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(*<*)
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theory Paper
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imports "Quotient"
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"LaTeXsugar"
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"../Nominal/FSet"
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begin
1994
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(****
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** things to do for the next version
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*
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* - what are quot_thms?
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* - what do all preservation theorems look like,
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in particular preservation for quotient
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compositions
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- explain how Quotient R Abs Rep is proved (j-version)
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- give an example where precise specification helps (core Haskell in nominal?)
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- Quote from Peter:
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One might think quotient have been studied to death, but
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- Mention Andreas Lochbiler in Acknowledgements and 'desceding'.
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*)
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1994
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notation (latex output)
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rel_conj ("_ \<circ>\<circ>\<circ> _" [53, 53] 52) and
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pred_comp ("_ \<circ>\<circ> _" [1, 1] 30) and
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"op -->" (infix "\<longrightarrow>" 100) and
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"==>" (infix "\<Longrightarrow>" 100) and
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fun_map ("_ \<^raw:\mbox{\singlearr}> _" 51) and
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fun_rel ("_ \<^raw:\mbox{\doublearr}> _" 51) and
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list_eq (infix "\<approx>" 50) and (* Not sure if we want this notation...? *)
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fempty ("\<emptyset>") and
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funion ("_ \<union> _") and
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finsert ("{_} \<union> _") and
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Cons ("_::_") and
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concat ("flat") and
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fconcat ("\<Union>")
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1994
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ML {*
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fun nth_conj n (_, r) = nth (HOLogic.dest_conj r) n;
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fun style_lhs_rhs proj = Scan.succeed (fn ctxt => fn t =>
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let
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val concl =
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Object_Logic.drop_judgment (ProofContext.theory_of ctxt) (Logic.strip_imp_concl t)
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in
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case concl of (_ $ l $ r) => proj (l, r)
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| _ => error ("Binary operator expected in term: " ^ Syntax.string_of_term ctxt concl)
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end);
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*}
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setup {*
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Term_Style.setup "rhs1" (style_lhs_rhs (nth_conj 0)) #>
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Term_Style.setup "rhs2" (style_lhs_rhs (nth_conj 1)) #>
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Term_Style.setup "rhs3" (style_lhs_rhs (nth_conj 2))
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*}
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(*>*)
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section {* Introduction *}
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text {*
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\begin{flushright}
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{\em ``Not using a [quotient] package has its advantages: we do not have to\\
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collect all the theorems we shall ever want into one giant list;''}\\
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Larry Paulson \cite{Paulson06}
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\end{flushright}
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\noindent
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Isabelle is a popular generic theorem prover in which many logics can be
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implemented. The most widely used one, however, is Higher-Order Logic
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(HOL). This logic consists of a small number of axioms and inference rules
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over a simply-typed term-language. Safe reasoning in HOL is ensured by two
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very restricted mechanisms for extending the logic: one is the definition of
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new constants in terms of existing ones; the other is the introduction of
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new types by identifying non-empty subsets in existing types. It is well
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understood how to use both mechanisms for dealing with quotient
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constructions in HOL (see \cite{Homeier05,Paulson06}). For example the
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integers in Isabelle/HOL are constructed by a quotient construction over the
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type @{typ "nat \<times> nat"} and the equivalence relation
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\begin{isabelle}\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ %%%
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@{text "(n\<^isub>1, n\<^isub>2) \<approx> (m\<^isub>1, m\<^isub>2) \<equiv> n\<^isub>1 + m\<^isub>2 = m\<^isub>1 + n\<^isub>2"}\hfill\numbered{natpairequiv}
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\end{isabelle}
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\noindent
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This constructions yields the new type @{typ int} and definitions for @{text
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"0"} and @{text "1"} of type @{typ int} can be given in terms of pairs of
+ − 95
natural numbers (namely @{text "(0, 0)"} and @{text "(1, 0)"}). Operations
+ − 96
such as @{text "add"} with type @{typ "int \<Rightarrow> int \<Rightarrow> int"} can be defined in
+ − 97
terms of operations on pairs of natural numbers (namely @{text
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"add_pair (n\<^isub>1, m\<^isub>1) (n\<^isub>2,
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m\<^isub>2) \<equiv> (n\<^isub>1 + n\<^isub>2, m\<^isub>1 + m\<^isub>2)"}).
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Similarly one can construct the type of finite sets, written @{term "\<alpha> fset"},
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by quotienting the type @{text "\<alpha> list"} according to the equivalence relation
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\begin{isabelle}\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ %%%
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@{text "xs \<approx> ys \<equiv> (\<forall>x. memb x xs \<longleftrightarrow> memb x ys)"}\hfill\numbered{listequiv}
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\end{isabelle}
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\noindent
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which states that two lists are equivalent if every element in one list is
+ − 109
also member in the other. The empty finite set, written @{term "{||}"}, can
+ − 110
then be defined as the empty list and the union of two finite sets, written
+ − 111
@{text "\<union>"}, as list append.
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Quotients are important in a variety of areas, but they are really ubiquitous in
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the area of reasoning about programming language calculi. A simple example
+ − 115
is the lambda-calculus, whose raw terms are defined as
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\begin{isabelle}\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ %%%
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@{text "t ::= x | t t | \<lambda>x.t"}\hfill\numbered{lambda}
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\end{isabelle}
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\noindent
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The problem with this definition arises, for instance, when one attempts to
+ − 124
prove formally the substitution lemma \cite{Barendregt81} by induction
2222
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over the structure of terms. This can be fiendishly complicated (see
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\cite[Pages 94--104]{CurryFeys58} for some ``rough'' sketches of a proof
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about raw lambda-terms). In contrast, if we reason about
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$\alpha$-equated lambda-terms, that means terms quotient according to
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$\alpha$-equivalence, then the reasoning infrastructure provided,
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for example, by Nominal Isabelle \cite{UrbanKaliszyk11} makes the formal
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proof of the substitution lemma almost trivial.
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The difficulty is that in order to be able to reason about integers, finite
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sets or $\alpha$-equated lambda-terms one needs to establish a reasoning
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infrastructure by transferring, or \emph{lifting}, definitions and theorems
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from the raw type @{typ "nat \<times> nat"} to the quotient type @{typ int}
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(similarly for finite sets and $\alpha$-equated lambda-terms). This lifting
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usually requires a \emph{lot} of tedious reasoning effort \cite{Paulson06}.
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It is feasible to do this work manually, if one has only a few quotient
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constructions at hand. But if they have to be done over and over again, as in
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Nominal Isabelle, then manual reasoning is not an option.
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The purpose of a \emph{quotient package} is to ease the lifting of theorems
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and automate the reasoning as much as possible. In the
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context of HOL, there have been a few quotient packages already
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\cite{harrison-thesis,Slotosch97}. The most notable one is by Homeier
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\cite{Homeier05} implemented in HOL4. The fundamental construction these
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quotient packages perform can be illustrated by the following picture:
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%%% FIXME: Referee 1 says:
+ − 151
%%% Diagram is unclear. Firstly, isn't an existing type a "set (not sets) of raw elements"?
+ − 152
%%% Secondly, isn't the _set of_ equivalence classes mapped to and from the new type?
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%%% Thirdly, what do the words "non-empty subset" refer to ?
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%%% Cezary: I like the diagram, maybe 'new type' could be outside, but otherwise
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%%% I wouldn't change it.
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\begin{center}
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\mbox{}\hspace{20mm}\begin{tikzpicture}
+ − 160
%%\draw[step=2mm] (-4,-1) grid (4,1);
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\draw[very thick] (0.7,0.3) circle (4.85mm);
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\draw[rounded corners=1mm, very thick] ( 0.0,-0.9) rectangle ( 1.8, 0.9);
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\draw[rounded corners=1mm, very thick] (-1.95,0.8) rectangle (-2.9,-0.195);
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\draw (-2.0, 0.8) -- (0.7,0.8);
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\draw (-2.0,-0.195) -- (0.7,-0.195);
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\draw ( 0.7, 0.23) node {\begin{tabular}{@ {}c@ {}}equiv-\\[-1mm]clas.\end{tabular}};
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\draw (-2.45, 0.35) node {\begin{tabular}{@ {}c@ {}}new\\[-1mm]type\end{tabular}};
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\draw (1.8, 0.35) node[right=-0.1mm]
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{\begin{tabular}{@ {}l@ {}}existing\\[-1mm] type\\ (sets of raw elements)\end{tabular}};
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\draw (0.9, -0.55) node {\begin{tabular}{@ {}l@ {}}non-empty\\[-1mm]subset\end{tabular}};
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\draw[->, very thick] (-1.8, 0.36) -- (-0.1,0.36);
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\draw[<-, very thick] (-1.8, 0.16) -- (-0.1,0.16);
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\draw (-0.95, 0.26) node[above=0.4mm] {@{text Rep}};
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\draw (-0.95, 0.26) node[below=0.4mm] {@{text Abs}};
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\end{tikzpicture}
+ − 181
\end{center}
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\noindent
2247
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The starting point is an existing type, to which we refer as the
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\emph{raw type} and over which an equivalence relation given by the user is
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defined. With this input the package introduces a new type, to which we
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refer as the \emph{quotient type}. This type comes with an
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\emph{abstraction} and a \emph{representation} function, written @{text Abs}
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and @{text Rep}.\footnote{Actually slightly more basic functions are given;
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the functions @{text Abs} and @{text Rep} need to be derived from them. We
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will show the details later. } They relate elements in the
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existing type to elements in the new type and vice versa, and can be uniquely
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identified by their quotient type. For example for the integer quotient construction
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the types of @{text Abs} and @{text Rep} are
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\begin{isabelle}\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ %%%
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@{text "Abs :: nat \<times> nat \<Rightarrow> int"}\hspace{10mm}@{text "Rep :: int \<Rightarrow> nat \<times> nat"}
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\end{isabelle}
+ − 200
+ − 201
\noindent
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We therefore often write @{text Abs_int} and @{text Rep_int} if the
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typing information is important.
