          using  Cons V by (auto simp:wq_def Let_def True split:if_splits)
+        moreover have "set ... \<subseteq> set (wq s cs)"
+        proof(rule someI2)
+          show "distinct w_tl \<and> set w_tl = set w_tl"
+            by (metis distinct.simps(2) local.Cons wq_distinct)
+        qed (insert Cons True, auto)
+        ultimately show ?thesis by simp
+      qed
+      with assms show ?thesis by auto
+    qed (insert assms V True, auto simp:wq_def Let_def split:if_splits)
+  qed (insert assms V, auto simp:wq_def Let_def split:if_splits)
+  thus ?thesis by auto
+qed (insert assms, auto simp:wq_def Let_def split:if_splits)
+
+lemma wq_out_inv: 
+  assumes s_in: "thread \<in> set (wq s cs)"
+  and s_hd: "thread = hd (wq s cs)"
+  and s_i: "thread \<noteq> hd (wq (e#s) cs)"
+  shows "e = V thread cs"
+proof(cases e)
+-- {* There are only two non-trivial cases: *}
+  case (V th cs1)
+  show ?thesis
+  proof(cases "cs1 = cs")
+    case True
+    have "PIP s (V th cs)" using pip_e[unfolded V[unfolded True]] .
+    thus ?thesis
+    proof(cases)
+      case (thread_V)
+      moreover have "th = thread" using thread_V(2) s_hd
+          by (unfold s_holding_def wq_def, simp)
+      ultimately show ?thesis using V True by simp
+    qed
+  qed (insert assms V, auto simp:wq_def Let_def split:if_splits)
+next
+  case (P th cs1)
+  show ?thesis
+  proof(cases "cs1 = cs")
+    case True
+    with P have "wq (e#s) cs = wq_fun (schs s) cs @ [th]"
+      by (auto simp:wq_def Let_def split:if_splits)
+    with s_i s_hd s_in have False
+      by (metis empty_iff hd_append2 list.set(1) wq_def) 
+    thus ?thesis by simp
+  qed (insert assms P, auto simp:wq_def Let_def split:if_splits)
+qed (insert assms, auto simp:wq_def Let_def split:if_splits)
+
+end
+
+text {*
+  The following lemmas is also obvious and shallow. It says
+  that only running thread can request for a critical resource 
+  and that the requested resource must be one which is
+  not current held by the thread.
+*}
+
+lemma p_pre: "\<lbrakk>vt ((P thread cs)#s)\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> 
+  thread \<in> runing s \<and> (Cs cs, Th thread)  \<notin> (RAG s)^+"
+apply (ind_cases "vt ((P thread cs)#s)")
+apply (ind_cases "step s (P thread cs)")
+by auto
+
+lemma abs1:
+  assumes ein: "e \<in> set es"
+  and neq: "hd es \<noteq> hd (es @ [x])"
+  shows "False"
+proof -
+  from ein have "es \<noteq> []" by auto
+  then obtain e ess where "es = e # ess" by (cases es, auto)
+  with neq show ?thesis by auto
+qed
+
+lemma q_head: "Q (hd es) \<Longrightarrow> hd es = hd [th\<leftarrow>es . Q th]"
+  by (cases es, auto)
+
+inductive_cases evt_cons: "vt (a#s)"
+
+context valid_trace_e
+begin
+
+lemma abs2:
+  assumes inq: "thread \<in> set (wq s cs)"
+  and nh: "thread = hd (wq s cs)"
+  and qt: "thread \<noteq> hd (wq (e#s) cs)"
+  and inq': "thread \<in> set (wq (e#s) cs)"
+  shows "False"
+proof -
+  from vt_e assms show "False"
+    apply (cases e)
+    apply ((simp split:if_splits add:Let_def wq_def)[1])+
+    apply (insert abs1, fast)[1]
+    apply (auto simp:wq_def simp:Let_def split:if_splits list.splits)
+  proof -
+    fix th qs
+    assume vt: "vt (V th cs # s)"
+      and th_in: "thread \<in> set (SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set qs)"
+      and eq_wq: "wq_fun (schs s) cs = thread # qs"
+    show "False"
+    proof -
+      from wq_distinct[of cs]
+        and eq_wq[folded wq_def] have "distinct (thread#qs)" by simp
+      moreover have "thread \<in> set qs"
+      proof -
+        have "set (SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set qs) = set qs"
+        proof(rule someI2)
+          from wq_distinct [of cs]
+          and eq_wq [folded wq_def]
+          show "distinct qs \<and> set qs = set qs" by auto
+        next
+          fix x assume "distinct x \<and> set x = set qs"
+          thus "set x = set qs" by auto
+        qed
+        with th_in show ?thesis by auto
+      qed
+      ultimately show ?thesis by auto
+    qed
+  qed
+qed
+
+end
+
+
+context valid_trace
+begin
+lemma  vt_moment: "\<And> t. vt (moment t s)"
+proof(induct rule:ind)
+  case Nil
+  thus ?case by (simp add:vt_nil)
+next
+  case (Cons s e t)
+  show ?case
+  proof(cases "t \<ge> length (e#s)")
+    case True
+    from True have "moment t (e#s) = e#s" by simp
+    thus ?thesis using Cons
+      by (simp add:valid_trace_def)
+  next
+    case False
+    from Cons have "vt (moment t s)" by simp
+    moreover have "moment t (e#s) = moment t s"
+    proof -
+      from False have "t \<le> length s" by simp
+      from moment_app [OF this, of "[e]"] 
+      show ?thesis by simp
+    qed
+    ultimately show ?thesis by simp
+  qed
+qed
+end
+
+
+locale valid_moment = valid_trace + 
+  fixes i :: nat
+
+sublocale valid_moment < vat_moment: valid_trace "(moment i s)"
+  by (unfold_locales, insert vt_moment, auto)
+
+context valid_trace
+begin
+
+
+text {* (* ddd *)
+  The nature of the work is like this: since it starts from a very simple and basic 
+  model, even intuitively very `basic` and `obvious` properties need to derived from scratch.
+  For instance, the fact 
+  that one thread can not be blocked by two critical resources at the same time
+  is obvious, because only running threads can make new requests, if one is waiting for 
+  a critical resource and get blocked, it can not make another resource request and get 
+  blocked the second time (because it is not running). 
+
+  To derive this fact, one needs to prove by contraction and 
+  reason about time (or @{text "moement"}). The reasoning is based on a generic theorem
+  named @{text "p_split"}, which is about status changing along the time axis. It says if 
+  a condition @{text "Q"} is @{text "True"} at a state @{text "s"},
+  but it was @{text "False"} at the very beginning, then there must exits a moment @{text "t"} 
+  in the history of @{text "s"} (notice that @{text "s"} itself is essentially the history 
+  of events leading to it), such that @{text "Q"} switched 
+  from being @{text "False"} to @{text "True"} and kept being @{text "True"}
+  till the last moment of @{text "s"}.
+
+  Suppose a thread @{text "th"} is blocked
+  on @{text "cs1"} and @{text "cs2"} in some state @{text "s"}, 
+  since no thread is blocked at the very beginning, by applying 
+  @{text "p_split"} to these two blocking facts, there exist 
+  two moments @{text "t1"} and @{text "t2"}  in @{text "s"}, such that 
+  @{text "th"} got blocked on @{text "cs1"} and @{text "cs2"} 
+  and kept on blocked on them respectively ever since.
+ 
+  Without lost of generality, we assume @{text "t1"} is earlier than @{text "t2"}.
+  However, since @{text "th"} was blocked ever since memonent @{text "t1"}, so it was still
+  in blocked state at moment @{text "t2"} and could not
+  make any request and get blocked the second time: Contradiction.
+*}
+
+lemma waiting_unique_pre: (* ccc *)
+  assumes h11: "thread \<in> set (wq s cs1)"
+  and h12: "thread \<noteq> hd (wq s cs1)"
+  assumes h21: "thread \<in> set (wq s cs2)"
+  and h22: "thread \<noteq> hd (wq s cs2)"
+  and neq12: "cs1 \<noteq> cs2"
+  shows "False"
+proof -
+  let "?Q" = "\<lambda> cs s. thread \<in> set (wq s cs) \<and> thread \<noteq> hd (wq s cs)"
+  from h11 and h12 have q1: "?Q cs1 s" by simp
+  from h21 and h22 have q2: "?Q cs2 s" by simp
+  have nq1: "\<not> ?Q cs1 []" by (simp add:wq_def)
+  have nq2: "\<not> ?Q cs2 []" by (simp add:wq_def)
+  from p_split [of "?Q cs1", OF q1 nq1]
+  obtain t1 where lt1: "t1 < length s"
+    and np1: "\<not> ?Q cs1 (moment t1 s)"
+    and nn1: "(\<forall>i'>t1. ?Q cs1 (moment i' s))" by auto
+  from p_split [of "?Q cs2", OF q2 nq2]
+  obtain t2 where lt2: "t2 < length s"
+    and np2: "\<not> ?Q cs2 (moment t2 s)"
+    and nn2: "(\<forall>i'>t2. ?Q cs2 (moment i' s))" by auto
+  { fix s cs
+    assume q: "?Q cs s"
+    have "thread \<notin> runing s"
+    proof
+      assume "thread \<in> runing s"
+      hence " \<forall>cs. \<not> (thread \<in> set (wq_fun (schs s) cs) \<and> 
+                 thread \<noteq> hd (wq_fun (schs s) cs))"
+        by (unfold runing_def s_waiting_def readys_def, auto)
+      from this[rule_format, of cs] q 
+      show False by (simp add: wq_def) 
+    qed
+  } note q_not_runing = this
+  { fix i1 i2
+    let ?i3 = "Suc i2"
+    assume lt12: "i1 < i2"
+    and "i1 < length s" "i2 < length s"
+    hence le_i3: "?i3 \<le> length s" by auto
+    from moment_plus [OF this]
+    obtain e where eq_m: "moment ?i3 s = e#moment i2 s" by auto
+    have "i2 < ?i3" by simp
+    from nn2 [rule_format, OF this] and eq_m
+      have h1: "thread \<in> set (wq (e#moment t2 s) cs2)" and
+           h2: "thread \<noteq> hd (wq (e#moment t2 s) cs2)" by auto
+      have "vt (e#moment t2 s)"
+      proof -
+        from vt_moment 
+        have "vt (moment ?t3 s)" .
+        with eq_m show ?thesis by simp
+      qed
+      then interpret vt_e: valid_trace_e "moment t2 s" "e"
+        by (unfold_locales, auto, cases, simp)
+      have ?thesis
+      proof(cases "thread \<in> set (wq (moment t2 s) cs2)")
+        case True
+        from True and np2 have eq_th: "thread = hd (wq (moment t2 s) cs2)"
+          by auto 
+        from vt_e.abs2 [OF True eq_th h2 h1]
+        show ?thesis by auto
+      next
+        case False
+        from vt_e.block_pre[OF False h1]
+        have "e = P thread cs2" .
+        with vt_e.vt_e have "vt ((P thread cs2)# moment t2 s)" by simp
+        from p_pre [OF this] have "thread \<in> runing (moment t2 s)" by simp
+        with runing_ready have "thread \<in> readys (moment t2 s)" by auto
+        with nn1 [rule_format, OF lt12]
+        show ?thesis  by (simp add:readys_def wq_def s_waiting_def, auto)
+      qed
+  }
+  show ?thesis
+  proof -
+    { 
+      assume lt12: "t1 < t2"
+      let ?t3 = "Suc t2"
+      from lt2 have le_t3: "?t3 \<le> length s" by auto
+      from moment_plus [OF this] 
+      obtain e where eq_m: "moment ?t3 s = e#moment t2 s" by auto
+      have "t2 < ?t3" by simp
+      from nn2 [rule_format, OF this] and eq_m
+      have h1: "thread \<in> set (wq (e#moment t2 s) cs2)" and
+           h2: "thread \<noteq> hd (wq (e#moment t2 s) cs2)" by auto
+      have "vt (e#moment t2 s)"
+      proof -
+        from vt_moment 
+        have "vt (moment ?t3 s)" .
+        with eq_m show ?thesis by simp
+      qed
+      then interpret vt_e: valid_trace_e "moment t2 s" "e"
+        by (unfold_locales, auto, cases, simp)
+      have ?thesis
+      proof(cases "thread \<in> set (wq (moment t2 s) cs2)")
+        case True
+        from True and np2 have eq_th: "thread = hd (wq (moment t2 s) cs2)"
+          by auto 
+        from vt_e.abs2 [OF True eq_th h2 h1]
+        show ?thesis by auto
+      next
+        case False
+        from vt_e.block_pre[OF False h1]
+        have "e = P thread cs2" .
+        with vt_e.vt_e have "vt ((P thread cs2)# moment t2 s)" by simp
+        from p_pre [OF this] have "thread \<in> runing (moment t2 s)" by simp
+        with runing_ready have "thread \<in> readys (moment t2 s)" by auto
+        with nn1 [rule_format, OF lt12]
+        show ?thesis  by (simp add:readys_def wq_def s_waiting_def, auto)
+      qed
+    } moreover {
+      assume lt12: "t2 < t1"
+      let ?t3 = "Suc t1"
+      from lt1 have le_t3: "?t3 \<le> length s" by auto
+      from moment_plus [OF this] 
+      obtain e where eq_m: "moment ?t3 s = e#moment t1 s" by auto
+      have lt_t3: "t1 < ?t3" by simp
+      from nn1 [rule_format, OF this] and eq_m
+      have h1: "thread \<in> set (wq (e#moment t1 s) cs1)" and
+        h2: "thread \<noteq> hd (wq (e#moment t1 s) cs1)" by auto
+      have "vt  (e#moment t1 s)"
+      proof -
+        from vt_moment
+        have "vt (moment ?t3 s)" .
+        with eq_m show ?thesis by simp
+      qed
+      then interpret vt_e: valid_trace_e "moment t1 s" e
+        by (unfold_locales, auto, cases, auto)
+      have ?thesis
+      proof(cases "thread \<in> set (wq (moment t1 s) cs1)")
+        case True
+        from True and np1 have eq_th: "thread = hd (wq (moment t1 s) cs1)"
+          by auto
+        from vt_e.abs2 True eq_th h2 h1
+        show ?thesis by auto
+      next
+        case False
+        from vt_e.block_pre [OF False h1]
+        have "e = P thread cs1" .
+        with vt_e.vt_e have "vt ((P thread cs1)# moment t1 s)" by simp
+        from p_pre [OF this] have "thread \<in> runing (moment t1 s)" by simp
+        with runing_ready have "thread \<in> readys (moment t1 s)" by auto
+        with nn2 [rule_format, OF lt12]
+        show ?thesis  by (simp add:readys_def wq_def s_waiting_def, auto)
+      qed
+    } moreover {
+      assume eqt12: "t1 = t2"
+      let ?t3 = "Suc t1"
+      from lt1 have le_t3: "?t3 \<le> length s" by auto
+      from moment_plus [OF this] 
+      obtain e where eq_m: "moment ?t3 s = e#moment t1 s" by auto
+      have lt_t3: "t1 < ?t3" by simp
+      from nn1 [rule_format, OF this] and eq_m
+      have h1: "thread \<in> set (wq (e#moment t1 s) cs1)" and
+        h2: "thread \<noteq> hd (wq (e#moment t1 s) cs1)" by auto
+      have vt_e: "vt (e#moment t1 s)"
+      proof -
+        from vt_moment
+        have "vt (moment ?t3 s)" .
+        with eq_m show ?thesis by simp
+      qed
+      then interpret vt_e: valid_trace_e "moment t1 s" e
+        by (unfold_locales, auto, cases, auto)
+      have ?thesis
+      proof(cases "thread \<in> set (wq (moment t1 s) cs1)")
+        case True
+        from True and np1 have eq_th: "thread = hd (wq (moment t1 s) cs1)"
+          by auto
+        from vt_e.abs2 [OF True eq_th h2 h1]
+        show ?thesis by auto
+      next
+        case False
+        from vt_e.block_pre [OF False h1]
+        have eq_e1: "e = P thread cs1" .
+        have lt_t3: "t1 < ?t3" by simp
+        with eqt12 have "t2 < ?t3" by simp
+        from nn2 [rule_format, OF this] and eq_m and eqt12
+        have h1: "thread \<in> set (wq (e#moment t2 s) cs2)" and
+          h2: "thread \<noteq> hd (wq (e#moment t2 s) cs2)" by auto
+        show ?thesis
+        proof(cases "thread \<in> set (wq (moment t2 s) cs2)")
+          case True
+          from True and np2 have eq_th: "thread = hd (wq (moment t2 s) cs2)"
+            by auto
+          from vt_e and eqt12 have "vt (e#moment t2 s)" by simp 
+          then interpret vt_e2: valid_trace_e "moment t2 s" e
+            by (unfold_locales, auto, cases, auto)
+          from vt_e2.abs2 [OF True eq_th h2 h1]
+          show ?thesis .
+        next
+          case False
+          have "vt (e#moment t2 s)"
+          proof -
+            from vt_moment eqt12
+            have "vt (moment (Suc t2) s)" by auto
+            with eq_m eqt12 show ?thesis by simp
+          qed
+          then interpret vt_e2: valid_trace_e "moment t2 s" e
+            by (unfold_locales, auto, cases, auto)
+          from vt_e2.block_pre [OF False h1]
+          have "e = P thread cs2" .
+          with eq_e1 neq12 show ?thesis by auto
+        qed
+      qed
+    } ultimately show ?thesis by arith
+  qed
+qed
+
+text {*
+  This lemma is a simple corrolary of @{text "waiting_unique_pre"}.
+*}
+
+lemma waiting_unique:
+  assumes "waiting s th cs1"
+  and "waiting s th cs2"
+  shows "cs1 = cs2"
+using waiting_unique_pre assms
+unfolding wq_def s_waiting_def
+by auto
+
+end
+
+(* not used *)
+text {*
+  Every thread can only be blocked on one critical resource, 
+  symmetrically, every critical resource can only be held by one thread. 
+  This fact is much more easier according to our definition. 
+*}
+lemma held_unique:
+  assumes "holding (s::event list) th1 cs"
+  and "holding s th2 cs"
+  shows "th1 = th2"
+ by (insert assms, unfold s_holding_def, auto)
+
+
+lemma last_set_lt: "th \<in> threads s \<Longrightarrow> last_set th s < length s"
+  apply (induct s, auto)
+  by (case_tac a, auto split:if_splits)
+
+lemma last_set_unique: 
+  "\<lbrakk>last_set th1 s = last_set th2 s; th1 \<in> threads s; th2 \<in> threads s\<rbrakk>
+          \<Longrightarrow> th1 = th2"
+  apply (induct s, auto)
+  by (case_tac a, auto split:if_splits dest:last_set_lt)
+
+lemma preced_unique : 
+  assumes pcd_eq: "preced th1 s = preced th2 s"
+  and th_in1: "th1 \<in> threads s"
+  and th_in2: " th2 \<in> threads s"
+  shows "th1 = th2"
+proof -
+  from pcd_eq have "last_set th1 s = last_set th2 s" by (simp add:preced_def)
+  from last_set_unique [OF this th_in1 th_in2]
+  show ?thesis .
+qed
+
+lemma preced_linorder: 
+  assumes neq_12: "th1 \<noteq> th2"
+  and th_in1: "th1 \<in> threads s"
+  and th_in2: " th2 \<in> threads s"
+  shows "preced th1 s < preced th2 s \<or> preced th1 s > preced th2 s"
+proof -
+  from preced_unique [OF _ th_in1 th_in2] and neq_12 
+  have "preced th1 s \<noteq> preced th2 s" by auto
+  thus ?thesis by auto
+qed
+
+(* An aux lemma used later *)
+lemma unique_minus:
+  assumes unique: "\<And> a b c. \<lbrakk>(a, b) \<in> r; (a, c) \<in> r\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> b = c"
+  and xy: "(x, y) \<in> r"
+  and xz: "(x, z) \<in> r^+"
+  and neq: "y \<noteq> z"
+  shows "(y, z) \<in> r^+"
+proof -
+ from xz and neq show ?thesis
+ proof(induct)
+   case (base ya)
+   have "(x, ya) \<in> r" by fact
+   from unique [OF xy this] have "y = ya" .