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Every abstraction and representation function stands for an isomorphism
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between the non-empty subset and elements in the new type. They are
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necessary for making definitions involving the new type. For example @{text
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"0"} and @{text "1"} of type @{typ int} can be defined as
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\begin{isabelle}\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ %%%
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@{text "0 \<equiv> Abs_int (0, 0)"}\hspace{10mm}@{text "1 \<equiv> Abs_int (1, 0)"}
2221
+ − 213
\end{isabelle}
+ − 214
+ − 215
\noindent
2224
+ − 216
Slightly more complicated is the definition of @{text "add"} having type
2222
+ − 217
@{typ "int \<Rightarrow> int \<Rightarrow> int"}. Its definition is as follows
2221
+ − 218
2258
+ − 219
\begin{isabelle}\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ %%%
+ − 220
@{text "add n m \<equiv> Abs_int (add_pair (Rep_int n) (Rep_int m))"}
+ − 221
\hfill\numbered{adddef}
+ − 222
\end{isabelle}
+ − 223
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+ − 224
\noindent
2224
+ − 225
where we take the representation of the arguments @{text n} and @{text m},
2226
+ − 226
add them according to the function @{text "add_pair"} and then take the
2221
+ − 227
abstraction of the result. This is all straightforward and the existing
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+ − 228
quotient packages can deal with such definitions. But what is surprising is
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+ − 229
that none of them can deal with slightly more complicated definitions involving
2221
+ − 230
\emph{compositions} of quotients. Such compositions are needed for example
2247
+ − 231
in case of quotienting lists to yield finite sets and the operator that
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+ − 232
flattens lists of lists, defined as follows
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+ − 234
@{thm [display, indent=10] concat.simps(1) concat.simps(2)[no_vars]}
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+ − 235
2103
+ − 236
\noindent
2221
+ − 237
We expect that the corresponding operator on finite sets, written @{term "fconcat"},
2248
+ − 238
builds finite unions of finite sets:
2188
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2220
+ − 240
@{thm [display, indent=10] fconcat_empty[no_vars] fconcat_insert[no_vars]}
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\noindent
2256
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The quotient package should automatically provide us with a definition for @{text "\<Union>"} in
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terms of @{text flat}, @{text Rep_fset} and @{text Abs_fset}. The problem is
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+ − 245
that the method used in the existing quotient
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packages of just taking the representation of the arguments and then taking
2258
+ − 247
the abstraction of the result is \emph{not} enough. The reason is that in case
2224
+ − 248
of @{text "\<Union>"} we obtain the incorrect definition
+ − 249
2234
+ − 250
@{text [display, indent=10] "\<Union> S \<equiv> Abs_fset (flat (Rep_fset S))"}
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+ − 251
2224
+ − 252
\noindent
+ − 253
where the right-hand side is not even typable! This problem can be remedied in the
+ − 254
existing quotient packages by introducing an intermediate step and reasoning
2226
+ − 255
about flattening of lists of finite sets. However, this remedy is rather
2224
+ − 256
cumbersome and inelegant in light of our work, which can deal with such
+ − 257
definitions directly. The solution is that we need to build aggregate
+ − 258
representation and abstraction functions, which in case of @{text "\<Union>"}
+ − 259
generate the following definition
+ − 260
2367
+ − 261
@{text [display, indent=10] "\<Union> S \<equiv> Abs_fset (flat ((map_list Rep_fset \<circ> Rep_fset) S))"}
2221
+ − 262
+ − 263
\noindent
2367
+ − 264
where @{term map_list} is the usual mapping function for lists. In this paper we
2224
+ − 265
will present a formal definition of our aggregate abstraction and
2223
+ − 266
representation functions (this definition was omitted in \cite{Homeier05}).
2224
+ − 267
They generate definitions, like the one above for @{text "\<Union>"},
2226
+ − 268
according to the type of the raw constant and the type
2224
+ − 269
of the quotient constant. This means we also have to extend the notions
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of \emph{aggregate equivalence relation}, \emph{respectfulness} and \emph{preservation}
2231
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from Homeier \cite{Homeier05}.
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2252
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In addition we are able to address the criticism by Paulson \cite{Paulson06} cited
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at the beginning of this section about having to collect theorems that are
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lifted from the raw level to the quotient level into one giant list. Homeier's and
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also our quotient package are modular so that they allow lifting
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theorems separately. This has the advantage for the user of being able to develop a
2252
+ − 278
formal theory interactively as a natural progression. A pleasing side-result of
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the modularity is that we are able to clearly specify what is involved
+ − 280
in the lifting process (this was only hinted at in \cite{Homeier05} and
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implemented as a ``rough recipe'' in ML-code).
+ − 282
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The paper is organised as follows: Section \ref{sec:prelims} presents briefly
2247
+ − 285
some necessary preliminaries; Section \ref{sec:type} describes the definitions
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of quotient types and shows how definitions of constants can be made over
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quotient types. Section \ref{sec:resp} introduces the notions of respectfulness
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and preservation; Section \ref{sec:lift} describes the lifting of theorems;
+ − 289
Section \ref{sec:examples} presents some examples
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and Section \ref{sec:conc} concludes and compares our results to existing
+ − 291
work.
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*}
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parents:
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section {* Preliminaries and General Quotients\label{sec:prelims} *}
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text {*
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We give in this section a crude overview of HOL and describe the main
+ − 298
definitions given by Homeier for quotients \cite{Homeier05}.
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At its core, HOL is based on a simply-typed term language, where types are
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recorded in Church-style fashion (that means, we can always infer the type of
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a term and its subterms without any additional information). The grammars
+ − 303
for types and terms are as follows
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+ − 305
\begin{isabelle}\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ %%%
+ − 306
\begin{tabular}{@ {}rl@ {\hspace{3mm}}l@ {}}
+ − 307
@{text "\<sigma>, \<tau> ::="} & @{text "\<alpha> | (\<sigma>,\<dots>, \<sigma>) \<kappa>"} & (type variables and type constructors)\\
+ − 308
@{text "t, s ::="} & @{text "x\<^isup>\<sigma> | c\<^isup>\<sigma> | t t | \<lambda>x\<^isup>\<sigma>. t"} &
+ − 309
(variables, constants, applications and abstractions)\\
+ − 310
\end{tabular}
+ − 311
\end{isabelle}
+ − 312
+ − 313
\noindent
+ − 314
We often write just @{text \<kappa>} for @{text "() \<kappa>"}, and use @{text "\<alpha>s"} and
2258
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@{text "\<sigma>s"} to stand for collections of type variables and types,
+ − 316
respectively. The type of a term is often made explicit by writing @{text
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"t :: \<sigma>"}. HOL includes a type @{typ bool} for booleans and the function
+ − 318
type, written @{text "\<sigma> \<Rightarrow> \<tau>"}. HOL also contains many primitive and defined
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constants; for example, a primitive constant is equality, with type @{text "= :: \<sigma> \<Rightarrow> \<sigma> \<Rightarrow>
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bool"}, and the identity function with type @{text "id :: \<sigma> \<Rightarrow> \<sigma>"} is
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defined as @{text "\<lambda>x\<^sup>\<sigma>. x\<^sup>\<sigma>"}.
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An important point to note is that theorems in HOL can be seen as a subset
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of terms that are constructed specially (namely through axioms and proof
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rules). As a result we are able to define automatic proof
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procedures showing that one theorem implies another by decomposing the term
+ − 327
underlying the first theorem.
+ − 328
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Like Homeier's, our work relies on map-functions defined for every type
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constructor taking some arguments, for example @{text map_list} for lists. Homeier
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describes in \cite{Homeier05} map-functions for products, sums, options and
+ − 332
also the following map for function types
2258
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+ − 334
@{thm [display, indent=10] fun_map_def[no_vars, THEN eq_reflection]}
+ − 335
+ − 336
\noindent
+ − 337
Using this map-function, we can give the following, equivalent, but more
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uniform definition for @{text add} shown in \eqref{adddef}:
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+ − 340
@{text [display, indent=10] "add \<equiv> (Rep_int \<singlearr> Rep_int \<singlearr> Abs_int) add_pair"}
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\noindent
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Using extensionality and unfolding the definition of @{text "\<singlearr>"},
+ − 344
we can get back to \eqref{adddef}.