+   with base show ?case by auto
+ next
+   case (step ya z)
+   show ?case
+   proof(cases "y = ya")
+     case True
+     from step True show ?thesis by simp
+   next
+     case False
+     from step False
+     show ?thesis by auto
+   qed
+ qed
+qed
+
+lemma unique_base:
+  assumes unique: "\<And> a b c. \<lbrakk>(a, b) \<in> r; (a, c) \<in> r\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> b = c"
+  and xy: "(x, y) \<in> r"
+  and xz: "(x, z) \<in> r^+"
+  and neq_yz: "y \<noteq> z"
+  shows "(y, z) \<in> r^+"
+proof -
+  from xz neq_yz show ?thesis
+  proof(induct)
+    case (base ya)
+    from xy unique base show ?case by auto
+  next
+    case (step ya z)
+    show ?case
+    proof(cases "y = ya")
+      case True
+      from True step show ?thesis by auto
+    next
+      case False
+      from False step 
+      have "(y, ya) \<in> r\<^sup>+" by auto
+      with step show ?thesis by auto
+    qed
+  qed
+qed
+
+lemma unique_chain:
+  assumes unique: "\<And> a b c. \<lbrakk>(a, b) \<in> r; (a, c) \<in> r\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> b = c"
+  and xy: "(x, y) \<in> r^+"
+  and xz: "(x, z) \<in> r^+"
+  and neq_yz: "y \<noteq> z"
+  shows "(y, z) \<in> r^+ \<or> (z, y) \<in> r^+"
+proof -
+  from xy xz neq_yz show ?thesis
+  proof(induct)
+    case (base y)
+    have h1: "(x, y) \<in> r" and h2: "(x, z) \<in> r\<^sup>+" and h3: "y \<noteq> z" using base by auto
+    from unique_base [OF _ h1 h2 h3] and unique show ?case by auto
+  next
+    case (step y za)
+    show ?case
+    proof(cases "y = z")
+      case True
+      from True step show ?thesis by auto
+    next
+      case False
+      from False step have "(y, z) \<in> r\<^sup>+ \<or> (z, y) \<in> r\<^sup>+" by auto
+      thus ?thesis
+      proof
+        assume "(z, y) \<in> r\<^sup>+"
+        with step have "(z, za) \<in> r\<^sup>+" by auto
+        thus ?thesis by auto
+      next
+        assume h: "(y, z) \<in> r\<^sup>+"
+        from step have yza: "(y, za) \<in> r" by simp
+        from step have "za \<noteq> z" by simp
+        from unique_minus [OF _ yza h this] and unique
+        have "(za, z) \<in> r\<^sup>+" by auto
+        thus ?thesis by auto
+      qed
+    qed
+  qed
+qed
+
+text {*
+  The following three lemmas show that @{text "RAG"} does not change
+  by the happening of @{text "Set"}, @{text "Create"} and @{text "Exit"}
+  events, respectively.
+*}
+
+lemma RAG_set_unchanged: "(RAG (Set th prio # s)) = RAG s"
+apply (unfold s_RAG_def s_waiting_def wq_def)
+by (simp add:Let_def)
+
+lemma RAG_create_unchanged: "(RAG (Create th prio # s)) = RAG s"
+apply (unfold s_RAG_def s_waiting_def wq_def)
+by (simp add:Let_def)
+
+lemma RAG_exit_unchanged: "(RAG (Exit th # s)) = RAG s"
+apply (unfold s_RAG_def s_waiting_def wq_def)
+by (simp add:Let_def)
+
+
+text {* 
+  The following lemmas are used in the proof of 
+  lemma @{text "step_RAG_v"}, which characterizes how the @{text "RAG"} is changed
+  by @{text "V"}-events. 
+  However, since our model is very concise, such  seemingly obvious lemmas need to be derived from scratch,
+  starting from the model definitions.
 *}
-theory CpsG
-imports PrioG Max RTree
+lemma step_v_hold_inv[elim_format]:
+  "\<And>c t. \<lbrakk>vt (V th cs # s); 
+          \<not> holding (wq s) t c; holding (wq (V th cs # s)) t c\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> 
+            next_th s th cs t \<and> c = cs"
+proof -
+  fix c t
+  assume vt: "vt (V th cs # s)"
+    and nhd: "\<not> holding (wq s) t c"
+    and hd: "holding (wq (V th cs # s)) t c"
+  show "next_th s th cs t \<and> c = cs"
+  proof(cases "c = cs")
+    case False
+    with nhd hd show ?thesis
+      by (unfold cs_holding_def wq_def, auto simp:Let_def)
+  next
+    case True
+    with step_back_step [OF vt] 
+    have "step s (V th c)" by simp
+    hence "next_th s th cs t"
+    proof(cases)
+      assume "holding s th c"
+      with nhd hd show ?thesis
+        apply (unfold s_holding_def cs_holding_def wq_def next_th_def,
+               auto simp:Let_def split:list.splits if_splits)
+        proof -
+          assume " hd (SOME q. distinct q \<and> q = []) \<in> set (SOME q. distinct q \<and> q = [])"
+          moreover have "\<dots> = set []"
+          proof(rule someI2)
+            show "distinct [] \<and> [] = []" by auto
+          next
+            fix x assume "distinct x \<and> x = []"
+            thus "set x = set []" by auto
+          qed
+          ultimately show False by auto
+        next
+          assume " hd (SOME q. distinct q \<and> q = []) \<in> set (SOME q. distinct q \<and> q = [])"
+          moreover have "\<dots> = set []"
+          proof(rule someI2)
+            show "distinct [] \<and> [] = []" by auto
+          next
+            fix x assume "distinct x \<and> x = []"
+            thus "set x = set []" by auto
+          qed
+          ultimately show False by auto
+        qed
+    qed
+    with True show ?thesis by auto
+  qed
+qed
+
+text {* 
+  The following @{text "step_v_wait_inv"} is also an obvious lemma, which, however, needs to be
+  derived from scratch, which confirms the correctness of the definition of @{text "next_th"}.
+*}
+lemma step_v_wait_inv[elim_format]:
+    "\<And>t c. \<lbrakk>vt (V th cs # s); \<not> waiting (wq (V th cs # s)) t c; waiting (wq s) t c
+           \<rbrakk>
+          \<Longrightarrow> (next_th s th cs t \<and> cs = c)"
+proof -
+  fix t c 
+  assume vt: "vt (V th cs # s)"
+    and nw: "\<not> waiting (wq (V th cs # s)) t c"
+    and wt: "waiting (wq s) t c"
+  from vt interpret vt_v: valid_trace_e s "V th cs" 
+    by  (cases, unfold_locales, simp)
+  show "next_th s th cs t \<and> cs = c"
+  proof(cases "cs = c")
+    case False
+    with nw wt show ?thesis
+      by (auto simp:cs_waiting_def wq_def Let_def)
+  next
+    case True
+    from nw[folded True] wt[folded True]
+    have "next_th s th cs t"
+      apply (unfold next_th_def, auto simp:cs_waiting_def wq_def Let_def split:list.splits)
+    proof -
+      fix a list
+      assume t_in: "t \<in> set list"
+        and t_ni: "t \<notin> set (SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set list)"
+        and eq_wq: "wq_fun (schs s) cs = a # list"
+      have " set (SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set list) = set list"
+      proof(rule someI2)
+        from vt_v.wq_distinct[of cs] and eq_wq[folded wq_def]
+        show "distinct list \<and> set list = set list" by auto
+      next
+        show "\<And>x. distinct x \<and> set x = set list \<Longrightarrow> set x = set list"
+          by auto
+      qed
+      with t_ni and t_in show "a = th" by auto
+    next
+      fix a list
+      assume t_in: "t \<in> set list"
+        and t_ni: "t \<notin> set (SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set list)"
+        and eq_wq: "wq_fun (schs s) cs = a # list"
+      have " set (SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set list) = set list"
+      proof(rule someI2)
+        from vt_v.wq_distinct[of cs] and eq_wq[folded wq_def]
+        show "distinct list \<and> set list = set list" by auto
+      next
+        show "\<And>x. distinct x \<and> set x = set list \<Longrightarrow> set x = set list"
+          by auto
+      qed
+      with t_ni and t_in show "t = hd (SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set list)" by auto
+    next
+      fix a list
+      assume eq_wq: "wq_fun (schs s) cs = a # list"
+      from step_back_step[OF vt]
+      show "a = th"
+      proof(cases)
+        assume "holding s th cs"
+        with eq_wq show ?thesis
+          by (unfold s_holding_def wq_def, auto)
+      qed
+    qed
+    with True show ?thesis by simp
+  qed
+qed
+
+lemma step_v_not_wait[consumes 3]:
+  "\<lbrakk>vt (V th cs # s); next_th s th cs t; waiting (wq (V th cs # s)) t cs\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> False"
+  by (unfold next_th_def cs_waiting_def wq_def, auto simp:Let_def)
+
+lemma step_v_release:
+  "\<lbrakk>vt (V th cs # s); holding (wq (V th cs # s)) th cs\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> False"
+proof -
+  assume vt: "vt (V th cs # s)"
+    and hd: "holding (wq (V th cs # s)) th cs"
+  from vt interpret vt_v: valid_trace_e s "V th cs"
+    by (cases, unfold_locales, simp+)
+  from step_back_step [OF vt] and hd
+  show "False"
+  proof(cases)
+    assume "holding (wq (V th cs # s)) th cs" and "holding s th cs"
+    thus ?thesis
+      apply (unfold s_holding_def wq_def cs_holding_def)
+      apply (auto simp:Let_def split:list.splits)
+    proof -
+      fix list
+      assume eq_wq[folded wq_def]: 
+        "wq_fun (schs s) cs = hd (SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set list) # list"
+      and hd_in: "hd (SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set list)
+            \<in> set (SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set list)"
+      have "set (SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set list) = set list"
+      proof(rule someI2)
+        from vt_v.wq_distinct[of cs] and eq_wq
+        show "distinct list \<and> set list = set list" by auto
+      next
+        show "\<And>x. distinct x \<and> set x = set list \<Longrightarrow> set x = set list"
+          by auto
+      qed
+      moreover have "distinct  (hd (SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set list) # list)"
+      proof -
+        from vt_v.wq_distinct[of cs] and eq_wq
+        show ?thesis by auto
+      qed
+      moreover note eq_wq and hd_in
+      ultimately show "False" by auto
+    qed
+  qed
+qed
+
+lemma step_v_get_hold:
+  "\<And>th'. \<lbrakk>vt (V th cs # s); \<not> holding (wq (V th cs # s)) th' cs; next_th s th cs th'\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> False"
+  apply (unfold cs_holding_def next_th_def wq_def,
+         auto simp:Let_def)
+proof -
+  fix rest
+  assume vt: "vt (V th cs # s)"
+    and eq_wq[folded wq_def]: " wq_fun (schs s) cs = th # rest"
+    and nrest: "rest \<noteq> []"
+    and ni: "hd (SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set rest)
+            \<notin> set (SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set rest)"
+  from vt interpret vt_v: valid_trace_e s "V th cs"
+    by (cases, unfold_locales, simp+)
+  have "(SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set rest) \<noteq> []"
+  proof(rule someI2)
+    from vt_v.wq_distinct[of cs] and eq_wq
+    show "distinct rest \<and> set rest = set rest" by auto
+  next
+    fix x assume "distinct x \<and> set x = set rest"
+    hence "set x = set rest" by auto
+    with nrest
+    show "x \<noteq> []" by (case_tac x, auto)
+  qed
+  with ni show "False" by auto
+qed
+
+lemma step_v_release_inv[elim_format]:
+"\<And>c t. \<lbrakk>vt (V th cs # s); \<not> holding (wq (V th cs # s)) t c; holding (wq s) t c\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> 
+  c = cs \<and> t = th"
+  apply (unfold cs_holding_def wq_def, auto simp:Let_def split:if_splits list.splits)
+  proof -
+    fix a list
+    assume vt: "vt (V th cs # s)" and eq_wq: "wq_fun (schs s) cs = a # list"
+    from step_back_step [OF vt] show "a = th"
+    proof(cases)
+      assume "holding s th cs" with eq_wq
+      show ?thesis
+        by (unfold s_holding_def wq_def, auto)
+    qed
+  next
+    fix a list
+    assume vt: "vt (V th cs # s)" and eq_wq: "wq_fun (schs s) cs = a # list"
+    from step_back_step [OF vt] show "a = th"
+    proof(cases)
+      assume "holding s th cs" with eq_wq
+      show ?thesis
+        by (unfold s_holding_def wq_def, auto)
+    qed
+  qed
+
+lemma step_v_waiting_mono:
+  "\<And>t c. \<lbrakk>vt (V th cs # s); waiting (wq (V th cs # s)) t c\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> waiting (wq s) t c"
+proof -
+  fix t c
+  let ?s' = "(V th cs # s)"
+  assume vt: "vt ?s'" 
+    and wt: "waiting (wq ?s') t c"
+  from vt interpret vt_v: valid_trace_e s "V th cs"
+    by (cases, unfold_locales, simp+)
+  show "waiting (wq s) t c"
+  proof(cases "c = cs")
+    case False
+    assume neq_cs: "c \<noteq> cs"
+    hence "waiting (wq ?s') t c = waiting (wq s) t c"
+      by (unfold cs_waiting_def wq_def, auto simp:Let_def)
+    with wt show ?thesis by simp
+  next
+    case True
+    with wt show ?thesis
+      apply (unfold cs_waiting_def wq_def, auto simp:Let_def split:list.splits)
+    proof -
+      fix a list
+      assume not_in: "t \<notin> set list"
+        and is_in: "t \<in> set (SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set list)"
+        and eq_wq: "wq_fun (schs s) cs = a # list"
+      have "set (SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set list) = set list"
+      proof(rule someI2)
+        from vt_v.wq_distinct [of cs]
+        and eq_wq[folded wq_def]
+        show "distinct list \<and> set list = set list" by auto
+      next
+        fix x assume "distinct x \<and> set x = set list"
+        thus "set x = set list" by auto
+      qed
+      with not_in is_in show "t = a" by auto
+    next
+      fix list
+      assume is_waiting: "waiting (wq (V th cs # s)) t cs"
+      and eq_wq: "wq_fun (schs s) cs = t # list"
+      hence "t \<in> set list"
+        apply (unfold wq_def, auto simp:Let_def cs_waiting_def)
+      proof -
+        assume " t \<in> set (SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set list)"
+        moreover have "\<dots> = set list" 
+        proof(rule someI2)
+          from vt_v.wq_distinct [of cs]
+            and eq_wq[folded wq_def]
+          show "distinct list \<and> set list = set list" by auto
+        next
+          fix x assume "distinct x \<and> set x = set list" 
+          thus "set x = set list" by auto
+        qed
+        ultimately show "t \<in> set list" by simp
+      qed
+      with eq_wq and vt_v.wq_distinct [of cs, unfolded wq_def]
+      show False by auto
+    qed
+  qed
+qed
+
+text {* (* ddd *) 
+  The following @{text "step_RAG_v"} lemma charaterizes how @{text "RAG"} is changed
+  with the happening of @{text "V"}-events:
+*}
+lemma step_RAG_v:
+assumes vt:
+  "vt (V th cs#s)"
+shows "
+  RAG (V th cs # s) =
+  RAG s - {(Cs cs, Th th)} -
+  {(Th th', Cs cs) |th'. next_th s th cs th'} \<union>
+  {(Cs cs, Th th') |th'.  next_th s th cs th'}"
+  apply (insert vt, unfold s_RAG_def) 
+  apply (auto split:if_splits list.splits simp:Let_def)
+  apply (auto elim: step_v_waiting_mono step_v_hold_inv 
+              step_v_release step_v_wait_inv
+              step_v_get_hold step_v_release_inv)
+  apply (erule_tac step_v_not_wait, auto)
+  done
+
+text {* 
+  The following @{text "step_RAG_p"} lemma charaterizes how @{text "RAG"} is changed
+  with the happening of @{text "P"}-events:
+*}
+lemma step_RAG_p:
+  "vt (P th cs#s) \<Longrightarrow>
+  RAG (P th cs # s) =  (if (wq s cs = []) then RAG s \<union> {(Cs cs, Th th)}
+                                             else RAG s \<union> {(Th th, Cs cs)})"
+  apply(simp only: s_RAG_def wq_def)
+  apply (auto split:list.splits prod.splits simp:Let_def wq_def cs_waiting_def cs_holding_def)
+  apply(case_tac "csa = cs", auto)
+  apply(fold wq_def)
+  apply(drule_tac step_back_step)
+  apply(ind_cases " step s (P (hd (wq s cs)) cs)")
+  apply(simp add:s_RAG_def wq_def cs_holding_def)
+  apply(auto)
+  done
+
+
+lemma RAG_target_th: "(Th th, x) \<in> RAG (s::state) \<Longrightarrow> \<exists> cs. x = Cs cs"
+  by (unfold s_RAG_def, auto)
+
+context valid_trace
+begin
+
+text {*
+  The following lemma shows that @{text "RAG"} is acyclic.
+  The overall structure is by induction on the formation of @{text "vt s"}
+  and then case analysis on event @{text "e"}, where the non-trivial cases 
+  for those for @{text "V"} and @{text "P"} events.
+*}
+lemma acyclic_RAG:
+  shows "acyclic (RAG s)"
+using vt
+proof(induct)
+  case (vt_cons s e)
+  interpret vt_s: valid_trace s using vt_cons(1)
+    by (unfold_locales, simp)
+  assume ih: "acyclic (RAG s)"
+    and stp: "step s e"
+    and vt: "vt s"
+  show ?case
+  proof(cases e)
+    case (Create th prio)
+    with ih
+    show ?thesis by (simp add:RAG_create_unchanged)
+  next
+    case (Exit th)
+    with ih show ?thesis by (simp add:RAG_exit_unchanged)
+  next
+    case (V th cs)
+    from V vt stp have vtt: "vt (V th cs#s)" by auto
+    from step_RAG_v [OF this]
+    have eq_de: 
+      "RAG (e # s) = 
+      RAG s - {(Cs cs, Th th)} - {(Th th', Cs cs) |th'. next_th s th cs th'} \<union>
+      {(Cs cs, Th th') |th'. next_th s th cs th'}"
+      (is "?L = (?A - ?B - ?C) \<union> ?D") by (simp add:V)
+    from ih have ac: "acyclic (?A - ?B - ?C)" by (auto elim:acyclic_subset)
+    from step_back_step [OF vtt]
+    have "step s (V th cs)" .
+    thus ?thesis
+    proof(cases)
+      assume "holding s th cs"
+      hence th_in: "th \<in> set (wq s cs)" and
+        eq_hd: "th = hd (wq s cs)" unfolding s_holding_def wq_def by auto
+      then obtain rest where
+        eq_wq: "wq s cs = th#rest"
+        by (cases "wq s cs", auto)
+      show ?thesis
+      proof(cases "rest = []")
+        case False
+        let ?th' = "hd (SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set rest)"
+        from eq_wq False have eq_D: "?D = {(Cs cs, Th ?th')}"
+          by (unfold next_th_def, auto)
+        let ?E = "(?A - ?B - ?C)"
+        have "(Th ?th', Cs cs) \<notin> ?E\<^sup>*"
+        proof
+          assume "(Th ?th', Cs cs) \<in> ?E\<^sup>*"
+          hence " (Th ?th', Cs cs) \<in> ?E\<^sup>+" by (simp add: rtrancl_eq_or_trancl)
+          from tranclD [OF this]
+          obtain x where th'_e: "(Th ?th', x) \<in> ?E" by blast
+          hence th_d: "(Th ?th', x) \<in> ?A" by simp
+          from RAG_target_th [OF this]
+          obtain cs' where eq_x: "x = Cs cs'" by auto
+          with th_d have "(Th ?th', Cs cs') \<in> ?A" by simp
+          hence wt_th': "waiting s ?th' cs'"
+            unfolding s_RAG_def s_waiting_def cs_waiting_def wq_def by simp
+          hence "cs' = cs"
+          proof(rule vt_s.waiting_unique)
+            from eq_wq vt_s.wq_distinct[of cs]
+            show "waiting s ?th' cs" 
+              apply (unfold s_waiting_def wq_def, auto)
+            proof -
+              assume hd_in: "hd (SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set rest) \<notin> set rest"
+                and eq_wq: "wq_fun (schs s) cs = th # rest"
+              have "(SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set rest) \<noteq> []"
+              proof(rule someI2)
+                from vt_s.wq_distinct[of cs] and eq_wq
+                show "distinct rest \<and> set rest = set rest" unfolding wq_def by auto
+              next
+                fix x assume "distinct x \<and> set x = set rest"
+                with False show "x \<noteq> []" by auto
+              qed
+              hence "hd (SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set rest) \<in> 
+                set (SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set rest)" by auto
+              moreover have "\<dots> = set rest" 
+              proof(rule someI2)
+                from vt_s.wq_distinct[of cs] and eq_wq
+                show "distinct rest \<and> set rest = set rest" unfolding wq_def by auto
+              next
+                show "\<And>x. distinct x \<and> set x = set rest \<Longrightarrow> set x = set rest" by auto
+              qed
+              moreover note hd_in
+              ultimately show "hd (SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set rest) = th" by auto
+            next
+              assume hd_in: "hd (SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set rest) \<notin> set rest"
+                and eq_wq: "wq s cs = hd (SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set rest) # rest"
+              have "(SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set rest) \<noteq> []"
+              proof(rule someI2)
+                from vt_s.wq_distinct[of cs] and eq_wq
+                show "distinct rest \<and> set rest = set rest" by auto
+              next
+                fix x assume "distinct x \<and> set x = set rest"
+                with False show "x \<noteq> []" by auto
+              qed
+              hence "hd (SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set rest) \<in> 
+                set (SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set rest)" by auto
+              moreover have "\<dots> = set rest" 
+              proof(rule someI2)
+                from vt_s.wq_distinct[of cs] and eq_wq
+                show "distinct rest \<and> set rest = set rest" by auto
+              next
+                show "\<And>x. distinct x \<and> set x = set rest \<Longrightarrow> set x = set rest" by auto
+              qed
+              moreover note hd_in
+              ultimately show False by auto
+            qed
+          qed
+          with th'_e eq_x have "(Th ?th', Cs cs) \<in> ?E" by simp
+          with False
+          show "False" by (auto simp: next_th_def eq_wq)
+        qed
+        with acyclic_insert[symmetric] and ac
+          and eq_de eq_D show ?thesis by auto
+      next
+        case True
+        with eq_wq
+        have eq_D: "?D = {}"
+          by (unfold next_th_def, auto)
+        with eq_de ac
+        show ?thesis by auto
+      qed 
+    qed
+  next
+    case (P th cs)
+    from P vt stp have vtt: "vt (P th cs#s)" by auto
+    from step_RAG_p [OF this] P
+    have "RAG (e # s) = 
+      (if wq s cs = [] then RAG s \<union> {(Cs cs, Th th)} else 
+      RAG s \<union> {(Th th, Cs cs)})" (is "?L = ?R")
+      by simp
+    moreover have "acyclic ?R"
+    proof(cases "wq s cs = []")
+      case True
+      hence eq_r: "?R =  RAG s \<union> {(Cs cs, Th th)}" by simp
+      have "(Th th, Cs cs) \<notin> (RAG s)\<^sup>*"
+      proof
+        assume "(Th th, Cs cs) \<in> (RAG s)\<^sup>*"
+        hence "(Th th, Cs cs) \<in> (RAG s)\<^sup>+" by (simp add: rtrancl_eq_or_trancl)
+        from tranclD2 [OF this]
+        obtain x where "(x, Cs cs) \<in> RAG s" by auto
+        with True show False by (auto simp:s_RAG_def cs_waiting_def)
+      qed
+      with acyclic_insert ih eq_r show ?thesis by auto
+    next
+      case False
+      hence eq_r: "?R =  RAG s \<union> {(Th th, Cs cs)}" by simp
+      have "(Cs cs, Th th) \<notin> (RAG s)\<^sup>*"
+      proof
+        assume "(Cs cs, Th th) \<in> (RAG s)\<^sup>*"
+        hence "(Cs cs, Th th) \<in> (RAG s)\<^sup>+" by (simp add: rtrancl_eq_or_trancl)
+        moreover from step_back_step [OF vtt] have "step s (P th cs)" .
+        ultimately show False
+        proof -
+          show " \<lbrakk>(Cs cs, Th th) \<in> (RAG s)\<^sup>+; step s (P th cs)\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> False"
+            by (ind_cases "step s (P th cs)", simp)
+        qed
+      qed
+      with acyclic_insert ih eq_r show ?thesis by auto
+      qed
+      ultimately show ?thesis by simp
+    next
+      case (Set thread prio)
+      with ih
+      thm RAG_set_unchanged
+      show ?thesis by (simp add:RAG_set_unchanged)
+    qed
+  next
+    case vt_nil
+    show "acyclic (RAG ([]::state))"
+      by (auto simp: s_RAG_def cs_waiting_def 
+        cs_holding_def wq_def acyclic_def)
+qed
+
+
+lemma finite_RAG:
+  shows "finite (RAG s)"
+proof -
+  from vt show ?thesis
+  proof(induct)
+    case (vt_cons s e)
+    interpret vt_s: valid_trace s using vt_cons(1)
+      by (unfold_locales, simp)
+    assume ih: "finite (RAG s)"
+      and stp: "step s e"
+      and vt: "vt s"
+    show ?case
+    proof(cases e)
+      case (Create th prio)
+      with ih
+      show ?thesis by (simp add:RAG_create_unchanged)
+    next
+      case (Exit th)
+      with ih show ?thesis by (simp add:RAG_exit_unchanged)
+    next
+      case (V th cs)
+      from V vt stp have vtt: "vt (V th cs#s)" by auto
+      from step_RAG_v [OF this]
+      have eq_de: "RAG (e # s) = 
+                   RAG s - {(Cs cs, Th th)} - {(Th th', Cs cs) |th'. next_th s th cs th'} \<union>
+                      {(Cs cs, Th th') |th'. next_th s th cs th'}
+"
+        (is "?L = (?A - ?B - ?C) \<union> ?D") by (simp add:V)
+      moreover from ih have ac: "finite (?A - ?B - ?C)" by simp
+      moreover have "finite ?D"
+      proof -
+        have "?D = {} \<or> (\<exists> a. ?D = {a})" 
+          by (unfold next_th_def, auto)
+        thus ?thesis
+        proof
+          assume h: "?D = {}"
+          show ?thesis by (unfold h, simp)
+        next
+          assume "\<exists> a. ?D = {a}"
+          thus ?thesis
+            by (metis finite.simps)
+        qed
+      qed
+      ultimately show ?thesis by simp
+    next
+      case (P th cs)
+      from P vt stp have vtt: "vt (P th cs#s)" by auto
+      from step_RAG_p [OF this] P
+      have "RAG (e # s) = 
+              (if wq s cs = [] then RAG s \<union> {(Cs cs, Th th)} else 
+                                    RAG s \<union> {(Th th, Cs cs)})" (is "?L = ?R")
+        by simp
+      moreover have "finite ?R"
+      proof(cases "wq s cs = []")
+        case True
+        hence eq_r: "?R =  RAG s \<union> {(Cs cs, Th th)}" by simp
+        with True and ih show ?thesis by auto
+      next
+        case False
+        hence "?R = RAG s \<union> {(Th th, Cs cs)}" by simp
+        with False and ih show ?thesis by auto
+      qed
+      ultimately show ?thesis by auto
+    next
+      case (Set thread prio)
+      with ih
+      show ?thesis by (simp add:RAG_set_unchanged)
+    qed
+  next
+    case vt_nil
+    show "finite (RAG ([]::state))"
+      by (auto simp: s_RAG_def cs_waiting_def 
+                   cs_holding_def wq_def acyclic_def)
+  qed
+qed
+
+text {* Several useful lemmas *}
+
+lemma wf_dep_converse: 
+  shows "wf ((RAG s)^-1)"
+proof(rule finite_acyclic_wf_converse)
+  from finite_RAG 
+  show "finite (RAG s)" .
+next
+  from acyclic_RAG
+  show "acyclic (RAG s)" .
+qed
+
+end
+
+lemma hd_np_in: "x \<in> set l \<Longrightarrow> hd l \<in> set l"
+  by (induct l, auto)
+
+lemma th_chasing: "(Th th, Cs cs) \<in> RAG (s::state) \<Longrightarrow> \<exists> th'. (Cs cs, Th th') \<in> RAG s"
+  by (auto simp:s_RAG_def s_holding_def cs_holding_def cs_waiting_def wq_def dest:hd_np_in)
+
+context valid_trace
+begin
+
+lemma wq_threads: 
+  assumes h: "th \<in> set (wq s cs)"
+  shows "th \<in> threads s"
+proof -
+ from vt and h show ?thesis
+  proof(induct arbitrary: th cs)
+    case (vt_cons s e)
+    interpret vt_s: valid_trace s
+      using vt_cons(1) by (unfold_locales, auto)
+    assume ih: "\<And>th cs. th \<in> set (wq s cs) \<Longrightarrow> th \<in> threads s"
+      and stp: "step s e"
+      and vt: "vt s"
+      and h: "th \<in> set (wq (e # s) cs)"
+    show ?case
+    proof(cases e)
+      case (Create th' prio)
+      with ih h show ?thesis
+        by (auto simp:wq_def Let_def)
+    next
+      case (Exit th')
+      with stp ih h show ?thesis
+        apply (auto simp:wq_def Let_def)
+        apply (ind_cases "step s (Exit th')")
+        apply (auto simp:runing_def readys_def s_holding_def s_waiting_def holdents_def
+               s_RAG_def s_holding_def cs_holding_def)
+        done
+    next
+      case (V th' cs')
+      show ?thesis
+      proof(cases "cs' = cs")
+        case False
+        with h
+        show ?thesis
+          apply(unfold wq_def V, auto simp:Let_def V split:prod.splits, fold wq_def)
+          by (drule_tac ih, simp)
+      next
+        case True
+        from h
+        show ?thesis
+        proof(unfold V wq_def)
+          assume th_in: "th \<in> set (wq_fun (schs (V th' cs' # s)) cs)" (is "th \<in> set ?l")
+          show "th \<in> threads (V th' cs' # s)"
+          proof(cases "cs = cs'")
+            case False
+            hence "?l = wq_fun (schs s) cs" by (simp add:Let_def)
+            with th_in have " th \<in> set (wq s cs)" 
+              by (fold wq_def, simp)
+            from ih [OF this] show ?thesis by simp
+          next
+            case True
+            show ?thesis
+            proof(cases "wq_fun (schs s) cs'")
+              case Nil
+              with h V show ?thesis
+                apply (auto simp:wq_def Let_def split:if_splits)
+                by (fold wq_def, drule_tac ih, simp)
+            next
+              case (Cons a rest)
+              assume eq_wq: "wq_fun (schs s) cs' = a # rest"
+              with h V show ?thesis
+                apply (auto simp:Let_def wq_def split:if_splits)
+              proof -
+                assume th_in: "th \<in> set (SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set rest)"
+                have "set (SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set rest) = set rest" 
+                proof(rule someI2)
+                  from vt_s.wq_distinct[of cs'] and eq_wq[folded wq_def]
+                  show "distinct rest \<and> set rest = set rest" by auto
+                next
+                  show "\<And>x. distinct x \<and> set x = set rest \<Longrightarrow> set x = set rest"
+                    by auto
+                qed
+                with eq_wq th_in have "th \<in> set (wq_fun (schs s) cs')" by auto
+                from ih[OF this[folded wq_def]] show "th \<in> threads s" .
+              next
+                assume th_in: "th \<in> set (wq_fun (schs s) cs)"
+                from ih[OF this[folded wq_def]]
+                show "th \<in> threads s" .
+              qed
+            qed
+          qed
+        qed
+      qed
+    next
+      case (P th' cs')
+      from h stp
+      show ?thesis
+        apply (unfold P wq_def)
+        apply (auto simp:Let_def split:if_splits, fold wq_def)
+        apply (auto intro:ih)
+        apply(ind_cases "step s (P th' cs')")
+        by (unfold runing_def readys_def, auto)
+    next
+      case (Set thread prio)
+      with ih h show ?thesis
+        by (auto simp:wq_def Let_def)
+    qed
+  next
+    case vt_nil
+    thus ?case by (auto simp:wq_def)
+  qed
+qed
+
+lemma range_in: "\<lbrakk>(Th th) \<in> Range (RAG (s::state))\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> th \<in> threads s"
+  apply(unfold s_RAG_def cs_waiting_def cs_holding_def)
+  by (auto intro:wq_threads)
+
+lemma readys_v_eq:
+  assumes neq_th: "th \<noteq> thread"
+  and eq_wq: "wq s cs = thread#rest"
+  and not_in: "th \<notin>  set rest"
+  shows "(th \<in> readys (V thread cs#s)) = (th \<in> readys s)"
+proof -
+  from assms show ?thesis
+    apply (auto simp:readys_def)
+    apply(simp add:s_waiting_def[folded wq_def])
+    apply (erule_tac x = csa in allE)
+    apply (simp add:s_waiting_def wq_def Let_def split:if_splits)
+    apply (case_tac "csa = cs", simp)
+    apply (erule_tac x = cs in allE)
+    apply(auto simp add: s_waiting_def[folded wq_def] Let_def split: list.splits)
+    apply(auto simp add: wq_def)
+    apply (auto simp:s_waiting_def wq_def Let_def split:list.splits)
+    proof -
+       assume th_nin: "th \<notin> set rest"
+        and th_in: "th \<in> set (SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set rest)"
+        and eq_wq: "wq_fun (schs s) cs = thread # rest"
+      have "set (SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set rest) = set rest"
+      proof(rule someI2)
+        from wq_distinct[of cs, unfolded wq_def] and eq_wq[unfolded wq_def]
+        show "distinct rest \<and> set rest = set rest" by auto
+      next
+        show "\<And>x. distinct x \<and> set x = set rest \<Longrightarrow> set x = set rest" by auto
+      qed
+      with th_nin th_in show False by auto
+    qed
+qed
+
+text {* \noindent
+  The following lemmas shows that: starting from any node in @{text "RAG"}, 
+  by chasing out-going edges, it is always possible to reach a node representing a ready
+  thread. In this lemma, it is the @{text "th'"}.
+*}
+
+lemma chain_building:
+  shows "node \<in> Domain (RAG s) \<longrightarrow> (\<exists> th'. th' \<in> readys s \<and> (node, Th th') \<in> (RAG s)^+)"
+proof -
+  from wf_dep_converse
+  have h: "wf ((RAG s)\<inverse>)" .
+  show ?thesis
+  proof(induct rule:wf_induct [OF h])
+    fix x
+    assume ih [rule_format]: 
+      "\<forall>y. (y, x) \<in> (RAG s)\<inverse> \<longrightarrow> 
+           y \<in> Domain (RAG s) \<longrightarrow> (\<exists>th'. th' \<in> readys s \<and> (y, Th th') \<in> (RAG s)\<^sup>+)"
+    show "x \<in> Domain (RAG s) \<longrightarrow> (\<exists>th'. th' \<in> readys s \<and> (x, Th th') \<in> (RAG s)\<^sup>+)"
+    proof
+      assume x_d: "x \<in> Domain (RAG s)"
+      show "\<exists>th'. th' \<in> readys s \<and> (x, Th th') \<in> (RAG s)\<^sup>+"
+      proof(cases x)
+        case (Th th)
+        from x_d Th obtain cs where x_in: "(Th th, Cs cs) \<in> RAG s" by (auto simp:s_RAG_def)
+        with Th have x_in_r: "(Cs cs, x) \<in> (RAG s)^-1" by simp
+        from th_chasing [OF x_in] obtain th' where "(Cs cs, Th th') \<in> RAG s" by blast
+        hence "Cs cs \<in> Domain (RAG s)" by auto
+        from ih [OF x_in_r this] obtain th'
+          where th'_ready: " th' \<in> readys s" and cs_in: "(Cs cs, Th th') \<in> (RAG s)\<^sup>+" by auto
+        have "(x, Th th') \<in> (RAG s)\<^sup>+" using Th x_in cs_in by auto
+        with th'_ready show ?thesis by auto
+      next
+        case (Cs cs)
+        from x_d Cs obtain th' where th'_d: "(Th th', x) \<in> (RAG s)^-1" by (auto simp:s_RAG_def)
+        show ?thesis
+        proof(cases "th' \<in> readys s")
+          case True
+          from True and th'_d show ?thesis by auto
+        next
+          case False
+          from th'_d and range_in  have "th' \<in> threads s" by auto
+          with False have "Th th' \<in> Domain (RAG s)" 
+            by (auto simp:readys_def wq_def s_waiting_def s_RAG_def cs_waiting_def Domain_def)
+          from ih [OF th'_d this]
+          obtain th'' where 
+            th''_r: "th'' \<in> readys s" and 
+            th''_in: "(Th th', Th th'') \<in> (RAG s)\<^sup>+" by auto
+          from th'_d and th''_in 
+          have "(x, Th th'') \<in> (RAG s)\<^sup>+" by auto
+          with th''_r show ?thesis by auto
+        qed
+      qed
+    qed
+  qed
+qed
+
+text {* \noindent
+  The following is just an instance of @{text "chain_building"}.
+*}
+lemma th_chain_to_ready:
+  assumes th_in: "th \<in> threads s"
+  shows "th \<in> readys s \<or> (\<exists> th'. th' \<in> readys s \<and> (Th th, Th th') \<in> (RAG s)^+)"
+proof(cases "th \<in> readys s")
+  case True
+  thus ?thesis by auto
+next
+  case False
+  from False and th_in have "Th th \<in> Domain (RAG s)" 
+    by (auto simp:readys_def s_waiting_def s_RAG_def wq_def cs_waiting_def Domain_def)
+  from chain_building [rule_format, OF this]
+  show ?thesis by auto
+qed
+
+end
+
+lemma waiting_eq: "waiting s th cs = waiting (wq s) th cs"
+  by  (unfold s_waiting_def cs_waiting_def wq_def, auto)
+
+lemma holding_eq: "holding (s::state) th cs = holding (wq s) th cs"
+  by (unfold s_holding_def wq_def cs_holding_def, simp)
+
+lemma holding_unique: "\<lbrakk>holding (s::state) th1 cs; holding s th2 cs\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> th1 = th2"
+  by (unfold s_holding_def cs_holding_def, auto)
+
+context valid_trace
+begin
+
+lemma unique_RAG: "\<lbrakk>(n, n1) \<in> RAG s; (n, n2) \<in> RAG s\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> n1 = n2"
+  apply(unfold s_RAG_def, auto, fold waiting_eq holding_eq)
+  by(auto elim:waiting_unique holding_unique)
+
+end
+
+
+lemma trancl_split: "(a, b) \<in> r^+ \<Longrightarrow> \<exists> c. (a, c) \<in> r"
+by (induct rule:trancl_induct, auto)
+
+context valid_trace
 begin
 
-text {* @{text "the_preced"} is also the same as @{text "preced"}, the only
-       difference is the order of arguemts. *}
-definition "the_preced s th = preced th s"
+lemma dchain_unique:
+  assumes th1_d: "(n, Th th1) \<in> (RAG s)^+"
+  and th1_r: "th1 \<in> readys s"
+  and th2_d: "(n, Th th2) \<in> (RAG s)^+"
+  and th2_r: "th2 \<in> readys s"
+  shows "th1 = th2"
+proof -
+  { assume neq: "th1 \<noteq> th2"
+    hence "Th th1 \<noteq> Th th2" by simp
+    from unique_chain [OF _ th1_d th2_d this] and unique_RAG 
+    have "(Th th1, Th th2) \<in> (RAG s)\<^sup>+ \<or> (Th th2, Th th1) \<in> (RAG s)\<^sup>+" by auto
+    hence "False"
+    proof
+      assume "(Th th1, Th th2) \<in> (RAG s)\<^sup>+"
+      from trancl_split [OF this]
+      obtain n where dd: "(Th th1, n) \<in> RAG s" by auto
+      then obtain cs where eq_n: "n = Cs cs"
+        by (auto simp:s_RAG_def s_holding_def cs_holding_def cs_waiting_def wq_def dest:hd_np_in)
+      from dd eq_n have "th1 \<notin> readys s"
+        by (auto simp:readys_def s_RAG_def wq_def s_waiting_def cs_waiting_def)
+      with th1_r show ?thesis by auto
+    next
+      assume "(Th th2, Th th1) \<in> (RAG s)\<^sup>+"
+      from trancl_split [OF this]
+      obtain n where dd: "(Th th2, n) \<in> RAG s" by auto
+      then obtain cs where eq_n: "n = Cs cs"
+        by (auto simp:s_RAG_def s_holding_def cs_holding_def cs_waiting_def wq_def dest:hd_np_in)
+      from dd eq_n have "th2 \<notin> readys s"
+        by (auto simp:readys_def wq_def s_RAG_def s_waiting_def cs_waiting_def)
+      with th2_r show ?thesis by auto
+    qed
+  } thus ?thesis by auto
+qed
+
+end
+             
+
+lemma step_holdents_p_add:
+  assumes vt: "vt (P th cs#s)"
+  and "wq s cs = []"
+  shows "holdents (P th cs#s) th = holdents s th \<union> {cs}"
+proof -
+  from assms show ?thesis
+  unfolding  holdents_test step_RAG_p[OF vt] by (auto)
+qed
+
+lemma step_holdents_p_eq:
+  assumes vt: "vt (P th cs#s)"
+  and "wq s cs \<noteq> []"
+  shows "holdents (P th cs#s) th = holdents s th"
+proof -
+  from assms show ?thesis
+  unfolding  holdents_test step_RAG_p[OF vt] by auto
+qed
+
+
+lemma (in valid_trace) finite_holding :
+  shows "finite (holdents s th)"
+proof -
+  let ?F = "\<lambda> (x, y). the_cs x"
+  from finite_RAG 
+  have "finite (RAG s)" .