+ − 345
In what follows we shall use the convention to write @{text "map_\<kappa>"} for a map-function
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of the type-constructor @{text \<kappa>}. For a type @{text \<kappa>} with arguments @{text "\<alpha>\<^isub>1\<^isub>\<dots>\<^isub>n"} the
+ − 347
type of @{text "map_\<kappa>"} has to be @{text "\<alpha>\<^isub>1\<Rightarrow>\<dots>\<Rightarrow>\<alpha>\<^isub>n\<Rightarrow>\<alpha>\<^isub>1\<dots>\<alpha>\<^isub>n \<kappa>"}. For example @{text "map_list"}
+ − 348
has to have the type @{text "\<alpha>\<Rightarrow>\<alpha> list"}.
+ − 349
In our implementation we maintain
2274
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a database of these map-functions that can be dynamically extended.
2258
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+ − 352
It will also be necessary to have operators, referred to as @{text "rel_\<kappa>"},
+ − 353
which define equivalence relations in terms of constituent equivalence
+ − 354
relations. For example given two equivalence relations @{text "R\<^isub>1"}
+ − 355
and @{text "R\<^isub>2"}, we can define an equivalence relations over
+ − 356
products as follows
+ − 357
%
+ − 358
@{text [display, indent=10] "(R\<^isub>1 \<tripple> R\<^isub>2) (x\<^isub>1, x\<^isub>2) (y\<^isub>1, y\<^isub>2) \<equiv> R\<^isub>1 x\<^isub>1 y\<^isub>1 \<and> R\<^isub>2 x\<^isub>2 y\<^isub>2"}
1978
+ − 359
2258
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\noindent
2269
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Homeier gives also the following operator for defining equivalence
+ − 362
relations over function types
2258
+ − 363
%
2274
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\begin{isabelle}\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ %%%
+ − 365
@{thm fun_rel_def[of "R\<^isub>1" "R\<^isub>2", no_vars, THEN eq_reflection]}
+ − 366
\hfill\numbered{relfun}
+ − 367
\end{isabelle}
+ − 368
+ − 369
\noindent
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In the context of quotients, the following two notions from \cite{Homeier05}
+ − 371
are needed later on.
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+ − 373
\begin{definition}[Respects]\label{def:respects}
+ − 374
An element @{text "x"} respects a relation @{text "R"} provided @{text "R x x"}.
+ − 375
\end{definition}
+ − 376
+ − 377
\begin{definition}[Bounded Quantification and Bounded Abstractions]\label{def:babs}
+ − 378
@{text "\<forall>x \<in> S. P x"} holds if for all @{text x}, @{text "x \<in> S"} implies @{text "P x"};
+ − 379
and @{text "(\<lambda>x \<in> S. f x) = f x"} provided @{text "x \<in> S"}.
+ − 380
\end{definition}
2258
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+ − 382
The central definition in Homeier's work \cite{Homeier05} relates equivalence
+ − 383
relations, abstraction and representation functions:
+ − 384
+ − 385
\begin{definition}[Quotient Types]
+ − 386
Given a relation $R$, an abstraction function $Abs$
+ − 387
and a representation function $Rep$, the predicate @{term "Quotient R Abs Rep"}
2413
+ − 388
holds if and only if
2182
+ − 389
\begin{enumerate}
+ − 390
\item @{thm (rhs1) Quotient_def[of "R", no_vars]}
+ − 391
\item @{thm (rhs2) Quotient_def[of "R", no_vars]}
+ − 392
\item @{thm (rhs3) Quotient_def[of "R", no_vars]}
+ − 393
\end{enumerate}
+ − 394
\end{definition}
+ − 395
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\noindent
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+ − 397
The value of this definition lies in the fact that validity of @{text "Quotient R Abs Rep"} can
2269
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often be proved in terms of the validity of @{text "Quotient"} over the constituent
+ − 399
types of @{text "R"}, @{text Abs} and @{text Rep}.
2258
+ − 400
For example Homeier proves the following property for higher-order quotient
+ − 401
types:
+ − 402
2269
+ − 403
\begin{proposition}\label{funquot}
2258
+ − 404
@{thm[mode=IfThen] fun_quotient[where ?R1.0="R\<^isub>1" and ?R2.0="R\<^isub>2"
+ − 405
and ?abs1.0="Abs\<^isub>1" and ?abs2.0="Abs\<^isub>2" and ?rep1.0="Rep\<^isub>1" and ?rep2.0="Rep\<^isub>2"]}
+ − 406
\end{proposition}
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+ − 407
2258
+ − 408
\noindent
2274
+ − 409
As a result, Homeier is able to build an automatic prover that can nearly
2269
+ − 410
always discharge a proof obligation involving @{text "Quotient"}. Our quotient
+ − 411
package makes heavy
+ − 412
use of this part of Homeier's work including an extension
2333
+ − 413
for dealing with compositions of equivalence relations defined as follows:
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+ − 414
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+ − 415
%%% FIXME Referee 2 claims that composition-of-relations means OO, and this is also
+ − 416
%%% what wikipedia says. Any idea for a different name? Conjugation of Relations?
+ − 417
2258
+ − 418
\begin{definition}[Composition of Relations]
+ − 419
@{abbrev "rel_conj R\<^isub>1 R\<^isub>2"} where @{text "\<circ>\<circ>"} is the predicate
2319
+ − 420
composition defined by
+ − 421
@{thm (concl) pred_compI[of "R\<^isub>1" "x" "y" "R\<^isub>2" "z"]}
2366
+ − 422
holds if and only if there exists a @{text y} such that @{thm (prem 1) pred_compI[of "R\<^isub>1" "x" "y" "R\<^isub>2" "z"]} and
2274
+ − 423
@{thm (prem 2) pred_compI[of "R\<^isub>1" "x" "y" "R\<^isub>2" "z"]}.
2258
+ − 424
\end{definition}
2237
+ − 425
2258
+ − 426
\noindent
2413
+ − 427
Unfortunately a general quotient theorem for @{text "\<circ>\<circ>\<circ>"}, analogous to the one
+ − 428
for @{text "\<singlearr>"} given in Proposition \ref{funquot}, would not be true
+ − 429
in general. It cannot even be stated inside HOL, because of restrictions on types.
+ − 430
However, we can prove specific instances of a
2282
+ − 431
quotient theorem for composing particular quotient relations.
2287
+ − 432
For example, to lift theorems involving @{term flat} the quotient theorem for
+ − 433
composing @{text "\<approx>\<^bsub>list\<^esub>"} will be necessary: given @{term "Quotient R Abs Rep"}
+ − 434
with @{text R} being an equivalence relation, then
2282
+ − 435
2367
+ − 436
@{text [display, indent=2] "Quotient (rel_list R \<circ>\<circ>\<circ> \<approx>\<^bsub>list\<^esub>) (Abs_fset \<circ> map_list Abs) (map_list Rep \<circ> Rep_fset)"}
2282
+ − 437
+ − 438
\vspace{-.5mm}
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+ − 439
*}
+ − 440
2237
+ − 441
section {* Quotient Types and Quotient Definitions\label{sec:type} *}
1978
+ − 442
2234
+ − 443
text {*
2247
+ − 444
The first step in a quotient construction is to take a name for the new
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+ − 445
type, say @{text "\<kappa>\<^isub>q"}, and an equivalence relation, say @{text R},
2247
+ − 446
defined over a raw type, say @{text "\<sigma>"}. The type of the equivalence
2269
+ − 447
relation must be @{text "\<sigma> \<Rightarrow> \<sigma> \<Rightarrow> bool"}. The user-visible part of
+ − 448
the quotient type declaration is therefore
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+ − 449
2235
+ − 450
\begin{isabelle}\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ %%%
2269
+ − 451
\isacommand{quotient\_type}~~@{text "\<alpha>s \<kappa>\<^isub>q = \<sigma> / R"}\hfill\numbered{typedecl}
2235
+ − 452
\end{isabelle}
+ − 453
+ − 454
\noindent
2237
+ − 455
and a proof that @{text "R"} is indeed an equivalence relation. Two concrete
+ − 456
examples are
+ − 457
+ − 458
+ − 459
\begin{isabelle}\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ %%%
+ − 460
\begin{tabular}{@ {}l}
+ − 461
\isacommand{quotient\_type}~~@{text "int = nat \<times> nat / \<approx>\<^bsub>nat \<times> nat\<^esub>"}\\
+ − 462
\isacommand{quotient\_type}~~@{text "\<alpha> fset = \<alpha> list / \<approx>\<^bsub>list\<^esub>"}
+ − 463
\end{tabular}
+ − 464
\end{isabelle}
+ − 465
+ − 466
\noindent
+ − 467
which introduce the type of integers and of finite sets using the
+ − 468
equivalence relations @{text "\<approx>\<^bsub>nat \<times> nat\<^esub>"} and @{text
2269
+ − 469
"\<approx>\<^bsub>list\<^esub>"} defined in \eqref{natpairequiv} and
2247
+ − 470
\eqref{listequiv}, respectively (the proofs about being equivalence
2274
+ − 471
relations is omitted). Given this data, we define for declarations shown in
+ − 472
\eqref{typedecl} the quotient types internally as
2234
+ − 473
+ − 474
\begin{isabelle}\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ %%%
+ − 475
\isacommand{typedef}~~@{text "\<alpha>s \<kappa>\<^isub>q = {c. \<exists>x. c = R x}"}
+ − 476
\end{isabelle}
+ − 477
+ − 478
\noindent
2247
+ − 479
where the right-hand side is the (non-empty) set of equivalence classes of
2274
+ − 480
@{text "R"}. The constraint in this declaration is that the type variables
2237
+ − 481
in the raw type @{text "\<sigma>"} must be included in the type variables @{text
2274
+ − 482
"\<alpha>s"} declared for @{text "\<kappa>\<^isub>q"}. HOL will then provide us with the following
2269
+ − 483
abstraction and representation functions
2182
+ − 484
2234
+ − 485
\begin{isabelle}\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ %%%
+ − 486
@{text "abs_\<kappa>\<^isub>q :: \<sigma> set \<Rightarrow> \<alpha>s \<kappa>\<^isub>q"}\hspace{10mm}@{text "rep_\<kappa>\<^isub>q :: \<alpha>s \<kappa>\<^isub>q \<Rightarrow> \<sigma> set"}
+ − 487
\end{isabelle}
+ − 488
2235
+ − 489
\noindent
2269
+ − 490
As can be seen from the type, they relate the new quotient type and equivalence classes of the raw
2235
+ − 491
type. However, as Homeier \cite{Homeier05} noted, it is much more convenient
+ − 492
to work with the following derived abstraction and representation functions
+ − 493
2234
+ − 494
\begin{isabelle}\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ %%%
+ − 495
@{text "Abs_\<kappa>\<^isub>q x \<equiv> abs_\<kappa>\<^isub>q (R x)"}\hspace{10mm}@{text "Rep_\<kappa>\<^isub>q x \<equiv> \<epsilon> (rep_\<kappa>\<^isub>q x)"}
+ − 496
\end{isabelle}
+ − 497
+ − 498
\noindent
2235
+ − 499
on the expense of having to use Hilbert's choice operator @{text "\<epsilon>"} in the
2237
+ − 500
definition of @{text "Rep_\<kappa>\<^isub>q"}. These derived notions relate the
+ − 501
quotient type and the raw type directly, as can be seen from their type,
+ − 502
namely @{text "\<sigma> \<Rightarrow> \<alpha>s \<kappa>\<^isub>q"} and @{text "\<alpha>s \<kappa>\<^isub>q \<Rightarrow> \<sigma>"},
+ − 503
respectively. Given that @{text "R"} is an equivalence relation, the
2274
+ − 504
following property holds for every quotient type
+ − 505
(for the proof see \cite{Homeier05}).