+  hence "finite (?F `(RAG s))" by simp
+  moreover have "{cs . (Cs cs, Th th) \<in> RAG s} \<subseteq> \<dots>" 
+  proof -
+    { have h: "\<And> a A f. a \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> f a \<in> f ` A" by auto
+      fix x assume "(Cs x, Th th) \<in> RAG s"
+      hence "?F (Cs x, Th th) \<in> ?F `(RAG s)" by (rule h)
+      moreover have "?F (Cs x, Th th) = x" by simp
+      ultimately have "x \<in> (\<lambda>(x, y). the_cs x) ` RAG s" by simp 
+    } thus ?thesis by auto
+  qed
+  ultimately show ?thesis by (unfold holdents_test, auto intro:finite_subset)
+qed
+
+lemma cntCS_v_dec: 
+  assumes vtv: "vt (V thread cs#s)"
+  shows "(cntCS (V thread cs#s) thread + 1) = cntCS s thread"
+proof -
+  from vtv interpret vt_s: valid_trace s
+    by (cases, unfold_locales, simp)
+  from vtv interpret vt_v: valid_trace "V thread cs#s"
+     by (unfold_locales, simp)
+  from step_back_step[OF vtv]
+  have cs_in: "cs \<in> holdents s thread" 
+    apply (cases, unfold holdents_test s_RAG_def, simp)
+    by (unfold cs_holding_def s_holding_def wq_def, auto)
+  moreover have cs_not_in: 
+    "(holdents (V thread cs#s) thread) = holdents s thread - {cs}"
+    apply (insert vt_s.wq_distinct[of cs])
+    apply (unfold holdents_test, unfold step_RAG_v[OF vtv],
+            auto simp:next_th_def)
+  proof -
+    fix rest
+    assume dst: "distinct (rest::thread list)"
+      and ne: "rest \<noteq> []"
+    and hd_ni: "hd (SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set rest) \<notin> set rest"
+    moreover have "set (SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set rest) = set rest"
+    proof(rule someI2)
+      from dst show "distinct rest \<and> set rest = set rest" by auto
+    next
+      show "\<And>x. distinct x \<and> set x = set rest \<Longrightarrow> set x = set rest" by auto
+    qed
+    ultimately have "hd (SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set rest) \<notin> 
+                     set (SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set rest)" by simp
+    moreover have "(SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set rest) \<noteq> []"
+    proof(rule someI2)
+      from dst show "distinct rest \<and> set rest = set rest" by auto
+    next
+      fix x assume " distinct x \<and> set x = set rest" with ne
+      show "x \<noteq> []" by auto
+    qed
+    ultimately 
+    show "(Cs cs, Th (hd (SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set rest))) \<in> RAG s"
+      by auto
+  next
+    fix rest
+    assume dst: "distinct (rest::thread list)"
+      and ne: "rest \<noteq> []"
+    and hd_ni: "hd (SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set rest) \<notin> set rest"
+    moreover have "set (SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set rest) = set rest"
+    proof(rule someI2)
+      from dst show "distinct rest \<and> set rest = set rest" by auto
+    next
+      show "\<And>x. distinct x \<and> set x = set rest \<Longrightarrow> set x = set rest" by auto
+    qed
+    ultimately have "hd (SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set rest) \<notin> 
+                     set (SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set rest)" by simp
+    moreover have "(SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set rest) \<noteq> []"
+    proof(rule someI2)
+      from dst show "distinct rest \<and> set rest = set rest" by auto
+    next
+      fix x assume " distinct x \<and> set x = set rest" with ne
+      show "x \<noteq> []" by auto
+    qed
+    ultimately show "False" by auto 
+  qed
+  ultimately 
+  have "holdents s thread = insert cs (holdents (V thread cs#s) thread)"
+    by auto
+  moreover have "card \<dots> = 
+                    Suc (card ((holdents (V thread cs#s) thread) - {cs}))"
+  proof(rule card_insert)
+    from vt_v.finite_holding
+    show " finite (holdents (V thread cs # s) thread)" .
+  qed
+  moreover from cs_not_in 
+  have "cs \<notin> (holdents (V thread cs#s) thread)" by auto
+  ultimately show ?thesis by (simp add:cntCS_def)
+qed 
+
+lemma count_rec1 [simp]: 
+  assumes "Q e"
+  shows "count Q (e#es) = Suc (count Q es)"
+  using assms
+  by (unfold count_def, auto)
+
+lemma count_rec2 [simp]: 
+  assumes "\<not>Q e"
+  shows "count Q (e#es) = (count Q es)"
+  using assms
+  by (unfold count_def, auto)
+
+lemma count_rec3 [simp]: 
+  shows "count Q [] =  0"
+  by (unfold count_def, auto)
+
+lemma cntP_diff_inv:
+  assumes "cntP (e#s) th \<noteq> cntP s th"
+  shows "isP e \<and> actor e = th"
+proof(cases e)
+  case (P th' pty)
+  show ?thesis
+  by (cases "(\<lambda>e. \<exists>cs. e = P th cs) (P th' pty)", 
+        insert assms P, auto simp:cntP_def)
+qed (insert assms, auto simp:cntP_def)
+  
+lemma cntV_diff_inv:
+  assumes "cntV (e#s) th \<noteq> cntV s th"
+  shows "isV e \<and> actor e = th"
+proof(cases e)
+  case (V th' pty)
+  show ?thesis
+  by (cases "(\<lambda>e. \<exists>cs. e = V th cs) (V th' pty)", 
+        insert assms V, auto simp:cntV_def)
+qed (insert assms, auto simp:cntV_def)
+
+context valid_trace
+begin
+
+text {* (* ddd *) \noindent
+  The relationship between @{text "cntP"}, @{text "cntV"} and @{text "cntCS"} 
+  of one particular thread. 
+*} 
+
+lemma cnp_cnv_cncs:
+  shows "cntP s th = cntV s th + (if (th \<in> readys s \<or> th \<notin> threads s) 
+                                       then cntCS s th else cntCS s th + 1)"
+proof -
+  from vt show ?thesis
+  proof(induct arbitrary:th)
+    case (vt_cons s e)
+    interpret vt_s: valid_trace s using vt_cons(1) by (unfold_locales, simp)
+    assume vt: "vt s"
+    and ih: "\<And>th. cntP s th  = cntV s th +
+               (if (th \<in> readys s \<or> th \<notin> threads s) then cntCS s th else cntCS s th + 1)"
+    and stp: "step s e"
+    from stp show ?case
+    proof(cases)
+      case (thread_create thread prio)
+      assume eq_e: "e = Create thread prio"
+        and not_in: "thread \<notin> threads s"
+      show ?thesis
+      proof -
+        { fix cs 
+          assume "thread \<in> set (wq s cs)"
+          from vt_s.wq_threads [OF this] have "thread \<in> threads s" .
+          with not_in have "False" by simp
+        } with eq_e have eq_readys: "readys (e#s) = readys s \<union> {thread}"
+          by (auto simp:readys_def threads.simps s_waiting_def 
+            wq_def cs_waiting_def Let_def)
+        from eq_e have eq_cnp: "cntP (e#s) th = cntP s th" by (simp add:cntP_def count_def)
+        from eq_e have eq_cnv: "cntV (e#s) th = cntV s th" by (simp add:cntV_def count_def)
+        have eq_cncs: "cntCS (e#s) th = cntCS s th"
+          unfolding cntCS_def holdents_test
+          by (simp add:RAG_create_unchanged eq_e)
+        { assume "th \<noteq> thread"
+          with eq_readys eq_e
+          have "(th \<in> readys (e # s) \<or> th \<notin> threads (e # s)) = 
+                      (th \<in> readys (s) \<or> th \<notin> threads (s))" 
+            by (simp add:threads.simps)
+          with eq_cnp eq_cnv eq_cncs ih not_in
+          have ?thesis by simp
+        } moreover {
+          assume eq_th: "th = thread"
+          with not_in ih have " cntP s th  = cntV s th + cntCS s th" by simp
+          moreover from eq_th and eq_readys have "th \<in> readys (e#s)" by simp
+          moreover note eq_cnp eq_cnv eq_cncs
+          ultimately have ?thesis by auto
+        } ultimately show ?thesis by blast
+      qed
+    next
+      case (thread_exit thread)
+      assume eq_e: "e = Exit thread" 
+      and is_runing: "thread \<in> runing s"
+      and no_hold: "holdents s thread = {}"
+      from eq_e have eq_cnp: "cntP (e#s) th = cntP s th" by (simp add:cntP_def count_def)
+      from eq_e have eq_cnv: "cntV (e#s) th = cntV s th" by (simp add:cntV_def count_def)
+      have eq_cncs: "cntCS (e#s) th = cntCS s th"
+        unfolding cntCS_def holdents_test
+        by (simp add:RAG_exit_unchanged eq_e)
+      { assume "th \<noteq> thread"
+        with eq_e
+        have "(th \<in> readys (e # s) \<or> th \<notin> threads (e # s)) = 
+          (th \<in> readys (s) \<or> th \<notin> threads (s))" 
+          apply (simp add:threads.simps readys_def)
+          apply (subst s_waiting_def)
+          apply (simp add:Let_def)
+          apply (subst s_waiting_def, simp)
+          done
+        with eq_cnp eq_cnv eq_cncs ih
+        have ?thesis by simp
+      } moreover {
+        assume eq_th: "th = thread"
+        with ih is_runing have " cntP s th = cntV s th + cntCS s th" 
+          by (simp add:runing_def)
+        moreover from eq_th eq_e have "th \<notin> threads (e#s)"
+          by simp
+        moreover note eq_cnp eq_cnv eq_cncs
+        ultimately have ?thesis by auto
+      } ultimately show ?thesis by blast
+    next
+      case (thread_P thread cs)
+      assume eq_e: "e = P thread cs"
+        and is_runing: "thread \<in> runing s"
+        and no_dep: "(Cs cs, Th thread) \<notin> (RAG s)\<^sup>+"
+      from thread_P vt stp ih  have vtp: "vt (P thread cs#s)" by auto
+      then interpret vt_p: valid_trace "(P thread cs#s)"
+        by (unfold_locales, simp)
+      show ?thesis 
+      proof -
+        { have hh: "\<And> A B C. (B = C) \<Longrightarrow> (A \<and> B) = (A \<and> C)" by blast
+          assume neq_th: "th \<noteq> thread"
+          with eq_e
+          have eq_readys: "(th \<in> readys (e#s)) = (th \<in> readys (s))"
+            apply (simp add:readys_def s_waiting_def wq_def Let_def)
+            apply (rule_tac hh)
+             apply (intro iffI allI, clarify)
+            apply (erule_tac x = csa in allE, auto)
+            apply (subgoal_tac "wq_fun (schs s) cs \<noteq> []", auto)
+            apply (erule_tac x = cs in allE, auto)
+            by (case_tac "(wq_fun (schs s) cs)", auto)
+          moreover from neq_th eq_e have "cntCS (e # s) th = cntCS s th"
+            apply (simp add:cntCS_def holdents_test)
+            by (unfold  step_RAG_p [OF vtp], auto)
+          moreover from eq_e neq_th have "cntP (e # s) th = cntP s th"
+            by (simp add:cntP_def count_def)
+          moreover from eq_e neq_th have "cntV (e#s) th = cntV s th"
+            by (simp add:cntV_def count_def)
+          moreover from eq_e neq_th have "threads (e#s) = threads s" by simp
+          moreover note ih [of th] 
+          ultimately have ?thesis by simp
+        } moreover {
+          assume eq_th: "th = thread"
+          have ?thesis
+          proof -
+            from eq_e eq_th have eq_cnp: "cntP (e # s) th  = 1 + (cntP s th)" 
+              by (simp add:cntP_def count_def)
+            from eq_e eq_th have eq_cnv: "cntV (e#s) th = cntV s th"
+              by (simp add:cntV_def count_def)
+            show ?thesis
+            proof (cases "wq s cs = []")
+              case True
+              with is_runing
+              have "th \<in> readys (e#s)"
+                apply (unfold eq_e wq_def, unfold readys_def s_RAG_def)
+                apply (simp add: wq_def[symmetric] runing_def eq_th s_waiting_def)
+                by (auto simp:readys_def wq_def Let_def s_waiting_def wq_def)
+              moreover have "cntCS (e # s) th = 1 + cntCS s th"
+              proof -
+                have "card {csa. csa = cs \<or> (Cs csa, Th thread) \<in> RAG s} =
+                  Suc (card {cs. (Cs cs, Th thread) \<in> RAG s})" (is "card ?L = Suc (card ?R)")
+                proof -
+                  have "?L = insert cs ?R" by auto
+                  moreover have "card \<dots> = Suc (card (?R - {cs}))" 
+                  proof(rule card_insert)
+                    from vt_s.finite_holding [of thread]
+                    show " finite {cs. (Cs cs, Th thread) \<in> RAG s}"
+                      by (unfold holdents_test, simp)
+                  qed
+                  moreover have "?R - {cs} = ?R"
+                  proof -
+                    have "cs \<notin> ?R"
+                    proof
+                      assume "cs \<in> {cs. (Cs cs, Th thread) \<in> RAG s}"
+                      with no_dep show False by auto
+                    qed
+                    thus ?thesis by auto
+                  qed
+                  ultimately show ?thesis by auto
+                qed
+                thus ?thesis
+                  apply (unfold eq_e eq_th cntCS_def)
+                  apply (simp add: holdents_test)
+                  by (unfold step_RAG_p [OF vtp], auto simp:True)
+              qed
+              moreover from is_runing have "th \<in> readys s"
+                by (simp add:runing_def eq_th)
+              moreover note eq_cnp eq_cnv ih [of th]
+              ultimately show ?thesis by auto
+            next
+              case False
+              have eq_wq: "wq (e#s) cs = wq s cs @ [th]"
+                    by (unfold eq_th eq_e wq_def, auto simp:Let_def)
+              have "th \<notin> readys (e#s)"
+              proof
+                assume "th \<in> readys (e#s)"
+                hence "\<forall>cs. \<not> waiting (e # s) th cs" by (simp add:readys_def)
+                from this[rule_format, of cs] have " \<not> waiting (e # s) th cs" .
+                hence "th \<in> set (wq (e#s) cs) \<Longrightarrow> th = hd (wq (e#s) cs)" 
+                  by (simp add:s_waiting_def wq_def)
+                moreover from eq_wq have "th \<in> set (wq (e#s) cs)" by auto
+                ultimately have "th = hd (wq (e#s) cs)" by blast
+                with eq_wq have "th = hd (wq s cs @ [th])" by simp
+                hence "th = hd (wq s cs)" using False by auto
+                with False eq_wq vt_p.wq_distinct [of cs]
+                show False by (fold eq_e, auto)
+              qed
+              moreover from is_runing have "th \<in> threads (e#s)" 
+                by (unfold eq_e, auto simp:runing_def readys_def eq_th)
+              moreover have "cntCS (e # s) th = cntCS s th"
+                apply (unfold cntCS_def holdents_test eq_e step_RAG_p[OF vtp])
+                by (auto simp:False)
+              moreover note eq_cnp eq_cnv ih[of th]
+              moreover from is_runing have "th \<in> readys s"
+                by (simp add:runing_def eq_th)
+              ultimately show ?thesis by auto
+            qed
+          qed
+        } ultimately show ?thesis by blast
+      qed
+    next
+      case (thread_V thread cs)
+      from assms vt stp ih thread_V have vtv: "vt (V thread cs # s)" by auto
+      then interpret vt_v: valid_trace "(V thread cs # s)" by (unfold_locales, simp)
+      assume eq_e: "e = V thread cs"
+        and is_runing: "thread \<in> runing s"
+        and hold: "holding s thread cs"
+      from hold obtain rest 
+        where eq_wq: "wq s cs = thread # rest"
+        by (case_tac "wq s cs", auto simp: wq_def s_holding_def)
+      have eq_threads: "threads (e#s) = threads s" by (simp add: eq_e)
+      have eq_set: "set (SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set rest) = set rest"
+      proof(rule someI2)
+        from vt_v.wq_distinct[of cs] and eq_wq
+        show "distinct rest \<and> set rest = set rest"
+          by (metis distinct.simps(2) vt_s.wq_distinct)
+      next
+        show "\<And>x. distinct x \<and> set x = set rest \<Longrightarrow> set x = set rest"
+          by auto
+      qed
+      show ?thesis
+      proof -
+        { assume eq_th: "th = thread"
+          from eq_th have eq_cnp: "cntP (e # s) th = cntP s th"
+            by (unfold eq_e, simp add:cntP_def count_def)
+          moreover from eq_th have eq_cnv: "cntV (e#s) th = 1 + cntV s th"
+            by (unfold eq_e, simp add:cntV_def count_def)
+          moreover from cntCS_v_dec [OF vtv] 
+          have "cntCS (e # s) thread + 1 = cntCS s thread"
+            by (simp add:eq_e)
+          moreover from is_runing have rd_before: "thread \<in> readys s"
+            by (unfold runing_def, simp)
+          moreover have "thread \<in> readys (e # s)"
+          proof -
+            from is_runing
+            have "thread \<in> threads (e#s)" 
+              by (unfold eq_e, auto simp:runing_def readys_def)
+            moreover have "\<forall> cs1. \<not> waiting (e#s) thread cs1"
+            proof
+              fix cs1
+              { assume eq_cs: "cs1 = cs" 
+                have "\<not> waiting (e # s) thread cs1"
+                proof -
+                  from eq_wq
+                  have "thread \<notin> set (wq (e#s) cs1)"
+                    apply(unfold eq_e wq_def eq_cs s_holding_def)
+                    apply (auto simp:Let_def)
+                  proof -
+                    assume "thread \<in> set (SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set rest)"
+                    with eq_set have "thread \<in> set rest" by simp
+                    with vt_v.wq_distinct[of cs]
+                    and eq_wq show False
+                        by (metis distinct.simps(2) vt_s.wq_distinct)
+                  qed
+                  thus ?thesis by (simp add:wq_def s_waiting_def)
+                qed
+              } moreover {
+                assume neq_cs: "cs1 \<noteq> cs"
+                  have "\<not> waiting (e # s) thread cs1" 
+                  proof -
+                    from wq_v_neq [OF neq_cs[symmetric]]
+                    have "wq (V thread cs # s) cs1 = wq s cs1" .
+                    moreover have "\<not> waiting s thread cs1" 
+                    proof -
+                      from runing_ready and is_runing
+                      have "thread \<in> readys s" by auto
+                      thus ?thesis by (simp add:readys_def)
+                    qed
+                    ultimately show ?thesis 
+                      by (auto simp:wq_def s_waiting_def eq_e)
+                  qed
+              } ultimately show "\<not> waiting (e # s) thread cs1" by blast
+            qed
+            ultimately show ?thesis by (simp add:readys_def)
+          qed
+          moreover note eq_th ih
+          ultimately have ?thesis by auto
+        } moreover {
+          assume neq_th: "th \<noteq> thread"
+          from neq_th eq_e have eq_cnp: "cntP (e # s) th = cntP s th" 
+            by (simp add:cntP_def count_def)
+          from neq_th eq_e have eq_cnv: "cntV (e # s) th = cntV s th" 
+            by (simp add:cntV_def count_def)
+          have ?thesis
+          proof(cases "th \<in> set rest")
+            case False
+            have "(th \<in> readys (e # s)) = (th \<in> readys s)"
+              apply (insert step_back_vt[OF vtv])
+              by (simp add: False eq_e eq_wq neq_th vt_s.readys_v_eq)
+            moreover have "cntCS (e#s) th = cntCS s th"
+              apply (insert neq_th, unfold eq_e cntCS_def holdents_test step_RAG_v[OF vtv], auto)
+              proof -
+                have "{csa. (Cs csa, Th th) \<in> RAG s \<or> csa = cs \<and> next_th s thread cs th} =
+                      {cs. (Cs cs, Th th) \<in> RAG s}"
+                proof -
+                  from False eq_wq
+                  have " next_th s thread cs th \<Longrightarrow> (Cs cs, Th th) \<in> RAG s"
+                    apply (unfold next_th_def, auto)
+                  proof -
+                    assume ne: "rest \<noteq> []"
+                      and ni: "hd (SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set rest) \<notin> set rest"
+                      and eq_wq: "wq s cs = thread # rest"
+                    from eq_set ni have "hd (SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set rest) \<notin> 
+                                  set (SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set rest)
+                                  " by simp
+                    moreover have "(SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set rest) \<noteq> []"
+                    proof(rule someI2)
+                      from vt_s.wq_distinct[ of cs] and eq_wq
+                      show "distinct rest \<and> set rest = set rest" by auto
+                    next
+                      fix x assume "distinct x \<and> set x = set rest"
+                      with ne show "x \<noteq> []" by auto
+                    qed
+                    ultimately show 
+                      "(Cs cs, Th (hd (SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set rest))) \<in> RAG s"
+                      by auto
+                  qed    
+                  thus ?thesis by auto
+                qed
+                thus "card {csa. (Cs csa, Th th) \<in> RAG s \<or> csa = cs \<and> next_th s thread cs th} =
+                             card {cs. (Cs cs, Th th) \<in> RAG s}" by simp 
+              qed
+            moreover note ih eq_cnp eq_cnv eq_threads
+            ultimately show ?thesis by auto
+          next
+            case True
+            assume th_in: "th \<in> set rest"
+            show ?thesis
+            proof(cases "next_th s thread cs th")
+              case False
+              with eq_wq and th_in have 
+                neq_hd: "th \<noteq> hd (SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set rest)" (is "th \<noteq> hd ?rest")
+                by (auto simp:next_th_def)
+              have "(th \<in> readys (e # s)) = (th \<in> readys s)"
+              proof -
+                from eq_wq and th_in
+                have "\<not> th \<in> readys s"
+                  apply (auto simp:readys_def s_waiting_def)
+                  apply (rule_tac x = cs in exI, auto)
+                  by (insert vt_s.wq_distinct[of cs], auto simp add: wq_def)
+                moreover 
+                from eq_wq and th_in and neq_hd
+                have "\<not> (th \<in> readys (e # s))"
+                  apply (auto simp:readys_def s_waiting_def eq_e wq_def Let_def split:list.splits)
+                  by (rule_tac x = cs in exI, auto simp:eq_set)
+                ultimately show ?thesis by auto
+              qed
+              moreover have "cntCS (e#s) th = cntCS s th" 
+              proof -
+                from eq_wq and  th_in and neq_hd
+                have "(holdents (e # s) th) = (holdents s th)"
+                  apply (unfold eq_e step_RAG_v[OF vtv], 
+                         auto simp:next_th_def eq_set s_RAG_def holdents_test wq_def
+                                   Let_def cs_holding_def)
+                  by (insert vt_s.wq_distinct[of cs], auto simp:wq_def)
+                thus ?thesis by (simp add:cntCS_def)
+              qed
+              moreover note ih eq_cnp eq_cnv eq_threads
+              ultimately show ?thesis by auto
+            next
+              case True
+              let ?rest = " (SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set rest)"
+              let ?t = "hd ?rest"
+              from True eq_wq th_in neq_th
+              have "th \<in> readys (e # s)"
+                apply (auto simp:eq_e readys_def s_waiting_def wq_def
+                        Let_def next_th_def)
+              proof -
+                assume eq_wq: "wq_fun (schs s) cs = thread # rest"
+                  and t_in: "?t \<in> set rest"
+                show "?t \<in> threads s"
+                proof(rule vt_s.wq_threads)
+                  from eq_wq and t_in
+                  show "?t \<in> set (wq s cs)" by (auto simp:wq_def)
+                qed
+              next
+                fix csa
+                assume eq_wq: "wq_fun (schs s) cs = thread # rest"
+                  and t_in: "?t \<in> set rest"
+                  and neq_cs: "csa \<noteq> cs"
+                  and t_in': "?t \<in>  set (wq_fun (schs s) csa)"
+                show "?t = hd (wq_fun (schs s) csa)"
+                proof -
+                  { assume neq_hd': "?t \<noteq> hd (wq_fun (schs s) csa)"
+                    from vt_s.wq_distinct[of cs] and 
+                    eq_wq[folded wq_def] and t_in eq_wq
+                    have "?t \<noteq> thread" by auto
+                    with eq_wq and t_in
+                    have w1: "waiting s ?t cs"
+                      by (auto simp:s_waiting_def wq_def)
+                    from t_in' neq_hd'
+                    have w2: "waiting s ?t csa"
+                      by (auto simp:s_waiting_def wq_def)
+                    from vt_s.waiting_unique[OF w1 w2]
+                    and neq_cs have "False" by auto
+                  } thus ?thesis by auto
+                qed
+              qed
+              moreover have "cntP s th = cntV s th + cntCS s th + 1"
+              proof -
+                have "th \<notin> readys s" 
+                proof -
+                  from True eq_wq neq_th th_in
+                  show ?thesis
+                    apply (unfold readys_def s_waiting_def, auto)
+                    by (rule_tac x = cs in exI, auto simp add: wq_def)
+                qed
+                moreover have "th \<in> threads s"
+                proof -
+                  from th_in eq_wq
+                  have "th \<in> set (wq s cs)" by simp
+                  from vt_s.wq_threads [OF this] 
+                  show ?thesis .
+                qed
+                ultimately show ?thesis using ih by auto
+              qed
+              moreover from True neq_th have "cntCS (e # s) th = 1 + cntCS s th"
+                apply (unfold cntCS_def holdents_test eq_e step_RAG_v[OF vtv], auto)
+              proof -
+                show "card {csa. (Cs csa, Th th) \<in> RAG s \<or> csa = cs} =
+                               Suc (card {cs. (Cs cs, Th th) \<in> RAG s})"
+                  (is "card ?A = Suc (card ?B)")
+                proof -
+                  have "?A = insert cs ?B" by auto
+                  hence "card ?A = card (insert cs ?B)" by simp
+                  also have "\<dots> = Suc (card ?B)"
+                  proof(rule card_insert_disjoint)
+                    have "?B \<subseteq> ((\<lambda> (x, y). the_cs x) ` RAG s)" 
+                      apply (auto simp:image_def)
+                      by (rule_tac x = "(Cs x, Th th)" in bexI, auto)
+                    with vt_s.finite_RAG
+                    show "finite {cs. (Cs cs, Th th) \<in> RAG s}" by (auto intro:finite_subset)
+                  next
+                    show "cs \<notin> {cs. (Cs cs, Th th) \<in> RAG s}"
+                    proof
+                      assume "cs \<in> {cs. (Cs cs, Th th) \<in> RAG s}"
+                      hence "(Cs cs, Th th) \<in> RAG s" by simp
+                      with True neq_th eq_wq show False
+                        by (auto simp:next_th_def s_RAG_def cs_holding_def)
+                    qed
+                  qed
+                  finally show ?thesis .
+                qed
+              qed
+              moreover note eq_cnp eq_cnv
+              ultimately show ?thesis by simp
+            qed
+          qed
+        } ultimately show ?thesis by blast
+      qed
+    next
+      case (thread_set thread prio)
+      assume eq_e: "e = Set thread prio"
+        and is_runing: "thread \<in> runing s"
+      show ?thesis
+      proof -
+        from eq_e have eq_cnp: "cntP (e#s) th = cntP s th" by (simp add:cntP_def count_def)
+        from eq_e have eq_cnv: "cntV (e#s) th = cntV s th" by (simp add:cntV_def count_def)
+        have eq_cncs: "cntCS (e#s) th = cntCS s th"
+          unfolding cntCS_def holdents_test
+          by (simp add:RAG_set_unchanged eq_e)
+        from eq_e have eq_readys: "readys (e#s) = readys s" 
+          by (simp add:readys_def cs_waiting_def s_waiting_def wq_def,
+                  auto simp:Let_def)
+        { assume "th \<noteq> thread"
+          with eq_readys eq_e
+          have "(th \<in> readys (e # s) \<or> th \<notin> threads (e # s)) = 
+                      (th \<in> readys (s) \<or> th \<notin> threads (s))" 
+            by (simp add:threads.simps)
+          with eq_cnp eq_cnv eq_cncs ih is_runing
+          have ?thesis by simp
+        } moreover {
+          assume eq_th: "th = thread"
+          with is_runing ih have " cntP s th  = cntV s th + cntCS s th" 
+            by (unfold runing_def, auto)
+          moreover from eq_th and eq_readys is_runing have "th \<in> readys (e#s)"
+            by (simp add:runing_def)
+          moreover note eq_cnp eq_cnv eq_cncs
+          ultimately have ?thesis by auto
+        } ultimately show ?thesis by blast
+      qed   
+    qed
+  next
+    case vt_nil
+    show ?case 
+      by (unfold cntP_def cntV_def cntCS_def, 
+        auto simp:count_def holdents_test s_RAG_def wq_def cs_holding_def)
+  qed
+qed
+
+lemma not_thread_cncs:
+  assumes not_in: "th \<notin> threads s" 
+  shows "cntCS s th = 0"
+proof -
+  from vt not_in show ?thesis
+  proof(induct arbitrary:th)
+    case (vt_cons s e th)
+    interpret vt_s: valid_trace s using vt_cons(1)
+       by (unfold_locales, simp)
+    assume vt: "vt s"
+      and ih: "\<And>th. th \<notin> threads s \<Longrightarrow> cntCS s th = 0"
+      and stp: "step s e"
+      and not_in: "th \<notin> threads (e # s)"
+    from stp show ?case
+    proof(cases)
+      case (thread_create thread prio)
+      assume eq_e: "e = Create thread prio"
+        and not_in': "thread \<notin> threads s"
+      have "cntCS (e # s) th = cntCS s th"
+        apply (unfold eq_e cntCS_def holdents_test)
+        by (simp add:RAG_create_unchanged)
+      moreover have "th \<notin> threads s" 
+      proof -
+        from not_in eq_e show ?thesis by simp
+      qed
+      moreover note ih ultimately show ?thesis by auto
+    next
+      case (thread_exit thread)
+      assume eq_e: "e = Exit thread"
+      and nh: "holdents s thread = {}"
+      have eq_cns: "cntCS (e # s) th = cntCS s th"
+        apply (unfold eq_e cntCS_def holdents_test)
+        by (simp add:RAG_exit_unchanged)
+      show ?thesis
+      proof(cases "th = thread")
+        case True
+        have "cntCS s th = 0" by (unfold cntCS_def, auto simp:nh True)
+        with eq_cns show ?thesis by simp
+      next
+        case False
+        with not_in and eq_e
+        have "th \<notin> threads s" by simp
+        from ih[OF this] and eq_cns show ?thesis by simp
+      qed
+    next
+      case (thread_P thread cs)
+      assume eq_e: "e = P thread cs"
+      and is_runing: "thread \<in> runing s"
+      from assms thread_P ih vt stp thread_P have vtp: "vt (P thread cs#s)" by auto
+      have neq_th: "th \<noteq> thread" 
+      proof -
+        from not_in eq_e have "th \<notin> threads s" by simp
+        moreover from is_runing have "thread \<in> threads s"
+          by (simp add:runing_def readys_def)
+        ultimately show ?thesis by auto
+      qed
+      hence "cntCS (e # s) th  = cntCS s th "
+        apply (unfold cntCS_def holdents_test eq_e)
+        by (unfold step_RAG_p[OF vtp], auto)
+      moreover have "cntCS s th = 0"
+      proof(rule ih)
+        from not_in eq_e show "th \<notin> threads s" by simp
+      qed
+      ultimately show ?thesis by simp
+    next
+      case (thread_V thread cs)
+      assume eq_e: "e = V thread cs"
+        and is_runing: "thread \<in> runing s"
+        and hold: "holding s thread cs"
+      have neq_th: "th \<noteq> thread" 
+      proof -
+        from not_in eq_e have "th \<notin> threads s" by simp
+        moreover from is_runing have "thread \<in> threads s"
+          by (simp add:runing_def readys_def)
+        ultimately show ?thesis by auto
+      qed
+      from assms thread_V vt stp ih 
+      have vtv: "vt (V thread cs#s)" by auto
+      then interpret vt_v: valid_trace "(V thread cs#s)"
+        by (unfold_locales, simp)
+      from hold obtain rest 
+        where eq_wq: "wq s cs = thread # rest"
+        by (case_tac "wq s cs", auto simp: wq_def s_holding_def)
+      from not_in eq_e eq_wq
+      have "\<not> next_th s thread cs th"
+        apply (auto simp:next_th_def)
+      proof -
+        assume ne: "rest \<noteq> []"
+          and ni: "hd (SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set rest) \<notin> threads s" (is "?t \<notin> threads s")
+        have "?t \<in> set rest"
+        proof(rule someI2)
+          from vt_v.wq_distinct[of cs] and eq_wq
+          show "distinct rest \<and> set rest = set rest"
+            by (metis distinct.simps(2) vt_s.wq_distinct) 
+        next
+          fix x assume "distinct x \<and> set x = set rest" with ne
+          show "hd x \<in> set rest" by (cases x, auto)
+        qed
+        with eq_wq have "?t \<in> set (wq s cs)" by simp
+        from vt_s.wq_threads[OF this] and ni
+        show False
+          using `hd (SOME q. distinct q \<and> set q = set rest) \<in> set (wq s cs)` 
+            ni vt_s.wq_threads by blast 
+      qed
+      moreover note neq_th eq_wq
+      ultimately have "cntCS (e # s) th  = cntCS s th"
+        by (unfold eq_e cntCS_def holdents_test step_RAG_v[OF vtv], auto)
+      moreover have "cntCS s th = 0"
+      proof(rule ih)
+        from not_in eq_e show "th \<notin> threads s" by simp
+      qed
+      ultimately show ?thesis by simp
+    next
+      case (thread_set thread prio)
+      print_facts
+      assume eq_e: "e = Set thread prio"
+        and is_runing: "thread \<in> runing s"
+      from not_in and eq_e have "th \<notin> threads s" by auto
+      from ih [OF this] and eq_e
+      show ?thesis 
+        apply (unfold eq_e cntCS_def holdents_test)
+        by (simp add:RAG_set_unchanged)
+    qed
+    next
+      case vt_nil
+      show ?case
+      by (unfold cntCS_def, 
+        auto simp:count_def holdents_test s_RAG_def wq_def cs_holding_def)
+  qed
+qed
+
+end
+
+lemma eq_waiting: "waiting (wq (s::state)) th cs = waiting s th cs"
+  by (auto simp:s_waiting_def cs_waiting_def wq_def)
+
+context valid_trace
+begin
+
+lemma dm_RAG_threads:
+  assumes in_dom: "(Th th) \<in> Domain (RAG s)"
+  shows "th \<in> threads s"
+proof -
+  from in_dom obtain n where "(Th th, n) \<in> RAG s" by auto
+  moreover from RAG_target_th[OF this] obtain cs where "n = Cs cs" by auto
+  ultimately have "(Th th, Cs cs) \<in> RAG s" by simp
+  hence "th \<in> set (wq s cs)"
+    by (unfold s_RAG_def, auto simp:cs_waiting_def)
+  from wq_threads [OF this] show ?thesis .
+qed
+
+end
+
+lemma cp_eq_cpreced: "cp s th = cpreced (wq s) s th"
+unfolding cp_def wq_def
+apply(induct s rule: schs.induct)
+thm cpreced_initial
+apply(simp add: Let_def cpreced_initial)
+apply(simp add: Let_def)
+apply(simp add: Let_def)
+apply(simp add: Let_def)
+apply(subst (2) schs.simps)
+apply(simp add: Let_def)
+apply(subst (2) schs.simps)
+apply(simp add: Let_def)
+done
+
+context valid_trace
+begin
+
+lemma runing_unique:
+  assumes runing_1: "th1 \<in> runing s"
+  and runing_2: "th2 \<in> runing s"
+  shows "th1 = th2"
+proof -
+  from runing_1 and runing_2 have "cp s th1 = cp s th2"
+    unfolding runing_def
+    apply(simp)
+    done
+  hence eq_max: "Max ((\<lambda>th. preced th s) ` ({th1} \<union> dependants (wq s) th1)) =
+                 Max ((\<lambda>th. preced th s) ` ({th2} \<union> dependants (wq s) th2))"
+    (is "Max (?f ` ?A) = Max (?f ` ?B)")
+    unfolding cp_eq_cpreced 
+    unfolding cpreced_def .
+  obtain th1' where th1_in: "th1' \<in> ?A" and eq_f_th1: "?f th1' = Max (?f ` ?A)"
+  proof -
+    have h1: "finite (?f ` ?A)"
+    proof -
+      have "finite ?A" 
+      proof -
+        have "finite (dependants (wq s) th1)"
+        proof-
+          have "finite {th'. (Th th', Th th1) \<in> (RAG (wq s))\<^sup>+}"
+          proof -
+            let ?F = "\<lambda> (x, y). the_th x"
+            have "{th'. (Th th', Th th1) \<in> (RAG (wq s))\<^sup>+} \<subseteq> ?F ` ((RAG (wq s))\<^sup>+)"
+              apply (auto simp:image_def)
+              by (rule_tac x = "(Th x, Th th1)" in bexI, auto)
+            moreover have "finite \<dots>"
+            proof -
+              from finite_RAG have "finite (RAG s)" .
+              hence "finite ((RAG (wq s))\<^sup>+)"
+                apply (unfold finite_trancl)
+                by (auto simp: s_RAG_def cs_RAG_def wq_def)
+              thus ?thesis by auto
+            qed
+            ultimately show ?thesis by (auto intro:finite_subset)
+          qed
+          thus ?thesis by (simp add:cs_dependants_def)
+        qed
+        thus ?thesis by simp
+      qed
+      thus ?thesis by auto
+    qed
+    moreover have h2: "(?f ` ?A) \<noteq> {}"
+    proof -
+      have "?A \<noteq> {}" by simp
+      thus ?thesis by simp
+    qed
+    from Max_in [OF h1 h2]
+    have "Max (?f ` ?A) \<in> (?f ` ?A)" .
+    thus ?thesis 
+      thm cpreced_def
+      unfolding cpreced_def[symmetric] 
+      unfolding cp_eq_cpreced[symmetric] 
+      unfolding cpreced_def 
+      using that[intro] by (auto)
+  qed
+  obtain th2' where th2_in: "th2' \<in> ?B" and eq_f_th2: "?f th2' = Max (?f ` ?B)"
+  proof -
+    have h1: "finite (?f ` ?B)"
+    proof -
+      have "finite ?B" 
+      proof -
+        have "finite (dependants (wq s) th2)"
+        proof-
+          have "finite {th'. (Th th', Th th2) \<in> (RAG (wq s))\<^sup>+}"
+          proof -
+            let ?F = "\<lambda> (x, y). the_th x"
+            have "{th'. (Th th', Th th2) \<in> (RAG (wq s))\<^sup>+} \<subseteq> ?F ` ((RAG (wq s))\<^sup>+)"
+              apply (auto simp:image_def)
+              by (rule_tac x = "(Th x, Th th2)" in bexI, auto)
+            moreover have "finite \<dots>"
+            proof -
+              from finite_RAG have "finite (RAG s)" .
+              hence "finite ((RAG (wq s))\<^sup>+)"
+                apply (unfold finite_trancl)
+                by (auto simp: s_RAG_def cs_RAG_def wq_def)
+              thus ?thesis by auto
+            qed
+            ultimately show ?thesis by (auto intro:finite_subset)
+          qed
+          thus ?thesis by (simp add:cs_dependants_def)
+        qed
+        thus ?thesis by simp
+      qed
+      thus ?thesis by auto
+    qed
+    moreover have h2: "(?f ` ?B) \<noteq> {}"
+    proof -
+      have "?B \<noteq> {}" by simp
+      thus ?thesis by simp
+    qed
+    from Max_in [OF h1 h2]
+    have "Max (?f ` ?B) \<in> (?f ` ?B)" .
+    thus ?thesis by (auto intro:that)
+  qed
+  from eq_f_th1 eq_f_th2 eq_max 
+  have eq_preced: "preced th1' s = preced th2' s" by auto
+  hence eq_th12: "th1' = th2'"
+  proof (rule preced_unique)
+    from th1_in have "th1' = th1 \<or> (th1' \<in> dependants (wq s) th1)" by simp
+    thus "th1' \<in> threads s"
+    proof
+      assume "th1' \<in> dependants (wq s) th1"
+      hence "(Th th1') \<in> Domain ((RAG s)^+)"
+        apply (unfold cs_dependants_def cs_RAG_def s_RAG_def)
+        by (auto simp:Domain_def)
+      hence "(Th th1') \<in> Domain (RAG s)" by (simp add:trancl_domain)
+      from dm_RAG_threads[OF this] show ?thesis .
+    next
+      assume "th1' = th1"
+      with runing_1 show ?thesis
+        by (unfold runing_def readys_def, auto)
+    qed
+  next
+    from th2_in have "th2' = th2 \<or> (th2' \<in> dependants (wq s) th2)" by simp
+    thus "th2' \<in> threads s"
+    proof
+      assume "th2' \<in> dependants (wq s) th2"
+      hence "(Th th2') \<in> Domain ((RAG s)^+)"
+        apply (unfold cs_dependants_def cs_RAG_def s_RAG_def)
+        by (auto simp:Domain_def)
+      hence "(Th th2') \<in> Domain (RAG s)" by (simp add:trancl_domain)
+      from dm_RAG_threads[OF this] show ?thesis .
+    next
+      assume "th2' = th2"
+      with runing_2 show ?thesis
+        by (unfold runing_def readys_def, auto)
+    qed
+  qed
+  from th1_in have "th1' = th1 \<or> th1' \<in> dependants (wq s) th1" by simp
+  thus ?thesis
+  proof
+    assume eq_th': "th1' = th1"
+    from th2_in have "th2' = th2 \<or> th2' \<in> dependants (wq s) th2" by simp
+    thus ?thesis
+    proof
+      assume "th2' = th2" thus ?thesis using eq_th' eq_th12 by simp
+    next
+      assume "th2' \<in> dependants (wq s) th2"
+      with eq_th12 eq_th' have "th1 \<in> dependants (wq s) th2" by simp
+      hence "(Th th1, Th th2) \<in> (RAG s)^+"
+        by (unfold cs_dependants_def s_RAG_def cs_RAG_def, simp)
+      hence "Th th1 \<in> Domain ((RAG s)^+)" 
+        apply (unfold cs_dependants_def cs_RAG_def s_RAG_def)
+        by (auto simp:Domain_def)
+      hence "Th th1 \<in> Domain (RAG s)" by (simp add:trancl_domain)
+      then obtain n where d: "(Th th1, n) \<in> RAG s" by (auto simp:Domain_def)
+      from RAG_target_th [OF this]
+      obtain cs' where "n = Cs cs'" by auto
+      with d have "(Th th1, Cs cs') \<in> RAG s" by simp
+      with runing_1 have "False"
+        apply (unfold runing_def readys_def s_RAG_def)
+        by (auto simp:eq_waiting)
+      thus ?thesis by simp
+    qed
+  next
+    assume th1'_in: "th1' \<in> dependants (wq s) th1"
+    from th2_in have "th2' = th2 \<or> th2' \<in> dependants (wq s) th2" by simp
+    thus ?thesis 
+    proof
+      assume "th2' = th2"
+      with th1'_in eq_th12 have "th2 \<in> dependants (wq s) th1" by simp
+      hence "(Th th2, Th th1) \<in> (RAG s)^+"
+        by (unfold cs_dependants_def s_RAG_def cs_RAG_def, simp)
+      hence "Th th2 \<in> Domain ((RAG s)^+)" 
+        apply (unfold cs_dependants_def cs_RAG_def s_RAG_def)
+        by (auto simp:Domain_def)
+      hence "Th th2 \<in> Domain (RAG s)" by (simp add:trancl_domain)
+      then obtain n where d: "(Th th2, n) \<in> RAG s" by (auto simp:Domain_def)
+      from RAG_target_th [OF this]
+      obtain cs' where "n = Cs cs'" by auto
+      with d have "(Th th2, Cs cs') \<in> RAG s" by simp
+      with runing_2 have "False"
+        apply (unfold runing_def readys_def s_RAG_def)
+        by (auto simp:eq_waiting)
+      thus ?thesis by simp
+    next
+      assume "th2' \<in> dependants (wq s) th2"
+      with eq_th12 have "th1' \<in> dependants (wq s) th2" by simp
+      hence h1: "(Th th1', Th th2) \<in> (RAG s)^+"
+        by (unfold cs_dependants_def s_RAG_def cs_RAG_def, simp)
+      from th1'_in have h2: "(Th th1', Th th1) \<in> (RAG s)^+"
+        by (unfold cs_dependants_def s_RAG_def cs_RAG_def, simp)
+      show ?thesis
+      proof(rule dchain_unique[OF h1 _ h2, symmetric])
+        from runing_1 show "th1 \<in> readys s" by (simp add:runing_def)
+        from runing_2 show "th2 \<in> readys s" by (simp add:runing_def) 
+      qed
+    qed
+  qed
+qed
+
+
+lemma "card (runing s) \<le> 1"
+apply(subgoal_tac "finite (runing s)")
+prefer 2
+apply (metis finite_nat_set_iff_bounded lessI runing_unique)
+apply(rule ccontr)
+apply(simp)
+apply(case_tac "Suc (Suc 0) \<le> card (runing s)")
+apply(subst (asm) card_le_Suc_iff)
+apply(simp)
+apply(auto)[1]
+apply (metis insertCI runing_unique)
+apply(auto) 
+done
+
+end
+
+
+lemma create_pre:
+  assumes stp: "step s e"
+  and not_in: "th \<notin> threads s"
+  and is_in: "th \<in> threads (e#s)"
+  obtains prio where "e = Create th prio"
+proof -
+  from assms  
+  show ?thesis
+  proof(cases)
+    case (thread_create thread prio)
+    with is_in not_in have "e = Create th prio" by simp
+    from that[OF this] show ?thesis .