2237
+ − 506
2258
+ − 507
\begin{proposition}
2287
+ − 508
@{text "Quotient R Abs_\<kappa>\<^isub>q Rep_\<kappa>\<^isub>q"}.
2258
+ − 509
\end{proposition}
2234
+ − 510
2247
+ − 511
The next step in a quotient construction is to introduce definitions of new constants
+ − 512
involving the quotient type. These definitions need to be given in terms of concepts
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+ − 513
of the raw type (remember this is the only way how to extend HOL
2269
+ − 514
with new definitions). For the user the visible part of such definitions is the declaration
2235
+ − 515
+ − 516
\begin{isabelle}\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ %%%
2237
+ − 517
\isacommand{quotient\_definition}~~@{text "c :: \<tau>"}~~\isacommand{is}~~@{text "t :: \<sigma>"}
2235
+ − 518
\end{isabelle}
+ − 519
2237
+ − 520
\noindent
+ − 521
where @{text t} is the definiens (its type @{text \<sigma>} can always be inferred)
+ − 522
and @{text "c"} is the name of definiendum, whose type @{text "\<tau>"} needs to be
+ − 523
given explicitly (the point is that @{text "\<tau>"} and @{text "\<sigma>"} can only differ
2269
+ − 524
in places where a quotient and raw type is involved). Two concrete examples are
2188
+ − 525
2237
+ − 526
\begin{isabelle}\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ %%%
+ − 527
\begin{tabular}{@ {}l}
+ − 528
\isacommand{quotient\_definition}~~@{text "0 :: int"}~~\isacommand{is}~~@{text "(0::nat, 0::nat)"}\\
+ − 529
\isacommand{quotient\_definition}~~@{text "\<Union> :: (\<alpha> fset) fset \<Rightarrow> \<alpha> fset"}~~%
+ − 530
\isacommand{is}~~@{text "flat"}
+ − 531
\end{tabular}
+ − 532
\end{isabelle}
+ − 533
+ − 534
\noindent
+ − 535
The first one declares zero for integers and the second the operator for
2274
+ − 536
building unions of finite sets (@{text "flat"} having the type
+ − 537
@{text "(\<alpha> list) list \<Rightarrow> \<alpha> list"}).
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changeset
+ − 538
2413
+ − 539
From such declarations given by the user, the quotient package needs to derive proper
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diff
changeset
+ − 540
definitions using @{text "Abs"} and @{text "Rep"}. The data we rely on is the given quotient type
2247
+ − 541
@{text "\<tau>"} and the raw type @{text "\<sigma>"}. They allow us to define \emph{aggregate
+ − 542
abstraction} and \emph{representation functions} using the functions @{text "ABS (\<sigma>,
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diff
changeset
+ − 543
\<tau>)"} and @{text "REP (\<sigma>, \<tau>)"} whose clauses we shall give below. The idea behind
2274
+ − 544
these two functions is to simultaneously descend into the raw types @{text \<sigma>} and
2247
+ − 545
quotient types @{text \<tau>}, and generate the appropriate
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diff
changeset
+ − 546
@{text "Abs"} and @{text "Rep"} in places where the types differ. Therefore
2269
+ − 547
we generate just the identity whenever the types are equal. On the ``way'' down,
+ − 548
however we might have to use map-functions to let @{text Abs} and @{text Rep} act
2274
+ − 549
over the appropriate types. In what follows we use the short-hand notation
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changeset
+ − 550
@{text "ABS (\<sigma>s, \<tau>s)"} to mean @{text "ABS (\<sigma>\<^isub>1, \<tau>\<^isub>1)\<dots>ABS (\<sigma>\<^isub>n, \<tau>\<^isub>n)"}; similarly
2274
+ − 551
for @{text REP}.
+ − 552
%
2227
+ − 553
\begin{center}
2252
+ − 554
\hfill
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diff
changeset
+ − 555
\begin{tabular}{rcl}
2227
+ − 556
\multicolumn{3}{@ {\hspace{-4mm}}l}{equal types:}\\
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diff
changeset
+ − 557
@{text "ABS (\<sigma>, \<sigma>)"} & $\dn$ & @{text "id :: \<sigma> \<Rightarrow> \<sigma>"}\\
8ddf1330f2ed
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diff
changeset
+ − 558
@{text "REP (\<sigma>, \<sigma>)"} & $\dn$ & @{text "id :: \<sigma> \<Rightarrow> \<sigma>"}\smallskip\\
2227
+ − 559
\multicolumn{3}{@ {\hspace{-4mm}}l}{function types:}\\
2233
+ − 560
@{text "ABS (\<sigma>\<^isub>1 \<Rightarrow> \<sigma>\<^isub>2, \<tau>\<^isub>1 \<Rightarrow> \<tau>\<^isub>2)"} & $\dn$ & @{text "REP (\<sigma>\<^isub>1, \<tau>\<^isub>1) \<singlearr> ABS (\<sigma>\<^isub>2, \<tau>\<^isub>2)"}\\
+ − 561
@{text "REP (\<sigma>\<^isub>1 \<Rightarrow> \<sigma>\<^isub>2, \<tau>\<^isub>1 \<Rightarrow> \<tau>\<^isub>2)"} & $\dn$ & @{text "ABS (\<sigma>\<^isub>1, \<tau>\<^isub>1) \<singlearr> REP (\<sigma>\<^isub>2, \<tau>\<^isub>2)"}\smallskip\\
2227
+ − 562
\multicolumn{3}{@ {\hspace{-4mm}}l}{equal type constructors:}\\
2232
+ − 563
@{text "ABS (\<sigma>s \<kappa>, \<tau>s \<kappa>)"} & $\dn$ & @{text "map_\<kappa> (ABS (\<sigma>s, \<tau>s))"}\\
+ − 564
@{text "REP (\<sigma>s \<kappa>, \<tau>s \<kappa>)"} & $\dn$ & @{text "map_\<kappa> (REP (\<sigma>s, \<tau>s))"}\smallskip\\
2367
+ − 565
\multicolumn{3}{@ {\hspace{-4mm}}l}{unequal type constructors with @{text "\<alpha>s
+ − 566
\<kappa>\<^isub>q"} being the quotient of the raw type @{text "\<rho>s \<kappa>"}:}\\
2238
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diff
changeset
+ − 567
@{text "ABS (\<sigma>s \<kappa>, \<tau>s \<kappa>\<^isub>q)"} & $\dn$ & @{text "Abs_\<kappa>\<^isub>q \<circ> (MAP(\<rho>s \<kappa>) (ABS (\<sigma>s', \<tau>s)))"}\\
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diff
changeset
+ − 568
@{text "REP (\<sigma>s \<kappa>, \<tau>s \<kappa>\<^isub>q)"} & $\dn$ & @{text "(MAP(\<rho>s \<kappa>) (REP (\<sigma>s', \<tau>s))) \<circ> Rep_\<kappa>\<^isub>q"}
2247
+ − 569
\end{tabular}\hfill\numbered{ABSREP}
2227
+ − 570
\end{center}
2234
+ − 571
%
2232
+ − 572
\noindent
2367
+ − 573
In the last two clauses we rely on the fact that the type @{text "\<alpha>s
2238
8ddf1330f2ed
completed proof and started section about respectfulness and preservation
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 574
\<kappa>\<^isub>q"} is the quotient of the raw type @{text "\<rho>s \<kappa>"} (for example
2237
+ − 575
@{text "int"} and @{text "nat \<times> nat"}, or @{text "\<alpha> fset"} and @{text "\<alpha>
+ − 576
list"}). The quotient construction ensures that the type variables in @{text
2367
+ − 577
"\<rho>s \<kappa>"} must be among the @{text "\<alpha>s"}. The @{text "\<sigma>s'"} are given by the
+ − 578
substitutions for the @{text "\<alpha>s"} when matching @{text "\<sigma>s \<kappa>"} against
+ − 579
@{text "\<rho>s \<kappa>"}. The
2237
+ − 580
function @{text "MAP"} calculates an \emph{aggregate map-function} for a raw
+ − 581
type as follows:
+ − 582
%
2227
+ − 583
\begin{center}
2238
8ddf1330f2ed
completed proof and started section about respectfulness and preservation
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 584
\begin{tabular}{rcl}
2237
+ − 585
@{text "MAP' (\<alpha>)"} & $\dn$ & @{text "a\<^sup>\<alpha>"}\\
2238
8ddf1330f2ed
completed proof and started section about respectfulness and preservation
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 586
@{text "MAP' (\<kappa>)"} & $\dn$ & @{text "id :: \<kappa> \<Rightarrow> \<kappa>"}\\
2232
+ − 587
@{text "MAP' (\<sigma>s \<kappa>)"} & $\dn$ & @{text "map_\<kappa> (MAP'(\<sigma>s))"}\smallskip\\
2233
+ − 588
@{text "MAP (\<sigma>)"} & $\dn$ & @{text "\<lambda>as. MAP'(\<sigma>)"}
2238
8ddf1330f2ed
completed proof and started section about respectfulness and preservation
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 589
\end{tabular}
2227
+ − 590
\end{center}
2237
+ − 591
%
2232
+ − 592
\noindent
2366
+ − 593
In this definition we rely on the fact that in the first clause we can interpret type-variables @{text \<alpha>} as
2238
8ddf1330f2ed
completed proof and started section about respectfulness and preservation
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 594
term variables @{text a}. In the last clause we build an abstraction over all
2274
+ − 595
term-variables of the map-function generated by the auxiliary function
2238
8ddf1330f2ed
completed proof and started section about respectfulness and preservation
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 596
@{text "MAP'"}.
2274
+ − 597
The need for aggregate map-functions can be seen in cases where we build quotients,
2247
+ − 598
say @{text "(\<alpha>, \<beta>) \<kappa>\<^isub>q"}, out of compound raw types, say @{text "(\<alpha> list) \<times> \<beta>"}.
+ − 599
In this case @{text MAP} generates the
+ − 600
aggregate map-function:
2232
+ − 601
2421
+ − 602
%%% FIXME: Reviewer 2 asks: last two lines defining ABS and REP for
+ − 603
%%% unequal type constructors: How are the $\varrho$s defined? The
+ − 604
%%% following paragraph mentions them, but this paragraph is unclear,
+ − 605
%%% since it then mentions $\alpha$s, which do not seem to be defined
+ − 606
%%% either. As a result, I do not understand the first two sentences
+ − 607
%%% in this paragraph. I can imagine roughly what the following
+ − 608
%%% sentence `The $\sigma$s' are given by the matchers for the
+ − 609
%%% $\alpha$s$ when matching $\varrho$s $\kappa$ against $\sigma$s
+ − 610
%%% $\kappa$.' means, but also think that it is too vague.
+ − 611
2367
+ − 612
@{text [display, indent=10] "\<lambda>a b. map_prod (map_list a) b"}
2233
+ − 613
+ − 614
\noindent
2274
+ − 615
which is essential in order to define the corresponding aggregate
+ − 616
abstraction and representation functions.
2238
8ddf1330f2ed
completed proof and started section about respectfulness and preservation
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 617
2247
+ − 618
To see how these definitions pan out in practise, let us return to our
+ − 619
example about @{term "concat"} and @{term "fconcat"}, where we have the raw type
+ − 620
@{text "(\<alpha> list) list \<Rightarrow> \<alpha> list"} and the quotient type @{text "(\<alpha> fset) fset \<Rightarrow> \<alpha>
2274
+ − 621
fset"}. Feeding these types into @{text ABS} gives us (after some @{text "\<beta>"}-simplifications)
2247
+ − 622
the abstraction function
2233
+ − 623
2367
+ − 624
@{text [display, indent=10] "(map_list (map_list id \<circ> Rep_fset) \<circ> Rep_fset) \<singlearr> Abs_fset \<circ> map_list id"}
2233
+ − 625
+ − 626
\noindent
2247
+ − 627
In our implementation we further
+ − 628
simplify this function by rewriting with the usual laws about @{text
2367
+ − 629
"map"}s and @{text "id"}, for example @{term "map_list id = id"} and @{text "f \<circ> id =
2274
+ − 630
id \<circ> f = f"}. This gives us the simpler abstraction function
2237
+ − 631
2367
+ − 632
@{text [display, indent=10] "(map_list Rep_fset \<circ> Rep_fset) \<singlearr> Abs_fset"}
2233
+ − 633
+ − 634
\noindent
+ − 635
which we can use for defining @{term "fconcat"} as follows
+ − 636
2367
+ − 637
@{text [display, indent=10] "\<Union> \<equiv> ((map_list Rep_fset \<circ> Rep_fset) \<singlearr> Abs_fset) flat"}
2232
+ − 638
2237
+ − 639
\noindent
2247
+ − 640
Note that by using the operator @{text "\<singlearr>"} and special clauses
+ − 641
for function types in \eqref{ABSREP}, we do not have to
2252
+ − 642
distinguish between arguments and results, but can deal with them uniformly.
+ − 643
Consequently, all definitions in the quotient package
2238
8ddf1330f2ed
completed proof and started section about respectfulness and preservation
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 644
are of the general form
2188
+ − 645
2237
+ − 646
@{text [display, indent=10] "c \<equiv> ABS (\<sigma>, \<tau>) t"}
2227
+ − 647
2237
+ − 648
\noindent
2238
8ddf1330f2ed
completed proof and started section about respectfulness and preservation
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 649
where @{text \<sigma>} is the type of the definiens @{text "t"} and @{text "\<tau>"} the
2247
+ − 650
type of the defined quotient constant @{text "c"}. This data can be easily
+ − 651
generated from the declaration given by the user.
2252
+ − 652
To increase the confidence in this way of making definitions, we can prove
2247
+ − 653
that the terms involved are all typable.
2227
+ − 654
+ − 655
\begin{lemma}
+ − 656
If @{text "ABS (\<sigma>, \<tau>)"} returns some abstraction function @{text "Abs"}
+ − 657
and @{text "REP (\<sigma>, \<tau>)"} some representation function @{text "Rep"},
+ − 658
then @{text "Abs"} is of type @{text "\<sigma> \<Rightarrow> \<tau>"} and @{text "Rep"} of type
+ − 659
@{text "\<tau> \<Rightarrow> \<sigma>"}.
+ − 660
\end{lemma}
2233
+ − 661
2237
+ − 662
\begin{proof}
2274
+ − 663
By mutual induction and analysing the definitions of @{text "ABS"} and @{text "REP"}.