+  next
+    case (thread_exit thread)
+    with assms show ?thesis by (auto intro!:that)
+  next
+    case (thread_P thread)
+    with assms show ?thesis by (auto intro!:that)
+  next
+    case (thread_V thread)
+    with assms show ?thesis by (auto intro!:that)
+  next 
+    case (thread_set thread)
+    with assms show ?thesis by (auto intro!:that)
+  qed
+qed
+
+lemma length_down_to_in: 
+  assumes le_ij: "i \<le> j"
+    and le_js: "j \<le> length s"
+  shows "length (down_to j i s) = j - i"
+proof -
+  have "length (down_to j i s) = length (from_to i j (rev s))"
+    by (unfold down_to_def, auto)
+  also have "\<dots> = j - i"
+  proof(rule length_from_to_in[OF le_ij])
+    from le_js show "j \<le> length (rev s)" by simp
+  qed
+  finally show ?thesis .
+qed
+
+
+lemma moment_head: 
+  assumes le_it: "Suc i \<le> length t"
+  obtains e where "moment (Suc i) t = e#moment i t"
+proof -
+  have "i \<le> Suc i" by simp
+  from length_down_to_in [OF this le_it]
+  have "length (down_to (Suc i) i t) = 1" by auto
+  then obtain e where "down_to (Suc i) i t = [e]"
+    apply (cases "(down_to (Suc i) i t)") by auto
+  moreover have "down_to (Suc i) 0 t = down_to (Suc i) i t @ down_to i 0 t"
+    by (rule down_to_conc[symmetric], auto)
+  ultimately have eq_me: "moment (Suc i) t = e#(moment i t)"
+    by (auto simp:down_to_moment)
+  from that [OF this] show ?thesis .
+qed
+
+context valid_trace
+begin
+
+lemma cnp_cnv_eq:
+  assumes "th \<notin> threads s"
+  shows "cntP s th = cntV s th"
+  using assms
+  using cnp_cnv_cncs not_thread_cncs by auto
+
+end
+
+
+lemma eq_RAG: 
+  "RAG (wq s) = RAG s"
+by (unfold cs_RAG_def s_RAG_def, auto)
+
+context valid_trace
+begin
+
+lemma count_eq_dependants:
+  assumes eq_pv: "cntP s th = cntV s th"
+  shows "dependants (wq s) th = {}"
+proof -
+  from cnp_cnv_cncs and eq_pv
+  have "cntCS s th = 0" 
+    by (auto split:if_splits)
+  moreover have "finite {cs. (Cs cs, Th th) \<in> RAG s}"
+  proof -
+    from finite_holding[of th] show ?thesis
+      by (simp add:holdents_test)
+  qed
+  ultimately have h: "{cs. (Cs cs, Th th) \<in> RAG s} = {}"
+    by (unfold cntCS_def holdents_test cs_dependants_def, auto)
+  show ?thesis
+  proof(unfold cs_dependants_def)
+    { assume "{th'. (Th th', Th th) \<in> (RAG (wq s))\<^sup>+} \<noteq> {}"
+      then obtain th' where "(Th th', Th th) \<in> (RAG (wq s))\<^sup>+" by auto
+      hence "False"
+      proof(cases)
+        assume "(Th th', Th th) \<in> RAG (wq s)"
+        thus "False" by (auto simp:cs_RAG_def)
+      next
+        fix c
+        assume "(c, Th th) \<in> RAG (wq s)"
+        with h and eq_RAG show "False"
+          by (cases c, auto simp:cs_RAG_def)
+      qed
+    } thus "{th'. (Th th', Th th) \<in> (RAG (wq s))\<^sup>+} = {}" by auto
+  qed
+qed
+
+lemma dependants_threads:
+  shows "dependants (wq s) th \<subseteq> threads s"
+proof
+  { fix th th'
+    assume h: "th \<in> {th'a. (Th th'a, Th th') \<in> (RAG (wq s))\<^sup>+}"
+    have "Th th \<in> Domain (RAG s)"
+    proof -
+      from h obtain th' where "(Th th, Th th') \<in> (RAG (wq s))\<^sup>+" by auto
+      hence "(Th th) \<in> Domain ( (RAG (wq s))\<^sup>+)" by (auto simp:Domain_def)
+      with trancl_domain have "(Th th) \<in> Domain (RAG (wq s))" by simp
+      thus ?thesis using eq_RAG by simp
+    qed
+    from dm_RAG_threads[OF this]
+    have "th \<in> threads s" .
+  } note hh = this
+  fix th1 
+  assume "th1 \<in> dependants (wq s) th"
+  hence "th1 \<in> {th'a. (Th th'a, Th th) \<in> (RAG (wq s))\<^sup>+}"
+    by (unfold cs_dependants_def, simp)
+  from hh [OF this] show "th1 \<in> threads s" .
+qed
+
+lemma finite_threads:
+  shows "finite (threads s)"
+using vt by (induct) (auto elim: step.cases)
+
+end
+
+lemma Max_f_mono:
+  assumes seq: "A \<subseteq> B"
+  and np: "A \<noteq> {}"
+  and fnt: "finite B"
+  shows "Max (f ` A) \<le> Max (f ` B)"
+proof(rule Max_mono)
+  from seq show "f ` A \<subseteq> f ` B" by auto
+next
+  from np show "f ` A \<noteq> {}" by auto
+next
+  from fnt and seq show "finite (f ` B)" by auto
+qed
+
+context valid_trace
+begin
+
+lemma cp_le:
+  assumes th_in: "th \<in> threads s"
+  shows "cp s th \<le> Max ((\<lambda> th. (preced th s)) ` threads s)"
+proof(unfold cp_eq_cpreced cpreced_def cs_dependants_def)
+  show "Max ((\<lambda>th. preced th s) ` ({th} \<union> {th'. (Th th', Th th) \<in> (RAG (wq s))\<^sup>+}))
+         \<le> Max ((\<lambda>th. preced th s) ` threads s)"
+    (is "Max (?f ` ?A) \<le> Max (?f ` ?B)")
+  proof(rule Max_f_mono)
+    show "{th} \<union> {th'. (Th th', Th th) \<in> (RAG (wq s))\<^sup>+} \<noteq> {}" by simp
+  next
+    from finite_threads
+    show "finite (threads s)" .
+  next
+    from th_in
+    show "{th} \<union> {th'. (Th th', Th th) \<in> (RAG (wq s))\<^sup>+} \<subseteq> threads s"
+      apply (auto simp:Domain_def)
+      apply (rule_tac dm_RAG_threads)
+      apply (unfold trancl_domain [of "RAG s", symmetric])
+      by (unfold cs_RAG_def s_RAG_def, auto simp:Domain_def)
+  qed
+qed
+
+lemma le_cp:
+  shows "preced th s \<le> cp s th"
+proof(unfold cp_eq_cpreced preced_def cpreced_def, simp)
+  show "Prc (priority th s) (last_set th s)
+    \<le> Max (insert (Prc (priority th s) (last_set th s))
+            ((\<lambda>th. Prc (priority th s) (last_set th s)) ` dependants (wq s) th))"
+    (is "?l \<le> Max (insert ?l ?A)")
+  proof(cases "?A = {}")
+    case False
+    have "finite ?A" (is "finite (?f ` ?B)")
+    proof -
+      have "finite ?B" 
+      proof-
+        have "finite {th'. (Th th', Th th) \<in> (RAG (wq s))\<^sup>+}"
+        proof -
+          let ?F = "\<lambda> (x, y). the_th x"
+          have "{th'. (Th th', Th th) \<in> (RAG (wq s))\<^sup>+} \<subseteq> ?F ` ((RAG (wq s))\<^sup>+)"
+            apply (auto simp:image_def)
+            by (rule_tac x = "(Th x, Th th)" in bexI, auto)
+          moreover have "finite \<dots>"
+          proof -
+            from finite_RAG have "finite (RAG s)" .
+            hence "finite ((RAG (wq s))\<^sup>+)"
+              apply (unfold finite_trancl)
+              by (auto simp: s_RAG_def cs_RAG_def wq_def)
+            thus ?thesis by auto
+          qed
+          ultimately show ?thesis by (auto intro:finite_subset)
+        qed
+        thus ?thesis by (simp add:cs_dependants_def)
+      qed
+      thus ?thesis by simp
+    qed
+    from Max_insert [OF this False, of ?l] show ?thesis by auto
+  next
+    case True
+    thus ?thesis by auto
+  qed
+qed
+
+lemma max_cp_eq: 
+  shows "Max ((cp s) ` threads s) = Max ((\<lambda> th. (preced th s)) ` threads s)"
+  (is "?l = ?r")
+proof(cases "threads s = {}")
+  case True
+  thus ?thesis by auto
+next
+  case False
+  have "?l \<in> ((cp s) ` threads s)"
+  proof(rule Max_in)
+    from finite_threads
+    show "finite (cp s ` threads s)" by auto
+  next
+    from False show "cp s ` threads s \<noteq> {}" by auto
+  qed
+  then obtain th 
+    where th_in: "th \<in> threads s" and eq_l: "?l = cp s th" by auto
+  have "\<dots> \<le> ?r" by (rule cp_le[OF th_in])
+  moreover have "?r \<le> cp s th" (is "Max (?f ` ?A) \<le> cp s th")
+  proof -
+    have "?r \<in> (?f ` ?A)"
+    proof(rule Max_in)
+      from finite_threads
+      show " finite ((\<lambda>th. preced th s) ` threads s)" by auto
+    next
+      from False show " (\<lambda>th. preced th s) ` threads s \<noteq> {}" by auto
+    qed
+    then obtain th' where 
+      th_in': "th' \<in> ?A " and eq_r: "?r = ?f th'" by auto
+    from le_cp [of th']  eq_r
+    have "?r \<le> cp s th'" by auto
+    moreover have "\<dots> \<le> cp s th"
+    proof(fold eq_l)
+      show " cp s th' \<le> Max (cp s ` threads s)"
+      proof(rule Max_ge)
+        from th_in' show "cp s th' \<in> cp s ` threads s"
+          by auto
+      next
+        from finite_threads
+        show "finite (cp s ` threads s)" by auto
+      qed
+    qed
+    ultimately show ?thesis by auto
+  qed
+  ultimately show ?thesis using eq_l by auto
+qed
+
+lemma max_cp_readys_threads_pre:
+  assumes np: "threads s \<noteq> {}"
+  shows "Max (cp s ` readys s) = Max (cp s ` threads s)"
+proof(unfold max_cp_eq)
+  show "Max (cp s ` readys s) = Max ((\<lambda>th. preced th s) ` threads s)"
+  proof -
+    let ?p = "Max ((\<lambda>th. preced th s) ` threads s)" 
+    let ?f = "(\<lambda>th. preced th s)"
+    have "?p \<in> ((\<lambda>th. preced th s) ` threads s)"
+    proof(rule Max_in)
+      from finite_threads show "finite (?f ` threads s)" by simp
+    next
+      from np show "?f ` threads s \<noteq> {}" by simp
+    qed
+    then obtain tm where tm_max: "?f tm = ?p" and tm_in: "tm \<in> threads s"
+      by (auto simp:Image_def)
+    from th_chain_to_ready [OF tm_in]
+    have "tm \<in> readys s \<or> (\<exists>th'. th' \<in> readys s \<and> (Th tm, Th th') \<in> (RAG s)\<^sup>+)" .
+    thus ?thesis
+    proof
+      assume "\<exists>th'. th' \<in> readys s \<and> (Th tm, Th th') \<in> (RAG s)\<^sup>+ "
+      then obtain th' where th'_in: "th' \<in> readys s" 
+        and tm_chain:"(Th tm, Th th') \<in> (RAG s)\<^sup>+" by auto
+      have "cp s th' = ?f tm"
+      proof(subst cp_eq_cpreced, subst cpreced_def, rule Max_eqI)
+        from dependants_threads finite_threads
+        show "finite ((\<lambda>th. preced th s) ` ({th'} \<union> dependants (wq s) th'))" 
+          by (auto intro:finite_subset)
+      next
+        fix p assume p_in: "p \<in> (\<lambda>th. preced th s) ` ({th'} \<union> dependants (wq s) th')"
+        from tm_max have " preced tm s = Max ((\<lambda>th. preced th s) ` threads s)" .
+        moreover have "p \<le> \<dots>"
+        proof(rule Max_ge)
+          from finite_threads
+          show "finite ((\<lambda>th. preced th s) ` threads s)" by simp
+        next
+          from p_in and th'_in and dependants_threads[of th']
+          show "p \<in> (\<lambda>th. preced th s) ` threads s"
+            by (auto simp:readys_def)
+        qed
+        ultimately show "p \<le> preced tm s" by auto
+      next
+        show "preced tm s \<in> (\<lambda>th. preced th s) ` ({th'} \<union> dependants (wq s) th')"
+        proof -
+          from tm_chain
+          have "tm \<in> dependants (wq s) th'"
+            by (unfold cs_dependants_def s_RAG_def cs_RAG_def, auto)
+          thus ?thesis by auto
+        qed
+      qed
+      with tm_max
+      have h: "cp s th' = Max ((\<lambda>th. preced th s) ` threads s)" by simp
+      show ?thesis
+      proof (fold h, rule Max_eqI)
+        fix q 
+        assume "q \<in> cp s ` readys s"
+        then obtain th1 where th1_in: "th1 \<in> readys s"
+          and eq_q: "q = cp s th1" by auto
+        show "q \<le> cp s th'"
+          apply (unfold h eq_q)
+          apply (unfold cp_eq_cpreced cpreced_def)
+          apply (rule Max_mono)
+        proof -
+          from dependants_threads [of th1] th1_in
+          show "(\<lambda>th. preced th s) ` ({th1} \<union> dependants (wq s) th1) \<subseteq> 
+                 (\<lambda>th. preced th s) ` threads s"
+            by (auto simp:readys_def)
+        next
+          show "(\<lambda>th. preced th s) ` ({th1} \<union> dependants (wq s) th1) \<noteq> {}" by simp
+        next
+          from finite_threads 
+          show " finite ((\<lambda>th. preced th s) ` threads s)" by simp
+        qed
+      next
+        from finite_threads
+        show "finite (cp s ` readys s)" by (auto simp:readys_def)
+      next
+        from th'_in
+        show "cp s th' \<in> cp s ` readys s" by simp
+      qed
+    next
+      assume tm_ready: "tm \<in> readys s"
+      show ?thesis
+      proof(fold tm_max)
+        have cp_eq_p: "cp s tm = preced tm s"
+        proof(unfold cp_eq_cpreced cpreced_def, rule Max_eqI)
+          fix y 
+          assume hy: "y \<in> (\<lambda>th. preced th s) ` ({tm} \<union> dependants (wq s) tm)"
+          show "y \<le> preced tm s"
+          proof -
+            { fix y'
+              assume hy' : "y' \<in> ((\<lambda>th. preced th s) ` dependants (wq s) tm)"
+              have "y' \<le> preced tm s"
+              proof(unfold tm_max, rule Max_ge)
+                from hy' dependants_threads[of tm]
+                show "y' \<in> (\<lambda>th. preced th s) ` threads s" by auto
+              next
+                from finite_threads
+                show "finite ((\<lambda>th. preced th s) ` threads s)" by simp
+              qed
+            } with hy show ?thesis by auto
+          qed
+        next
+          from dependants_threads[of tm] finite_threads
+          show "finite ((\<lambda>th. preced th s) ` ({tm} \<union> dependants (wq s) tm))"
+            by (auto intro:finite_subset)
+        next
+          show "preced tm s \<in> (\<lambda>th. preced th s) ` ({tm} \<union> dependants (wq s) tm)"
+            by simp
+        qed 
+        moreover have "Max (cp s ` readys s) = cp s tm"
+        proof(rule Max_eqI)
+          from tm_ready show "cp s tm \<in> cp s ` readys s" by simp
+        next
+          from finite_threads
+          show "finite (cp s ` readys s)" by (auto simp:readys_def)
+        next
+          fix y assume "y \<in> cp s ` readys s"
+          then obtain th1 where th1_readys: "th1 \<in> readys s"
+            and h: "y = cp s th1" by auto
+          show "y \<le> cp s tm"
+            apply(unfold cp_eq_p h)
+            apply(unfold cp_eq_cpreced cpreced_def tm_max, rule Max_mono)
+          proof -
+            from finite_threads
+            show "finite ((\<lambda>th. preced th s) ` threads s)" by simp
+          next
+            show "(\<lambda>th. preced th s) ` ({th1} \<union> dependants (wq s) th1) \<noteq> {}"
+              by simp
+          next
+            from dependants_threads[of th1] th1_readys
+            show "(\<lambda>th. preced th s) ` ({th1} \<union> dependants (wq s) th1) 
+                    \<subseteq> (\<lambda>th. preced th s) ` threads s"
+              by (auto simp:readys_def)
+          qed
+        qed
+        ultimately show " Max (cp s ` readys s) = preced tm s" by simp
+      qed 
+    qed
+  qed
+qed
+
+text {* (* ccc *) \noindent
+  Since the current precedence of the threads in ready queue will always be boosted,
+  there must be one inside it has the maximum precedence of the whole system. 
+*}
+lemma max_cp_readys_threads:
+  shows "Max (cp s ` readys s) = Max (cp s ` threads s)"
+proof(cases "threads s = {}")
+  case True
+  thus ?thesis 
+    by (auto simp:readys_def)
+next
+  case False
+  show ?thesis by (rule max_cp_readys_threads_pre[OF False])
+qed
+
+end
+
+lemma eq_holding: "holding (wq s) th cs = holding s th cs"
+  apply (unfold s_holding_def cs_holding_def wq_def, simp)
+  done
+
+lemma f_image_eq:
+  assumes h: "\<And> a. a \<in> A \<Longrightarrow> f a = g a"
+  shows "f ` A = g ` A"
+proof
+  show "f ` A \<subseteq> g ` A"
+    by(rule image_subsetI, auto intro:h)
+next
+  show "g ` A \<subseteq> f ` A"
+   by (rule image_subsetI, auto intro:h[symmetric])
+qed
+
+
+definition detached :: "state \<Rightarrow> thread \<Rightarrow> bool"
+  where "detached s th \<equiv> (\<not>(\<exists> cs. holding s th cs)) \<and> (\<not>(\<exists>cs. waiting s th cs))"
+
+
+lemma detached_test:
+  shows "detached s th = (Th th \<notin> Field (RAG s))"
+apply(simp add: detached_def Field_def)
+apply(simp add: s_RAG_def)
+apply(simp add: s_holding_abv s_waiting_abv)
+apply(simp add: Domain_iff Range_iff)
+apply(simp add: wq_def)
+apply(auto)
+done
+
+context valid_trace
+begin
+
+lemma detached_intro:
+  assumes eq_pv: "cntP s th = cntV s th"
+  shows "detached s th"
+proof -
+ from cnp_cnv_cncs
+  have eq_cnt: "cntP s th =
+    cntV s th + (if th \<in> readys s \<or> th \<notin> threads s then cntCS s th else cntCS s th + 1)" .
+  hence cncs_zero: "cntCS s th = 0"
+    by (auto simp:eq_pv split:if_splits)
+  with eq_cnt
+  have "th \<in> readys s \<or> th \<notin> threads s" by (auto simp:eq_pv)
+  thus ?thesis
+  proof
+    assume "th \<notin> threads s"
+    with range_in dm_RAG_threads
+    show ?thesis
+      by (auto simp add: detached_def s_RAG_def s_waiting_abv s_holding_abv wq_def Domain_iff Range_iff)
+  next
+    assume "th \<in> readys s"
+    moreover have "Th th \<notin> Range (RAG s)"
+    proof -
+      from card_0_eq [OF finite_holding] and cncs_zero
+      have "holdents s th = {}"
+        by (simp add:cntCS_def)
+      thus ?thesis
+        apply(auto simp:holdents_test)
+        apply(case_tac a)
+        apply(auto simp:holdents_test s_RAG_def)
+        done
+    qed
+    ultimately show ?thesis
+      by (auto simp add: detached_def s_RAG_def s_waiting_abv s_holding_abv wq_def readys_def)
+  qed
+qed
+
+lemma detached_elim:
+  assumes dtc: "detached s th"
+  shows "cntP s th = cntV s th"
+proof -
+  from cnp_cnv_cncs
+  have eq_pv: " cntP s th =
+    cntV s th + (if th \<in> readys s \<or> th \<notin> threads s then cntCS s th else cntCS s th + 1)" .