+ − 664
The cases of equal types and function types are
2247
+ − 665
straightforward (the latter follows from @{text "\<singlearr>"} having the
+ − 666
type @{text "(\<alpha> \<Rightarrow> \<beta>) \<Rightarrow> (\<gamma> \<Rightarrow> \<delta>) \<Rightarrow> (\<beta> \<Rightarrow> \<gamma>) \<Rightarrow> (\<alpha> \<Rightarrow> \<delta>)"}). In case of equal type
+ − 667
constructors we can observe that a map-function after applying the functions
+ − 668
@{text "ABS (\<sigma>s, \<tau>s)"} produces a term of type @{text "\<sigma>s \<kappa> \<Rightarrow> \<tau>s \<kappa>"}. The
+ − 669
interesting case is the one with unequal type constructors. Since we know
+ − 670
the quotient is between @{text "\<alpha>s \<kappa>\<^isub>q"} and @{text "\<rho>s \<kappa>"}, we have
+ − 671
that @{text "Abs_\<kappa>\<^isub>q"} is of type @{text "\<rho>s \<kappa> \<Rightarrow> \<alpha>s
+ − 672
\<kappa>\<^isub>q"}. This type can be more specialised to @{text "\<rho>s[\<tau>s] \<kappa> \<Rightarrow> \<tau>s
+ − 673
\<kappa>\<^isub>q"} where the type variables @{text "\<alpha>s"} are instantiated with the
+ − 674
@{text "\<tau>s"}. The complete type can be calculated by observing that @{text
+ − 675
"MAP (\<rho>s \<kappa>)"}, after applying the functions @{text "ABS (\<sigma>s', \<tau>s)"} to it,
+ − 676
returns a term of type @{text "\<rho>s[\<sigma>s'] \<kappa> \<Rightarrow> \<rho>s[\<tau>s] \<kappa>"}. This type is
+ − 677
equivalent to @{text "\<sigma>s \<kappa> \<Rightarrow> \<rho>s[\<tau>s] \<kappa>"}, which we just have to compose with
+ − 678
@{text "\<rho>s[\<tau>s] \<kappa> \<Rightarrow> \<tau>s \<kappa>\<^isub>q"} according to the type of @{text "\<circ>"}.\qed
2237
+ − 679
\end{proof}
2188
+ − 680
*}
+ − 681
2252
+ − 682
section {* Respectfulness and Preservation \label{sec:resp} *}
2188
+ − 683
+ − 684
text {*
2247
+ − 685
The main point of the quotient package is to automatically ``lift'' theorems
+ − 686
involving constants over the raw type to theorems involving constants over
2274
+ − 687
the quotient type. Before we can describe this lifting process, we need to impose
2332
9a560e489c64
polished paper again (and took out some claims about Homeier's package)
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 688
two restrictions in form of proof obligations that arise during the
2274
+ − 689
lifting. The reason is that even if definitions for all raw constants
+ − 690
can be given, \emph{not} all theorems can be lifted to the quotient type. Most
2287
+ − 691
notable is the bound variable function, that is the constant @{text bn}, defined
2274
+ − 692
for raw lambda-terms as follows
2188
+ − 693
2247
+ − 694
\begin{isabelle}\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ %%%
2252
+ − 695
@{text "bn (x) \<equiv> \<emptyset>"}\hspace{4mm}
+ − 696
@{text "bn (t\<^isub>1 t\<^isub>2) \<equiv> bn (t\<^isub>1) \<union> bn (t\<^isub>2)"}\hspace{4mm}
2247
+ − 697
@{text "bn (\<lambda>x. t) \<equiv> {x} \<union> bn (t)"}
+ − 698
\end{isabelle}
2238
8ddf1330f2ed
completed proof and started section about respectfulness and preservation
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 699
2247
+ − 700
\noindent
2274
+ − 701
We can generate a definition for this constant using @{text ABS} and @{text REP}.
+ − 702
But this constant does \emph{not} respect @{text "\<alpha>"}-equivalence and
2247
+ − 703
consequently no theorem involving this constant can be lifted to @{text
+ − 704
"\<alpha>"}-equated lambda terms. Homeier formulates the restrictions in terms of
2277
+ − 705
the properties of \emph{respectfulness} and \emph{preservation}. We have
2258
+ − 706
to slightly extend Homeier's definitions in order to deal with quotient
2247
+ − 707
compositions.
+ − 708
2422
+ − 709
%%% FIXME: Reviewer 3 asks why are the definitions that follow enough to deal
+ − 710
%%% with quotient composition.
+ − 711
2247
+ − 712
To formally define what respectfulness is, we have to first define
2419
+ − 713
the notion of \emph{aggregate equivalence relations} using the function @{text "REL(\<sigma>, \<tau>)"}
+ − 714
The idea behind this function is to simultaneously descend into the raw types
+ − 715
@{text \<sigma>} and quotient types @{text \<tau>}, and generate the appropriate
+ − 716
quotient equivalence relations in places where the types differ and equalities
+ − 717
elsewhere.
2274
+ − 718
+ − 719
\begin{center}
+ − 720
\hfill
+ − 721
\begin{tabular}{rcl}
+ − 722
\multicolumn{3}{@ {\hspace{-4mm}}l}{equal types:}\\
+ − 723
@{text "REL (\<sigma>, \<sigma>)"} & $\dn$ & @{text "= :: \<sigma> \<Rightarrow> \<sigma> \<Rightarrow> bool"}\smallskip\\
+ − 724
\multicolumn{3}{@ {\hspace{-4mm}}l}{equal type constructors:}\\
+ − 725
@{text "REL (\<sigma>s \<kappa>, \<tau>s \<kappa>)"} & $\dn$ & @{text "rel_\<kappa> (REL (\<sigma>s, \<tau>s))"}\smallskip\\
2367
+ − 726
\multicolumn{3}{@ {\hspace{-4mm}}l}{unequal type constructors with @{text "\<alpha>s
+ − 727
\<kappa>\<^isub>q"} being the quotient of the raw type @{text "\<rho>s \<kappa>"}:}\smallskip\\
2274
+ − 728
@{text "REL (\<sigma>s \<kappa>, \<tau>s \<kappa>\<^isub>q)"} & $\dn$ & @{text "rel_\<kappa>\<^isub>q (REL (\<sigma>s', \<tau>s))"}\\
+ − 729
\end{tabular}\hfill\numbered{REL}
+ − 730
\end{center}
2238
8ddf1330f2ed
completed proof and started section about respectfulness and preservation
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 731
2274
+ − 732
\noindent
+ − 733
The @{text "\<sigma>s'"} in the last clause are calculated as in \eqref{ABSREP}:
+ − 734
we know that type @{text "\<alpha>s \<kappa>\<^isub>q"} is the quotient of the raw type
2367
+ − 735
@{text "\<rho>s \<kappa>"}. The @{text "\<sigma>s'"} are the substitutions for @{text "\<alpha>s"} obtained by matching
2274
+ − 736
@{text "\<rho>s \<kappa>"} and @{text "\<sigma>s \<kappa>"}.
+ − 737
2332
9a560e489c64
polished paper again (and took out some claims about Homeier's package)
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 738
Let us return to the lifting procedure of theorems. Assume we have a theorem
2274
+ − 739
that contains the raw constant @{text "c\<^isub>r :: \<sigma>"} and which we want to
+ − 740
lift to a theorem where @{text "c\<^isub>r"} is replaced by the corresponding
+ − 741
constant @{text "c\<^isub>q :: \<tau>"} defined over a quotient type. In this situation
2287
+ − 742
we generate the following proof obligation
2274
+ − 743
+ − 744
@{text [display, indent=10] "REL (\<sigma>, \<tau>) c\<^isub>r c\<^isub>r"}
2258
+ − 745
2274
+ − 746
\noindent
2277
+ − 747
Homeier calls these proof obligations \emph{respectfulness
2278
+ − 748
theorems}. However, unlike his quotient package, we might have several
+ − 749
respectfulness theorems for one constant---he has at most one.
+ − 750
The reason is that because of our quotient compositions, the types
2416
12283a96e851
The type does determine respectfulness, the constant without an instantiated type does not.
Cezary Kaliszyk <kaliszyk@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 751
@{text \<sigma>} and @{text \<tau>} are not completely determined by @{text "c\<^bsub>r\<^esub>"}.
12283a96e851
The type does determine respectfulness, the constant without an instantiated type does not.
Cezary Kaliszyk <kaliszyk@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 752
And for every instantiation of the types, a corresponding
12283a96e851
The type does determine respectfulness, the constant without an instantiated type does not.
Cezary Kaliszyk <kaliszyk@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 753
respectfulness theorem is necessary.
2278
+ − 754
+ − 755
Before lifting a theorem, we require the user to discharge
2332
9a560e489c64
polished paper again (and took out some claims about Homeier's package)
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 756
respectfulness proof obligations. In case of @{text bn}
9a560e489c64
polished paper again (and took out some claims about Homeier's package)
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 757
this obligation is as follows
2274
+ − 758
+ − 759
@{text [display, indent=10] "(\<approx>\<^isub>\<alpha> \<doublearr> =) bn bn"}
+ − 760
+ − 761
\noindent
2332
9a560e489c64
polished paper again (and took out some claims about Homeier's package)
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 762
and the point is that the user cannot discharge it: because it is not true. To see this,
2274
+ − 763
we can just unfold the definition of @{text "\<doublearr>"} \eqref{relfun}
2412
+ − 764
using extensionality to obtain the false statement
2274
+ − 765
2412
+ − 766
@{text [display, indent=10] "\<forall>t\<^isub>1 t\<^isub>2. if t\<^isub>1 \<approx>\<^isub>\<alpha> t\<^isub>2 then bn(t\<^isub>1) = bn(t\<^isub>2)"}
2274
+ − 767
+ − 768
\noindent
+ − 769
In contrast, if we lift a theorem about @{text "append"} to a theorem describing
+ − 770
the union of finite sets, then we need to discharge the proof obligation
+ − 771
2275
69b80ad616c5
finished section 4, but put some things I do not understand on comment
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 772
@{text [display, indent=10] "(\<approx>\<^bsub>list\<^esub> \<doublearr> \<approx>\<^bsub>list\<^esub> \<doublearr> \<approx>\<^bsub>list\<^esub>) append append"}
69b80ad616c5
finished section 4, but put some things I do not understand on comment
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 773
69b80ad616c5
finished section 4, but put some things I do not understand on comment
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 774
\noindent
69b80ad616c5
finished section 4, but put some things I do not understand on comment
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 775
To do so, we have to establish
69b80ad616c5
finished section 4, but put some things I do not understand on comment
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 776
69b80ad616c5
finished section 4, but put some things I do not understand on comment
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 777
\begin{isabelle}\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ %%%
2287
+ − 778
if @{text "xs \<approx>\<^bsub>list\<^esub> ys"} and @{text "us \<approx>\<^bsub>list\<^esub> vs"}
+ − 779
then @{text "xs @ us \<approx>\<^bsub>list\<^esub> ys @ vs"}
2275
69b80ad616c5
finished section 4, but put some things I do not understand on comment
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 780
\end{isabelle}
69b80ad616c5
finished section 4, but put some things I do not understand on comment
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 781
69b80ad616c5
finished section 4, but put some things I do not understand on comment
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 782
\noindent
69b80ad616c5
finished section 4, but put some things I do not understand on comment
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 783
which is straightforward given the definition shown in \eqref{listequiv}.
69b80ad616c5
finished section 4, but put some things I do not understand on comment
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 784
2333
+ − 785
The second restriction we have to impose arises from non-lifted polymorphic
+ − 786
constants, which are instantiated to a type being quotient. For example,
+ − 787
take the @{term "cons"}-constructor to add a pair of natural numbers to a
+ − 788
list, whereby we assume the pair of natural numbers turns into an integer in
+ − 789
the quotient construction. The point is that we still want to use @{text
+ − 790
cons} for adding integers to lists---just with a different type. To be able
+ − 791
to lift such theorems, we need a \emph{preservation property} for @{text
+ − 792
cons}. Assuming we have a polymorphic raw constant @{text "c\<^isub>r :: \<sigma>"}
+ − 793
and a corresponding quotient constant @{text "c\<^isub>q :: \<tau>"}, then a
+ − 794
preservation property is as follows
+ − 795
2421
+ − 796
%%% FIXME: Reviewer 2 asks: You say what a preservation theorem is,
+ − 797
%%% but not which preservation theorems you assume. Do you generate a
+ − 798
%%% proof obligation for a preservation theorem for each raw constant
+ − 799
%%% and its corresponding lifted constant?
+ − 800
+ − 801
%%% Cezary: I think this would be a nice thing to do but we have not
+ − 802
%%% done it, the theorems need to be 'guessed' from the remaining obligations
2275
69b80ad616c5
finished section 4, but put some things I do not understand on comment
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 803
69b80ad616c5
finished section 4, but put some things I do not understand on comment
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 804
@{text [display, indent=10] "Quotient R\<^bsub>\<alpha>s\<^esub> Abs\<^bsub>\<alpha>s\<^esub> Rep\<^bsub>\<alpha>s\<^esub> implies ABS (\<sigma>, \<tau>) c\<^isub>r = c\<^isub>r"}
69b80ad616c5
finished section 4, but put some things I do not understand on comment
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 805
69b80ad616c5
finished section 4, but put some things I do not understand on comment
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 806
\noindent
69b80ad616c5
finished section 4, but put some things I do not understand on comment
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 807
where the @{text "\<alpha>s"} stand for the type variables in the type of @{text "c\<^isub>r"}.
2278
+ − 808
In case of @{text cons} (which has type @{text "\<alpha> \<Rightarrow> \<alpha> list \<Rightarrow> \<alpha> list"}) we have
2275
69b80ad616c5
finished section 4, but put some things I do not understand on comment
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 809
2367
+ − 810
@{text [display, indent=10] "(Rep ---> map_list Rep ---> map_list Abs) cons = cons"}
2274
+ − 811
+ − 812
\noindent
2278
+ − 813
under the assumption @{text "Quotient R Abs Rep"}. Interestingly, if we have
+ − 814
an instance of @{text cons} where the type variable @{text \<alpha>} is instantiated
+ − 815
with @{text "nat \<times> nat"} and we also quotient this type to yield integers,
2287
+ − 816
then we need to show the corresponding preservation property.
2274
+ − 817
2279
+ − 818
%%%@ {thm [display, indent=10] insert_preserve2[no_vars]}
2189
+ − 819
2278
+ − 820
%Given two quotients, one of which quotients a container, and the
+ − 821
%other quotients the type in the container, we can write the
+ − 822
%composition of those quotients. To compose two quotient theorems
+ − 823
%we compose the relations with relation composition as defined above
+ − 824
%and the abstraction and relation functions are the ones of the sub
+ − 825
%quotients composed with the usual function composition.
+ − 826
%The @ {term "Rep"} and @ {term "Abs"} functions that we obtain agree
+ − 827
%with the definition of aggregate Abs/Rep functions and the
+ − 828
%relation is the same as the one given by aggregate relations.
+ − 829
%This becomes especially interesting
+ − 830
%when we compose the quotient with itself, as there is no simple
+ − 831
%intermediate step.
+ − 832
%
+ − 833
%Lets take again the example of @ {term flat}. To be able to lift
+ − 834
%theorems that talk about it we provide the composition quotient
+ − 835
%theorem which allows quotienting inside the container:
+ − 836
%
+ − 837
%If @ {term R} is an equivalence relation and @ {term "Quotient R Abs Rep"}
+ − 838
%then
+ − 839
%
2367
+ − 840
%@ {text [display, indent=10] "Quotient (list_rel R \<circ>\<circ>\<circ> \<approx>\<^bsub>list\<^esub>) (abs_fset \<circ> map_list Abs) (map_list Rep o rep_fset)"}
2275
69b80ad616c5
finished section 4, but put some things I do not understand on comment
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 841
%%%
69b80ad616c5
finished section 4, but put some things I do not understand on comment
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 842
%%%\noindent
69b80ad616c5
finished section 4, but put some things I do not understand on comment
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 843
%%%this theorem will then instantiate the quotients needed in the
69b80ad616c5
finished section 4, but put some things I do not understand on comment
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 844
%%%injection and cleaning proofs allowing the lifting procedure to
69b80ad616c5
finished section 4, but put some things I do not understand on comment
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 845
%%%proceed in an unchanged way.
2192
+ − 846
*}
+ − 847
2256
+ − 848
section {* Lifting of Theorems\label{sec:lift} *}
1978
+ − 849
2194
+ − 850
text {*
2271
+ − 851
2422
+ − 852
%%% FIXME Reviewer 3 asks: Section 5 shows the technicalities of
+ − 853
%%% lifting theorems. But there is no clarification about the
+ − 854
%%% correctness. A reader would also be interested in seeing some
+ − 855
%%% discussions about the generality and limitation of the approach
+ − 856
%%% proposed there
+ − 857
2278
+ − 858
The main benefit of a quotient package is to lift automatically theorems over raw
+ − 859
types to theorems over quotient types. We will perform this lifting in
+ − 860
three phases, called \emph{regularization},
2287
+ − 861
\emph{injection} and \emph{cleaning} according to procedures in Homeier's ML-code.
2271
+ − 862
2278
+ − 863
The purpose of regularization is to change the quantifiers and abstractions
2412
+ − 864
in a ``raw'' theorem to quantifiers over variables that respect their respective relations
2279
+ − 865
(Definition \ref{def:respects} states what respects means). The purpose of injection is to add @{term Rep}
2271
+ − 866
and @{term Abs} of appropriate types in front of constants and variables
2332
9a560e489c64
polished paper again (and took out some claims about Homeier's package)
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 867
of the raw type so that they can be replaced by the corresponding constants from the
2279
+ − 868
quotient type. The purpose of cleaning is to bring the theorem derived in the
+ − 869
first two phases into the form the user has specified. Abstractly, our
+ − 870
package establishes the following three proof steps:
+ − 871
2421
+ − 872
%%% FIXME: Reviewer 1 complains that the reader needs to guess the
+ − 873
%%% meaning of reg_thm and inj_thm, as well as the arguments of REG
+ − 874
%%% which are given above. I wouldn't change it.
+ − 875
2279
+ − 876
\begin{center}
2369
+ − 877
\begin{tabular}{l@ {\hspace{4mm}}l}
2371
+ − 878
1.) Regularization & @{text "raw_thm \<longrightarrow> reg_thm"}\\
2369
+ − 879
2.) Injection & @{text "reg_thm \<longleftrightarrow> inj_thm"}\\
+ − 880
3.) Cleaning & @{text "inj_thm \<longleftrightarrow> quot_thm"}\\
2279
+ − 881
\end{tabular}
+ − 882
\end{center}
2193
+ − 883
2279
+ − 884
\noindent
2371
+ − 885
which means, stringed together, the raw theorem implies the quotient theorem.
+ − 886
In contrast to other quotient packages, our package requires that the user specifies
+ − 887
both, the @{text "raw_thm"} (as theorem) and the \emph{term} of the @{text "quot_thm"}.\footnote{Though we
2279
+ − 888
also provide a fully automated mode, where the @{text "quot_thm"} is guessed
2371
+ − 889
from the form of @{text "raw_thm"}.} As a result, the user has fine control
+ − 890
over which parts of a raw theorem should be lifted.