+  have cncs_z: "cntCS s th = 0"
+  proof -
+    from dtc have "holdents s th = {}"
+      unfolding detached_def holdents_test s_RAG_def
+      by (simp add: s_waiting_abv wq_def s_holding_abv Domain_iff Range_iff)
+    thus ?thesis by (auto simp:cntCS_def)
+  qed
+  show ?thesis
+  proof(cases "th \<in> threads s")
+    case True
+    with dtc 
+    have "th \<in> readys s"
+      by (unfold readys_def detached_def Field_def Domain_def Range_def, 
+           auto simp:eq_waiting s_RAG_def)
+    with cncs_z and eq_pv show ?thesis by simp
+  next
+    case False
+    with cncs_z and eq_pv show ?thesis by simp
+  qed
+qed
+
+lemma detached_eq:
+  shows "(detached s th) = (cntP s th = cntV s th)"
+  by (insert vt, auto intro:detached_intro detached_elim)
+
+end
+
+text {* 
+  The lemmas in this .thy file are all obvious lemmas, however, they still needs to be derived
+  from the concise and miniature model of PIP given in PrioGDef.thy.
+*}
+
+lemma eq_dependants: "dependants (wq s) = dependants s"
+  by (simp add: s_dependants_abv wq_def)
+
+lemma next_th_unique: 
+  assumes nt1: "next_th s th cs th1"
+  and nt2: "next_th s th cs th2"
+  shows "th1 = th2"
+using assms by (unfold next_th_def, auto)
+
+lemma birth_time_lt:  "s \<noteq> [] \<Longrightarrow> last_set th s < length s"
+  apply (induct s, simp)
+proof -
+  fix a s
+  assume ih: "s \<noteq> [] \<Longrightarrow> last_set th s < length s"
+    and eq_as: "a # s \<noteq> []"
+  show "last_set th (a # s) < length (a # s)"
+  proof(cases "s \<noteq> []")
+    case False
+    from False show ?thesis
+      by (cases a, auto simp:last_set.simps)
+  next
+    case True
+    from ih [OF True] show ?thesis
+      by (cases a, auto simp:last_set.simps)
+  qed
+qed
+
+lemma th_in_ne: "th \<in> threads s \<Longrightarrow> s \<noteq> []"
+  by (induct s, auto simp:threads.simps)
+
+lemma preced_tm_lt: "th \<in> threads s \<Longrightarrow> preced th s = Prc x y \<Longrightarrow> y < length s"
+  apply (drule_tac th_in_ne)
+  by (unfold preced_def, auto intro: birth_time_lt)
 
 lemma inj_the_preced: 
   "inj_on (the_preced s) (threads s)"
   by (metis inj_onI preced_unique the_preced_def)
 
-text {* @{term "the_thread"} extracts thread out of RAG node. *}
-fun the_thread :: "node \<Rightarrow> thread" where
-   "the_thread (Th th) = th"
-
-text {* The following @{text "wRAG"} is the waiting sub-graph of @{text "RAG"}. *}
-definition "wRAG (s::state) = {(Th th, Cs cs) | th cs. waiting s th cs}"
-
-text {* The following @{text "hRAG"} is the holding sub-graph of @{text "RAG"}. *}
-definition "hRAG (s::state) =  {(Cs cs, Th th) | th cs. holding s th cs}"
-
-text {* The following lemma splits @{term "RAG"} graph into the above two sub-graphs. *}
-lemma RAG_split: "RAG s = (wRAG s \<union> hRAG s)"
-  by (unfold s_RAG_abv wRAG_def hRAG_def s_waiting_abv 
-             s_holding_abv cs_RAG_def, auto)
-
-text {* 
-  The following @{text "tRAG"} is the thread-graph derived from @{term "RAG"}.
-  It characterizes the dependency between threads when calculating current
-  precedences. It is defined as the composition of the above two sub-graphs, 
-  names @{term "wRAG"} and @{term "hRAG"}.
- *}
-definition "tRAG s = wRAG s O hRAG s"
-
-(* ccc *)
-
-definition "cp_gen s x =
-                  Max ((the_preced s \<circ> the_thread) ` subtree (tRAG s) x)"
-
 lemma tRAG_alt_def: 
   "tRAG s = {(Th th1, Th th2) | th1 th2. 
                   \<exists> cs. (Th th1, Cs cs) \<in> RAG s \<and> (Cs cs, Th th2) \<in> RAG s}"
@@ -503,7 +3664,6 @@
 
 end
 
-
 sublocale valid_trace < rtree_RAG: rtree "RAG s"
 proof
   show "single_valued (RAG s)"
@@ -530,7 +3690,6 @@
   next
     show "fsubtree_axioms (RAG s)"
     proof(unfold fsubtree_axioms_def)
-    find_theorems wf RAG
       from wf_RAG show "wf (RAG s)" .
     qed
   qed
@@ -729,912 +3888,4 @@
 definition cps:: "state \<Rightarrow> (thread \<times> precedence) set"
 where "cps s = {(th, cp s th) | th . th \<in> threads s}"
 
-
-text {* (* ddd *)
-  One beauty of our modelling is that we follow the definitional extension tradition of HOL.
-  The benefit of such a concise and miniature model is that  large number of intuitively 
-  obvious facts are derived as lemmas, rather than asserted as axioms.
-*}
-
-text {*
-  However, the lemmas in the forthcoming several locales are no longer 
-  obvious. These lemmas show how the current precedences should be recalculated 
-  after every execution step (in our model, every step is represented by an event, 
-  which in turn, represents a system call, or operation). Each operation is 
-  treated in a separate locale.
-
-  The complication of current precedence recalculation comes 
-  because the changing of RAG needs to be taken into account, 
-  in addition to the changing of precedence. 
-  The reason RAG changing affects current precedence is that,
-  according to the definition, current precedence 
-  of a thread is the maximum of the precedences of its dependants, 
-  where the dependants are defined in terms of RAG.
-
-  Therefore, each operation, lemmas concerning the change of the precedences 
-  and RAG are derived first, so that the lemmas about
-  current precedence recalculation can be based on.
-*}
-
-text {* (* ddd *)
-  The following locale @{text "step_set_cps"} investigates the recalculation 
-  after the @{text "Set"} operation.
-*}
-locale step_set_cps =
-  fixes s' th prio s 
-  -- {* @{text "s'"} is the system state before the operation *}
-  -- {* @{text "s"} is the system state after the operation *}
-  defines s_def : "s \<equiv> (Set th prio#s')" 
-  -- {* @{text "s"} is assumed to be a legitimate state, from which
-         the legitimacy of @{text "s"} can be derived. *}
-  assumes vt_s: "vt s"
-
-sublocale step_set_cps < vat_s : valid_trace "s"
-proof
-  from vt_s show "vt s" .
-qed
-
-sublocale step_set_cps < vat_s' : valid_trace "s'"
-proof
-  from step_back_vt[OF vt_s[unfolded s_def]] show "vt s'" .
-qed
-
-context step_set_cps 
-begin
-
-text {* (* ddd *)
-  The following two lemmas confirm that @{text "Set"}-operating only changes the precedence 
-  of the initiating thread.
-*}
-
-lemma eq_preced:
-  assumes "th' \<noteq> th"
-  shows "preced th' s = preced th' s'"
-proof -
-  from assms show ?thesis 
-    by (unfold s_def, auto simp:preced_def)
-qed
-
-lemma eq_the_preced: 
-  fixes th'
-  assumes "th' \<noteq> th"
-  shows "the_preced s th' = the_preced s' th'"
-  using assms
-  by (unfold the_preced_def, intro eq_preced, simp)
-
-text {*
-  The following lemma assures that the resetting of priority does not change the RAG. 
-*}
-
-lemma eq_dep: "RAG s = RAG s'"
-  by (unfold s_def RAG_set_unchanged, auto)
-
-text {* (* ddd *)
-  Th following lemma @{text "eq_cp_pre"} says the priority change of @{text "th"}
-  only affects those threads, which as @{text "Th th"} in their sub-trees.
-  
-  The proof of this lemma is simplified by using the alternative definition of @{text "cp"}. 
-*}
-
-lemma eq_cp_pre:
-  fixes th' 
-  assumes nd: "Th th \<notin> subtree (RAG s') (Th th')"
-  shows "cp s th' = cp s' th'"
-proof -
-  -- {* After unfolding using the alternative definition, elements 
-        affecting the @{term "cp"}-value of threads become explicit. 
-        We only need to prove the following: *}
-  have "Max (the_preced s ` {th'a. Th th'a \<in> subtree (RAG s) (Th th')}) =
-        Max (the_preced s' ` {th'a. Th th'a \<in> subtree (RAG s') (Th th')})"
-        (is "Max (?f ` ?S1) = Max (?g ` ?S2)")
-  proof -
-    -- {* The base sets are equal. *}
-    have "?S1 = ?S2" using eq_dep by simp
-    -- {* The function values on the base set are equal as well. *}
-    moreover have "\<forall> e \<in> ?S2. ?f e = ?g e"
-    proof
-      fix th1
-      assume "th1 \<in> ?S2"
-      with nd have "th1 \<noteq> th" by (auto)
-      from eq_the_preced[OF this]
-      show "the_preced s th1 = the_preced s' th1" .
-    qed
-    -- {* Therefore, the image of the functions are equal. *}
-    ultimately have "(?f ` ?S1) = (?g ` ?S2)" by (auto intro!:f_image_eq)
-    thus ?thesis by simp
-  qed
-  thus ?thesis by (simp add:cp_alt_def)
-qed
-
-text {*
-  The following lemma shows that @{term "th"} is not in the 
-  sub-tree of any other thread. 
-*}
-lemma th_in_no_subtree:
-  assumes "th' \<noteq> th"
-  shows "Th th \<notin> subtree (RAG s') (Th th')"
-proof -
-  have "th \<in> readys s'"
-  proof -
-    from step_back_step [OF vt_s[unfolded s_def]]
-    have "step s' (Set th prio)" .
-    hence "th \<in> runing s'" by (cases, simp)
-    thus ?thesis by (simp add:readys_def runing_def)
-  qed
-  find_theorems readys subtree
-  from vat_s'.readys_in_no_subtree[OF this assms(1)]
-  show ?thesis by blast
-qed
-
-text {* 
-  By combining @{thm "eq_cp_pre"} and @{thm "th_in_no_subtree"}, 
-  it is obvious that the change of priority only affects the @{text "cp"}-value 
-  of the initiating thread @{text "th"}.
-*}
-lemma eq_cp:
-  fixes th' 
-  assumes "th' \<noteq> th"
-  shows "cp s th' = cp s' th'"
-  by (rule eq_cp_pre[OF th_in_no_subtree[OF assms]])
-
 end
-
-text {*
-  The following @{text "step_v_cps"} is the locale for @{text "V"}-operation.
-*}
-
-locale step_v_cps =
-  -- {* @{text "th"} is the initiating thread *}
-  -- {* @{text "cs"} is the critical resource release by the @{text "V"}-operation *}
-  fixes s' th cs s    -- {* @{text "s'"} is the state before operation*}
-  defines s_def : "s \<equiv> (V th cs#s')" -- {* @{text "s"} is the state after operation*}
-  -- {* @{text "s"} is assumed to be valid, which implies the validity of @{text "s'"} *}
-  assumes vt_s: "vt s"
-
-sublocale step_v_cps < vat_s : valid_trace "s"
-proof
-  from vt_s show "vt s" .
-qed
-
-sublocale step_v_cps < vat_s' : valid_trace "s'"
-proof
-  from step_back_vt[OF vt_s[unfolded s_def]] show "vt s'" .
-qed
-
-context step_v_cps
-begin
-
-lemma ready_th_s': "th \<in> readys s'"
-  using step_back_step[OF vt_s[unfolded s_def]]
-  by (cases, simp add:runing_def)
-
-lemma ancestors_th: "ancestors (RAG s') (Th th) = {}"
-proof -
-  from vat_s'.readys_root[OF ready_th_s']
-  show ?thesis
-  by (unfold root_def, simp)
-qed
-
-lemma holding_th: "holding s' th cs"
-proof -
-  from vt_s[unfolded s_def]
-  have " PIP s' (V th cs)" by (cases, simp)
-  thus ?thesis by (cases, auto)
-qed
-
-lemma edge_of_th:
-    "(Cs cs, Th th) \<in> RAG s'" 
-proof -
- from holding_th
- show ?thesis 
-    by (unfold s_RAG_def holding_eq, auto)
-qed
-
-lemma ancestors_cs: 
-  "ancestors (RAG s') (Cs cs) = {Th th}"
-proof -
-  have "ancestors (RAG s') (Cs cs) = ancestors (RAG s') (Th th)  \<union>  {Th th}"
-  proof(rule vat_s'.rtree_RAG.ancestors_accum)
-    from vt_s[unfolded s_def]
-    have " PIP s' (V th cs)" by (cases, simp)
-    thus "(Cs cs, Th th) \<in> RAG s'" 
-    proof(cases)
-      assume "holding s' th cs"
-      from this[unfolded holding_eq]
-      show ?thesis by (unfold s_RAG_def, auto)
-    qed
-  qed
-  from this[unfolded ancestors_th] show ?thesis by simp
-qed
-
-lemma preced_kept: "the_preced s = the_preced s'"
-  by (auto simp: s_def the_preced_def preced_def)
-
-end
-
-text {*
-  The following @{text "step_v_cps_nt"} is the sub-locale for @{text "V"}-operation, 
-  which represents the case when there is another thread @{text "th'"}
-  to take over the critical resource released by the initiating thread @{text "th"}.
-*}
-locale step_v_cps_nt = step_v_cps +
-  fixes th'
-  -- {* @{text "th'"} is assumed to take over @{text "cs"} *}
-  assumes nt: "next_th s' th cs th'" 
-
-context step_v_cps_nt
-begin
-
-text {*
-  Lemma @{text "RAG_s"} confirms the change of RAG:
-  two edges removed and one added, as shown by the following diagram.
-*}
-
-(*
-  RAG before the V-operation
-    th1 ----|
-            |
-    th' ----|
-            |----> cs -----|
-    th2 ----|              |
-            |              |
-    th3 ----|              |
-                           |------> th
-    th4 ----|              |
-            |              |
-    th5 ----|              |
-            |----> cs'-----|
-    th6 ----|
-            |
-    th7 ----|
-
- RAG after the V-operation
-    th1 ----|
-            |
-            |----> cs ----> th'
-    th2 ----|              
-            |              
-    th3 ----|              
-                           
-    th4 ----|              
-            |              
-    th5 ----|              
-            |----> cs'----> th
-    th6 ----|
-            |
-    th7 ----|
-*)
-
-lemma sub_RAGs': "{(Cs cs, Th th), (Th th', Cs cs)} \<subseteq> RAG s'"
-                using next_th_RAG[OF nt]  .
-
-lemma ancestors_th': 
-  "ancestors (RAG s') (Th th') = {Th th, Cs cs}" 
-proof -
-  have "ancestors (RAG s') (Th th') = ancestors (RAG s') (Cs cs) \<union> {Cs cs}"
-  proof(rule  vat_s'.rtree_RAG.ancestors_accum)
-    from sub_RAGs' show "(Th th', Cs cs) \<in> RAG s'" by auto
-  qed
-  thus ?thesis using ancestors_th ancestors_cs by auto
-qed
-
-lemma RAG_s:
-  "RAG s = (RAG s' - {(Cs cs, Th th), (Th th', Cs cs)}) \<union>
-                                         {(Cs cs, Th th')}"
-proof -
-  from step_RAG_v[OF vt_s[unfolded s_def], folded s_def]
-    and nt show ?thesis  by (auto intro:next_th_unique)
-qed
-
-lemma subtree_kept:
-  assumes "th1 \<notin> {th, th'}"
-  shows "subtree (RAG s) (Th th1) = subtree (RAG s') (Th th1)" (is "_ = ?R")
-proof -
-  let ?RAG' = "(RAG s' - {(Cs cs, Th th), (Th th', Cs cs)})"
-  let ?RAG'' = "?RAG' \<union> {(Cs cs, Th th')}"
-  have "subtree ?RAG' (Th th1) = ?R" 
-  proof(rule subset_del_subtree_outside)
-    show "Range {(Cs cs, Th th), (Th th', Cs cs)} \<inter> subtree (RAG s') (Th th1) = {}"
-    proof -
-      have "(Th th) \<notin> subtree (RAG s') (Th th1)"
-      proof(rule subtree_refute)
-        show "Th th1 \<notin> ancestors (RAG s') (Th th)"
-          by (unfold ancestors_th, simp)
-      next
-        from assms show "Th th1 \<noteq> Th th" by simp
-      qed
-      moreover have "(Cs cs) \<notin>  subtree (RAG s') (Th th1)"
-      proof(rule subtree_refute)
-        show "Th th1 \<notin> ancestors (RAG s') (Cs cs)"
-          by (unfold ancestors_cs, insert assms, auto)
-      qed simp
-      ultimately have "{Th th, Cs cs} \<inter> subtree (RAG s') (Th th1) = {}" by auto
-      thus ?thesis by simp
-     qed
-  qed
-  moreover have "subtree ?RAG'' (Th th1) =  subtree ?RAG' (Th th1)"
-  proof(rule subtree_insert_next)
-    show "Th th' \<notin> subtree (RAG s' - {(Cs cs, Th th), (Th th', Cs cs)}) (Th th1)"
-    proof(rule subtree_refute)
-      show "Th th1 \<notin> ancestors (RAG s' - {(Cs cs, Th th), (Th th', Cs cs)}) (Th th')"
-            (is "_ \<notin> ?R")
-      proof -
-          have "?R \<subseteq> ancestors (RAG s') (Th th')" by (rule ancestors_mono, auto)
-          moreover have "Th th1 \<notin> ..." using ancestors_th' assms by simp
-          ultimately show ?thesis by auto
-      qed
-    next
-      from assms show "Th th1 \<noteq> Th th'" by simp
-    qed
-  qed
-  ultimately show ?thesis by (unfold RAG_s, simp)
-qed
-
-lemma cp_kept:
-  assumes "th1 \<notin> {th, th'}"
-  shows "cp s th1 = cp s' th1"
-    by (unfold cp_alt_def preced_kept subtree_kept[OF assms], simp)
-
-end
-
-locale step_v_cps_nnt = step_v_cps +
-  assumes nnt: "\<And> th'. (\<not> next_th s' th cs th')"
-
-context step_v_cps_nnt
-begin
-
-lemma RAG_s: "RAG s = RAG s' - {(Cs cs, Th th)}"
-proof -
-  from nnt and  step_RAG_v[OF vt_s[unfolded s_def], folded s_def]
-  show ?thesis by auto
-qed
-
-lemma subtree_kept:
-  assumes "th1 \<noteq> th"
-  shows "subtree (RAG s) (Th th1) = subtree (RAG s') (Th th1)"
-proof(unfold RAG_s, rule subset_del_subtree_outside)
-  show "Range {(Cs cs, Th th)} \<inter> subtree (RAG s') (Th th1) = {}"
-  proof -
-    have "(Th th) \<notin> subtree (RAG s') (Th th1)"
-    proof(rule subtree_refute)
-      show "Th th1 \<notin> ancestors (RAG s') (Th th)"
-          by (unfold ancestors_th, simp)
-    next
-      from assms show "Th th1 \<noteq> Th th" by simp
-    qed
-    thus ?thesis by auto
-  qed
-qed
-
-lemma cp_kept_1:
-  assumes "th1 \<noteq> th"
-  shows "cp s th1 = cp s' th1"
-    by (unfold cp_alt_def preced_kept subtree_kept[OF assms], simp)
-
-lemma subtree_cs: "subtree (RAG s') (Cs cs) = {Cs cs}"
-proof -
-  { fix n
-    have "(Cs cs) \<notin> ancestors (RAG s') n"
-    proof
-      assume "Cs cs \<in> ancestors (RAG s') n"
-      hence "(n, Cs cs) \<in> (RAG s')^+" by (auto simp:ancestors_def)
-      from tranclE[OF this] obtain nn where h: "(nn, Cs cs) \<in> RAG s'" by auto
-      then obtain th' where "nn = Th th'"
-        by (unfold s_RAG_def, auto)
-      from h[unfolded this] have "(Th th', Cs cs) \<in> RAG s'" .
-      from this[unfolded s_RAG_def]
-      have "waiting (wq s') th' cs" by auto
-      from this[unfolded cs_waiting_def]
-      have "1 < length (wq s' cs)"
-          by (cases "wq s' cs", auto)
-      from holding_next_thI[OF holding_th this]
-      obtain th' where "next_th s' th cs th'" by auto
-      with nnt show False by auto
-    qed
-  } note h = this
-  {  fix n
-     assume "n \<in> subtree (RAG s') (Cs cs)"
-     hence "n = (Cs cs)"
-     by (elim subtreeE, insert h, auto)
-  } moreover have "(Cs cs) \<in> subtree (RAG s') (Cs cs)"
-      by (auto simp:subtree_def)
-  ultimately show ?thesis by auto 
-qed
-
-lemma subtree_th: 
-  "subtree (RAG s) (Th th) = subtree (RAG s') (Th th) - {Cs cs}"
-find_theorems "subtree" "_ - _" RAG
-proof(unfold RAG_s, fold subtree_cs, rule vat_s'.rtree_RAG.subtree_del_inside)
-  from edge_of_th
-  show "(Cs cs, Th th) \<in> edges_in (RAG s') (Th th)"
-    by (unfold edges_in_def, auto simp:subtree_def)
-qed
-
-lemma cp_kept_2: 
-  shows "cp s th = cp s' th" 
- by (unfold cp_alt_def subtree_th preced_kept, auto)
-
-lemma eq_cp:
-  fixes th' 
-  shows "cp s th' = cp s' th'"
-  using cp_kept_1 cp_kept_2
-  by (cases "th' = th", auto)
-end
-
-
-locale step_P_cps =
-  fixes s' th cs s 
-  defines s_def : "s \<equiv> (P th cs#s')"
-  assumes vt_s: "vt s"
-
-sublocale step_P_cps < vat_s : valid_trace "s"
-proof
-  from vt_s show "vt s" .
-qed
-
-sublocale step_P_cps < vat_s' : valid_trace "s'"
-proof
-  from step_back_vt[OF vt_s[unfolded s_def]] show "vt s'" .
-qed
-
-context step_P_cps
-begin
-
-lemma readys_th: "th \<in> readys s'"
-proof -
-    from step_back_step [OF vt_s[unfolded s_def]]
-    have "PIP s' (P th cs)" .
-    hence "th \<in> runing s'" by (cases, simp)
-    thus ?thesis by (simp add:readys_def runing_def)
-qed
-
-lemma root_th: "root (RAG s') (Th th)"
-  using readys_root[OF readys_th] .
-
-lemma in_no_others_subtree:
-  assumes "th' \<noteq> th"
-  shows "Th th \<notin> subtree (RAG s') (Th th')"
-proof
-  assume "Th th \<in> subtree (RAG s') (Th th')"
-  thus False
-  proof(cases rule:subtreeE)
-    case 1
-    with assms show ?thesis by auto
-  next
-    case 2
-    with root_th show ?thesis by (auto simp:root_def)
-  qed
-qed
-
-lemma preced_kept: "the_preced s = the_preced s'"
-  by (auto simp: s_def the_preced_def preced_def)
-
-end
-
-locale step_P_cps_ne =step_P_cps +
-  fixes th'
-  assumes ne: "wq s' cs \<noteq> []"
-  defines th'_def: "th' \<equiv> hd (wq s' cs)"
-
-locale step_P_cps_e =step_P_cps +
-  assumes ee: "wq s' cs = []"
-
-context step_P_cps_e
-begin
-
-lemma RAG_s: "RAG s = RAG s' \<union> {(Cs cs, Th th)}"
-proof -
-  from ee and  step_RAG_p[OF vt_s[unfolded s_def], folded s_def]
-  show ?thesis by auto
-qed
-
-lemma subtree_kept:
-  assumes "th' \<noteq> th"
-  shows "subtree (RAG s) (Th th') = subtree (RAG s') (Th th')"
-proof(unfold RAG_s, rule subtree_insert_next)
-  from in_no_others_subtree[OF assms] 
-  show "Th th \<notin> subtree (RAG s') (Th th')" .
-qed
-
-lemma cp_kept: 
-  assumes "th' \<noteq> th"
-  shows "cp s th' = cp s' th'"
-proof -
-  have "(the_preced s ` {th'a. Th th'a \<in> subtree (RAG s) (Th th')}) =
-        (the_preced s' ` {th'a. Th th'a \<in> subtree (RAG s') (Th th')})"
-        by (unfold preced_kept subtree_kept[OF assms], simp)
-  thus ?thesis by (unfold cp_alt_def, simp)
-qed
-
-end
-
-context step_P_cps_ne 
-begin
-
-lemma RAG_s: "RAG s = RAG s' \<union> {(Th th, Cs cs)}"
-proof -
-  from step_RAG_p[OF vt_s[unfolded s_def]] and ne
-  show ?thesis by (simp add:s_def)
-qed
-
-lemma cs_held: "(Cs cs, Th th') \<in> RAG s'"
-proof -
-  have "(Cs cs, Th th') \<in> hRAG s'"
-  proof -
-    from ne
-    have " holding s' th' cs"
-      by (unfold th'_def holding_eq cs_holding_def, auto)
-    thus ?thesis 
-      by (unfold hRAG_def, auto)
-  qed
-  thus ?thesis by (unfold RAG_split, auto)
-qed
-
-lemma tRAG_s: 
-  "tRAG s = tRAG s' \<union> {(Th th, Th th')}"
-  using RAG_tRAG_transfer[OF RAG_s cs_held] .
-
-lemma cp_kept:
-  assumes "Th th'' \<notin> ancestors (tRAG s) (Th th)"
-  shows "cp s th'' = cp s' th''"
-proof -
-  have h: "subtree (tRAG s) (Th th'') = subtree (tRAG s') (Th th'')"
-  proof -
-    have "Th th' \<notin> subtree (tRAG s') (Th th'')"
-    proof
-      assume "Th th' \<in> subtree (tRAG s') (Th th'')"
-      thus False
-      proof(rule subtreeE)
-         assume "Th th' = Th th''"
-         from assms[unfolded tRAG_s ancestors_def, folded this]
-         show ?thesis by auto
-      next
-         assume "Th th'' \<in> ancestors (tRAG s') (Th th')"
-         moreover have "... \<subseteq> ancestors (tRAG s) (Th th')"
-         proof(rule ancestors_mono)
-            show "tRAG s' \<subseteq> tRAG s" by (unfold tRAG_s, auto)
-         qed 
-         ultimately have "Th th'' \<in> ancestors (tRAG s) (Th th')" by auto
-         moreover have "Th th' \<in> ancestors (tRAG s) (Th th)"
-           by (unfold tRAG_s, auto simp:ancestors_def)
-         ultimately have "Th th'' \<in> ancestors (tRAG s) (Th th)"
-                       by (auto simp:ancestors_def)
-         with assms show ?thesis by auto
-      qed
-    qed
-    from subtree_insert_next[OF this]
-    have "subtree (tRAG s' \<union> {(Th th, Th th')}) (Th th'') = subtree (tRAG s') (Th th'')" .
-    from this[folded tRAG_s] show ?thesis .
-  qed
-  show ?thesis by (unfold cp_alt_def1 h preced_kept, simp)
-qed
-
-lemma cp_gen_update_stop: (* ddd *)
-  assumes "u \<in> ancestors (tRAG s) (Th th)"
-  and "cp_gen s u = cp_gen s' u"
-  and "y \<in> ancestors (tRAG s) u"
-  shows "cp_gen s y = cp_gen s' y"
-  using assms(3)
-proof(induct rule:wf_induct[OF vat_s.fsbttRAGs.wf])
-  case (1 x)
-  show ?case (is "?L = ?R")
-  proof -
-    from tRAG_ancestorsE[OF 1(2)]
-    obtain th2 where eq_x: "x = Th th2" by blast
-    from vat_s.cp_gen_rec[OF this]
-    have "?L = 
-          Max ({the_preced s th2} \<union> cp_gen s ` RTree.children (tRAG s) x)" .
-    also have "... = 
-          Max ({the_preced s' th2} \<union> cp_gen s' ` RTree.children (tRAG s') x)"
-  
-    proof -
-      from preced_kept have "the_preced s th2 = the_preced s' th2" by simp
-      moreover have "cp_gen s ` RTree.children (tRAG s) x =
-                     cp_gen s' ` RTree.children (tRAG s') x"
-      proof -
-        have "RTree.children (tRAG s) x =  RTree.children (tRAG s') x"
-        proof(unfold tRAG_s, rule children_union_kept)
-          have start: "(Th th, Th th') \<in> tRAG s"
-            by (unfold tRAG_s, auto)
-          note x_u = 1(2)
-          show "x \<notin> Range {(Th th, Th th')}"
-          proof
-            assume "x \<in> Range {(Th th, Th th')}"
-            hence eq_x: "x = Th th'" using RangeE by auto
-            show False
-            proof(cases rule:vat_s.rtree_s.ancestors_headE[OF assms(1) start])
-              case 1
-              from x_u[folded this, unfolded eq_x] vat_s.acyclic_tRAG
-              show ?thesis by (auto simp:ancestors_def acyclic_def)
-            next
-              case 2
-              with x_u[unfolded eq_x]
-              have "(Th th', Th th') \<in> (tRAG s)^+" by (auto simp:ancestors_def)
-              with vat_s.acyclic_tRAG show ?thesis by (auto simp:acyclic_def)
-            qed
-          qed
-        qed
-        moreover have "cp_gen s ` RTree.children (tRAG s) x =
-                       cp_gen s' ` RTree.children (tRAG s) x" (is "?f ` ?A = ?g ` ?A")
-        proof(rule f_image_eq)
-          fix a
-          assume a_in: "a \<in> ?A"
-          from 1(2)
-          show "?f a = ?g a"
-          proof(cases rule:vat_s.rtree_s.ancestors_childrenE[case_names in_ch out_ch])
-             case in_ch
-             show ?thesis
-             proof(cases "a = u")
-                case True
-                from assms(2)[folded this] show ?thesis .
-             next
-                case False
-                have a_not_in: "a \<notin> ancestors (tRAG s) (Th th)"
-                proof
-                  assume a_in': "a \<in> ancestors (tRAG s) (Th th)"
-                  have "a = u"
-                  proof(rule vat_s.rtree_s.ancestors_children_unique)
-                    from a_in' a_in show "a \<in> ancestors (tRAG s) (Th th) \<inter> 
-                                          RTree.children (tRAG s) x" by auto
-                  next 
-                    from assms(1) in_ch show "u \<in> ancestors (tRAG s) (Th th) \<inter> 
-                                      RTree.children (tRAG s) x" by auto
-                  qed
-                  with False show False by simp
-                qed
-                from a_in obtain th_a where eq_a: "a = Th th_a" 
-                    by (unfold RTree.children_def tRAG_alt_def, auto)
-                from cp_kept[OF a_not_in[unfolded eq_a]]
-                have "cp s th_a = cp s' th_a" .
-                from this [unfolded cp_gen_def_cond[OF eq_a], folded eq_a]
-                show ?thesis .
-             qed
-          next
-            case (out_ch z)
-            hence h: "z \<in> ancestors (tRAG s) u" "z \<in> RTree.children (tRAG s) x" by auto
-            show ?thesis
-            proof(cases "a = z")
-              case True
-              from h(2) have zx_in: "(z, x) \<in> (tRAG s)" by (auto simp:RTree.children_def)
-              from 1(1)[rule_format, OF this h(1)]
-              have eq_cp_gen: "cp_gen s z = cp_gen s' z" .
-              with True show ?thesis by metis
-            next
-              case False
-              from a_in obtain th_a where eq_a: "a = Th th_a"
-                by (auto simp:RTree.children_def tRAG_alt_def)
-              have "a \<notin> ancestors (tRAG s) (Th th)"
-              proof
-                assume a_in': "a \<in> ancestors (tRAG s) (Th th)"
-                have "a = z"
-                proof(rule vat_s.rtree_s.ancestors_children_unique)
-                  from assms(1) h(1) have "z \<in> ancestors (tRAG s) (Th th)"
-                      by (auto simp:ancestors_def)
-                  with h(2) show " z \<in> ancestors (tRAG s) (Th th) \<inter> 
-                                       RTree.children (tRAG s) x" by auto
-                next
-                  from a_in a_in'
-                  show "a \<in> ancestors (tRAG s) (Th th) \<inter> RTree.children (tRAG s) x"
-                    by auto
-                qed
-                with False show False by auto
-              qed
-              from cp_kept[OF this[unfolded eq_a]]
-              have "cp s th_a = cp s' th_a" .
-              from this[unfolded cp_gen_def_cond[OF eq_a], folded eq_a]
-              show ?thesis .
-            qed
-          qed
-        qed
-        ultimately show ?thesis by metis
-      qed
-      ultimately show ?thesis by simp
-    qed
-    also have "... = ?R"
-      by (fold vat_s'.cp_gen_rec[OF eq_x], simp)
-    finally show ?thesis .
-  qed
-qed
-
-lemma cp_up:
-  assumes "(Th th') \<in> ancestors (tRAG s) (Th th)"
-  and "cp s th' = cp s' th'"
-  and "(Th th'') \<in> ancestors (tRAG s) (Th th')"
-  shows "cp s th'' = cp s' th''"
-proof -
-  have "cp_gen s (Th th'') = cp_gen s' (Th th'')"
-  proof(rule cp_gen_update_stop[OF assms(1) _ assms(3)])
-    from assms(2) cp_gen_def_cond[OF refl[of "Th th'"]]
-    show "cp_gen s (Th th') = cp_gen s' (Th th')" by metis
-  qed
-  with cp_gen_def_cond[OF refl[of "Th th''"]]
-  show ?thesis by metis
-qed
-
-end
-
-locale step_create_cps =
-  fixes s' th prio s 
-  defines s_def : "s \<equiv> (Create th prio#s')"
-  assumes vt_s: "vt s"
-
-sublocale step_create_cps < vat_s: valid_trace "s"
-  by (unfold_locales, insert vt_s, simp)
-
-sublocale step_create_cps < vat_s': valid_trace "s'"
-  by (unfold_locales, insert step_back_vt[OF vt_s[unfolded s_def]], simp)
-
-context step_create_cps
-begin
-
-lemma RAG_kept: "RAG s = RAG s'"
-  by (unfold s_def RAG_create_unchanged, auto)
-
-lemma tRAG_kept: "tRAG s = tRAG s'"
-  by (unfold tRAG_alt_def RAG_kept, auto)
-
-lemma preced_kept:
-  assumes "th' \<noteq> th"
-  shows "the_preced s th' = the_preced s' th'"
-  by (unfold s_def the_preced_def preced_def, insert assms, auto)
-
-lemma th_not_in: "Th th \<notin> Field (tRAG s')"
-proof -
-  from vt_s[unfolded s_def]
-  have "PIP s' (Create th prio)" by (cases, simp)
-  hence "th \<notin> threads s'" by(cases, simp)
-  from vat_s'.not_in_thread_isolated[OF this]
-  have "Th th \<notin> Field (RAG s')" .
-  with tRAG_Field show ?thesis by auto
-qed
-
-lemma eq_cp:
-  assumes neq_th: "th' \<noteq> th"
-  shows "cp s th' = cp s' th'"
-proof -
-  have "(the_preced s \<circ> the_thread) ` subtree (tRAG s) (Th th') =
-        (the_preced s' \<circ> the_thread) ` subtree (tRAG s') (Th th')"
-  proof(unfold tRAG_kept, rule f_image_eq)
-    fix a
-    assume a_in: "a \<in> subtree (tRAG s') (Th th')"
-    then obtain th_a where eq_a: "a = Th th_a" 
-    proof(cases rule:subtreeE)
-      case 2
-      from ancestors_Field[OF 2(2)]
-      and that show ?thesis by (unfold tRAG_alt_def, auto)
-    qed auto
-    have neq_th_a: "th_a \<noteq> th"
-    proof -
-      have "(Th th) \<notin> subtree (tRAG s') (Th th')"
-      proof
-        assume "Th th \<in> subtree (tRAG s') (Th th')"
-        thus False
-        proof(cases rule:subtreeE)
-          case 2
-          from ancestors_Field[OF this(2)]
-          and th_not_in[unfolded Field_def]
-          show ?thesis by auto
-        qed (insert assms, auto)
-      qed
-      with a_in[unfolded eq_a] show ?thesis by auto
-    qed
-    from preced_kept[OF this]
-    show "(the_preced s \<circ> the_thread) a = (the_preced s' \<circ> the_thread) a"
-      by (unfold eq_a, simp)
-  qed
-  thus ?thesis by (unfold cp_alt_def1, simp)
-qed
-
-lemma children_of_th: "RTree.children (tRAG s) (Th th) = {}"
-proof -
-  { fix a
-    assume "a \<in> RTree.children (tRAG s) (Th th)"
-    hence "(a, Th th) \<in> tRAG s" by (auto simp:RTree.children_def)
-    with th_not_in have False 
-     by (unfold Field_def tRAG_kept, auto)
-  } thus ?thesis by auto
-qed
-
-lemma eq_cp_th: "cp s th = preced th s"
- by (unfold vat_s.cp_rec children_of_th, simp add:the_preced_def)
-
-end
-
-locale step_exit_cps =
-  fixes s' th prio s 
-  defines s_def : "s \<equiv> Exit th # s'"
-  assumes vt_s: "vt s"
-
-sublocale step_exit_cps < vat_s: valid_trace "s"
-  by (unfold_locales, insert vt_s, simp)
-
-sublocale step_exit_cps < vat_s': valid_trace "s'"
-  by (unfold_locales, insert step_back_vt[OF vt_s[unfolded s_def]], simp)
-
-context step_exit_cps
-begin
-
-lemma preced_kept:
-  assumes "th' \<noteq> th"
-  shows "the_preced s th' = the_preced s' th'"
-  by (unfold s_def the_preced_def preced_def, insert assms, auto)
-
-lemma RAG_kept: "RAG s = RAG s'"
-  by (unfold s_def RAG_exit_unchanged, auto)
-
-lemma tRAG_kept: "tRAG s = tRAG s'"
-  by (unfold tRAG_alt_def RAG_kept, auto)
-
-lemma th_ready: "th \<in> readys s'"
-proof -
-  from vt_s[unfolded s_def]
-  have "PIP s' (Exit th)" by (cases, simp)
-  hence h: "th \<in> runing s' \<and> holdents s' th = {}" by (cases, metis)
-  thus ?thesis by (unfold runing_def, auto)
-qed
-
-lemma th_holdents: "holdents s' th = {}"
-proof -
- from vt_s[unfolded s_def]
-  have "PIP s' (Exit th)" by (cases, simp)
-  thus ?thesis by (cases, metis)
-qed
-
-lemma th_RAG: "Th th \<notin> Field (RAG s')"
-proof -
-  have "Th th \<notin> Range (RAG s')"
-  proof
-    assume "Th th \<in> Range (RAG s')"
-    then obtain cs where "holding (wq s') th cs"
-      by (unfold Range_iff s_RAG_def, auto)
-    with th_holdents[unfolded holdents_def]
-    show False by (unfold eq_holding, auto)
-  qed
-  moreover have "Th th \<notin> Domain (RAG s')"
-  proof
-    assume "Th th \<in> Domain (RAG s')"
-    then obtain cs where "waiting (wq s') th cs"
-      by (unfold Domain_iff s_RAG_def, auto)
-    with th_ready show False by (unfold readys_def eq_waiting, auto)
-  qed
-  ultimately show ?thesis by (auto simp:Field_def)
-qed
-
-lemma th_tRAG: "(Th th) \<notin> Field (tRAG s')"
-  using th_RAG tRAG_Field[of s'] by auto
-
-lemma eq_cp:
-  assumes neq_th: "th' \<noteq> th"
-  shows "cp s th' = cp s' th'"
-proof -
-  have "(the_preced s \<circ> the_thread) ` subtree (tRAG s) (Th th') =
-        (the_preced s' \<circ> the_thread) ` subtree (tRAG s') (Th th')"
-  proof(unfold tRAG_kept, rule f_image_eq)
-    fix a
-    assume a_in: "a \<in> subtree (tRAG s') (Th th')"
-    then obtain th_a where eq_a: "a = Th th_a" 
-    proof(cases rule:subtreeE)
-      case 2
-      from ancestors_Field[OF 2(2)]
-      and that show ?thesis by (unfold tRAG_alt_def, auto)
-    qed auto
-    have neq_th_a: "th_a \<noteq> th"
-    proof -
-    find_theorems readys subtree s'
-      from vat_s'.readys_in_no_subtree[OF th_ready assms]
-      have "(Th th) \<notin> subtree (RAG s') (Th th')" .
-      with tRAG_subtree_RAG[of s' "Th th'"]
-      have "(Th th) \<notin> subtree (tRAG s') (Th th')" by auto
-      with a_in[unfolded eq_a] show ?thesis by auto
-    qed
-    from preced_kept[OF this]
-    show "(the_preced s \<circ> the_thread) a = (the_preced s' \<circ> the_thread) a"
-      by (unfold eq_a, simp)
-  qed
-  thus ?thesis by (unfold cp_alt_def1, simp)
-qed
-
-end
-
-end
-
--- a/Moment.thy	Wed Jan 13 15:22:14 2016 +0000
+++ b/Moment.thy	Wed Jan 13 23:39:59 2016 +0800
@@ -147,14 +147,14 @@
   assumes "Suc i \<le> length s"
   shows "tl (moment (Suc i) s) = moment i s"
   using assms unfolding moment_def rev_take
-by (simp, metis Suc_diff_le diff_Suc_Suc drop_Suc tl_drop)
-
+  by (simp, metis Suc_diff_le diff_Suc_Suc drop_Suc tl_drop)
+  
 lemma moment_plus:
   assumes "Suc i \<le> length s"
   shows "(moment (Suc i) s) = (hd (moment (Suc i) s)) # (moment i s)"
 proof -
-  have "(moment (Suc i) s) \<noteq> []"
-  using assms by (auto simp add: moment_def)
+  have "(moment (Suc i) s) \<noteq> []" using assms 
+    by (simp add:moment_def rev_take)
   hence "(moment (Suc i) s) = (hd (moment (Suc i) s)) #  tl (moment (Suc i) s)"
     by auto
   with moment_Suc_tl[OF assms]