2279
+ − 891
2371
+ − 892
The second and third proof step performed in package will always succeed if the appropriate
2279
+ − 893
respectfulness and preservation theorems are given. In contrast, the first
+ − 894
proof step can fail: a theorem given by the user does not always
2319
+ − 895
imply a regularized version and a stronger one needs to be proved. An example
2287
+ − 896
for this kind of failure is the simple statement for integers @{text "0 \<noteq> 1"}.
+ − 897
One might hope that it can be proved by lifting @{text "(0, 0) \<noteq> (1, 0)"},
2371
+ − 898
but this raw theorem only shows that two particular elements in the
2319
+ − 899
equivalence classes are not equal. In order to obtain @{text "0 \<noteq> 1"}, a
+ − 900
more general statement stipulating that the equivalence classes are not
+ − 901
equal is necessary. This kind of failure is beyond the scope where the
+ − 902
quotient package can help: the user has to provide a raw theorem that
+ − 903
can be regularized automatically, or has to provide an explicit proof
+ − 904
for the first proof step.
2193
+ − 905
2271
+ − 906
In the following we will first define the statement of the
2280
229660b9f2fc
Fix regularization. Two "FIXME" left in introduction. Minor spellings.
Cezary Kaliszyk <kaliszyk@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 907
regularized theorem based on @{text "raw_thm"} and
2279
+ − 908
@{text "quot_thm"}. Then we define the statement of the injected theorem, based
2287
+ − 909
on @{text "reg_thm"} and @{text "quot_thm"}. We then show the three proof steps,
2279
+ − 910
which can all be performed independently from each other.
2197
+ − 911
2373
+ − 912
We first define the function @{text REG}, which takes the terms of the
2371
+ − 913
@{text "raw_thm"} and @{text "quot_thm"} as input and returns
2373
+ − 914
@{text "reg_thm"}. The idea
2207
+ − 915
behind this function is that it replaces quantifiers and
+ − 916
abstractions involving raw types by bounded ones, and equalities
2373
+ − 917
involving raw types by appropriate aggregate
2371
+ − 918
equivalence relations. It is defined by simultaneously recursing on
+ − 919
the structure of @{text "raw_thm"} and @{text "quot_thm"} as follows:
1994
+ − 920
2244
+ − 921
\begin{center}
2371
+ − 922
\begin{tabular}{rcl}
2273
+ − 923
\multicolumn{3}{@ {}l}{abstractions:}\smallskip\\
+ − 924
@{text "REG (\<lambda>x\<^sup>\<sigma>. t, \<lambda>x\<^sup>\<tau>. s)"} & $\dn$ &
+ − 925
$\begin{cases}
+ − 926
@{text "\<lambda>x\<^sup>\<sigma>. REG (t, s)"} \quad\mbox{provided @{text "\<sigma> = \<tau>"}}\\
+ − 927
@{text "\<lambda>x\<^sup>\<sigma> \<in> Respects (REL (\<sigma>, \<tau>)). REG (t, s)"}
+ − 928
\end{cases}$\smallskip\\
2279
+ − 929
\\
2273
+ − 930
\multicolumn{3}{@ {}l}{universal quantifiers:}\\
+ − 931
@{text "REG (\<forall>x\<^sup>\<sigma>. t, \<forall>x\<^sup>\<tau>. s)"} & $\dn$ &
+ − 932
$\begin{cases}
+ − 933
@{text "\<forall>x\<^sup>\<sigma>. REG (t, s)"} \quad\mbox{provided @{text "\<sigma> = \<tau>"}}\\
+ − 934
@{text "\<forall>x\<^sup>\<sigma> \<in> Respects (REL (\<sigma>, \<tau>)). REG (t, s)"}
+ − 935
\end{cases}$\smallskip\\
+ − 936
\multicolumn{3}{@ {}l}{equality:}\smallskip\\
2280
229660b9f2fc
Fix regularization. Two "FIXME" left in introduction. Minor spellings.
Cezary Kaliszyk <kaliszyk@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 937
%% REL of two equal types is the equality so we do not need a separate case
229660b9f2fc
Fix regularization. Two "FIXME" left in introduction. Minor spellings.
Cezary Kaliszyk <kaliszyk@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 938
@{text "REG (=\<^bsup>\<sigma>\<Rightarrow>\<sigma>\<Rightarrow>bool\<^esup>, =\<^bsup>\<tau>\<Rightarrow>\<tau>\<Rightarrow>bool\<^esup>)"} & $\dn$ & @{text "REL (\<sigma>, \<tau>)"}\\\smallskip\\
2273
+ − 939
\multicolumn{3}{@ {}l}{applications, variables and constants:}\\
2244
+ − 940
@{text "REG (t\<^isub>1 t\<^isub>2, s\<^isub>1 s\<^isub>2)"} & $\dn$ & @{text "REG (t\<^isub>1, s\<^isub>1) REG (t\<^isub>2, s\<^isub>2)"}\\
2273
+ − 941
@{text "REG (x\<^isub>1, x\<^isub>2)"} & $\dn$ & @{text "x\<^isub>1"}\\
2371
+ − 942
@{text "REG (c\<^isub>1, c\<^isub>2)"} & $\dn$ & @{text "c\<^isub>1"}\\
+ − 943
\end{tabular}
2244
+ − 944
\end{center}
2273
+ − 945
%
+ − 946
\noindent
2230
+ − 947
In the above definition we omitted the cases for existential quantifiers
2207
+ − 948
and unique existential quantifiers, as they are very similar to the cases
2376
+ − 949
for the universal quantifier.
2279
+ − 950
+ − 951
Next we define the function @{text INJ} which takes as argument
+ − 952
@{text "reg_thm"} and @{text "quot_thm"} (both as
+ − 953
terms) and returns @{text "inj_thm"}:
2198
+ − 954
2245
+ − 955
\begin{center}
+ − 956
\begin{tabular}{rcl}
2273
+ − 957
\multicolumn{3}{@ {\hspace{-4mm}}l}{abstractions:}\\
+ − 958
@{text "INJ (\<lambda>x. t :: \<sigma>, \<lambda>x. s :: \<tau>) "} & $\dn$ &
+ − 959
$\begin{cases}
+ − 960
@{text "\<lambda>x. INJ (t, s)"} \quad\mbox{provided @{text "\<sigma> = \<tau>"}}\\
+ − 961
@{text "REP (\<sigma>, \<tau>) (ABS (\<sigma>, \<tau>) (\<lambda>x. INJ (t, s)))"}
+ − 962
\end{cases}$\\
+ − 963
@{text "INJ (\<lambda>x \<in> R. t :: \<sigma>, \<lambda>x. s :: \<tau>) "} & $\dn$
+ − 964
& @{text "REP (\<sigma>, \<tau>) (ABS (\<sigma>, \<tau>) (\<lambda>x \<in> R. INJ (t, s)))"}\smallskip\\
+ − 965
\multicolumn{3}{@ {\hspace{-4mm}}l}{universal quantifiers:}\\
+ − 966
@{text "INJ (\<forall> t, \<forall> s) "} & $\dn$ & @{text "\<forall> INJ (t, s)"}\\
+ − 967
@{text "INJ (\<forall> t \<in> R, \<forall> s) "} & $\dn$ & @{text "\<forall> INJ (t, s) \<in> R"}\smallskip\\
+ − 968
\multicolumn{3}{@ {\hspace{-4mm}}l}{applications, variables and constants:}\smallskip\\
2245
+ − 969
@{text "INJ (t\<^isub>1 t\<^isub>2, s\<^isub>1 s\<^isub>2) "} & $\dn$ & @{text " INJ (t\<^isub>1, s\<^isub>1) INJ (t\<^isub>2, s\<^isub>2)"}\\
2273
+ − 970
@{text "INJ (x\<^isub>1\<^sup>\<sigma>, x\<^isub>2\<^sup>\<tau>) "} & $\dn$ &
+ − 971
$\begin{cases}
+ − 972
@{text "x\<^isub>1"} \quad\mbox{provided @{text "\<sigma> = \<tau>"}}\\
+ − 973
@{text "REP (\<sigma>, \<tau>) (ABS (\<sigma>, \<tau>) x\<^isub>1)"}\\
+ − 974
\end{cases}$\\
+ − 975
@{text "INJ (c\<^isub>1\<^sup>\<sigma>, c\<^isub>2\<^sup>\<tau>) "} & $\dn$ &
+ − 976
$\begin{cases}
+ − 977
@{text "c\<^isub>1"} \quad\mbox{provided @{text "\<sigma> = \<tau>"}}\\
+ − 978
@{text "REP (\<sigma>, \<tau>) (ABS (\<sigma>, \<tau>) c\<^isub>1)"}\\
+ − 979
\end{cases}$\\
2245
+ − 980
\end{tabular}
+ − 981
\end{center}
2198
+ − 982
2279
+ − 983
\noindent
2319
+ − 984
In this definition we again omitted the cases for existential and unique existential
2376
+ − 985
quantifiers.
2208
+ − 986
2421
+ − 987
%%% FIXME: Reviewer2 citing following sentence: You mention earlier
+ − 988
%%% that this implication may fail to be true. Does that meant that
+ − 989
%%% the `first proof step' is a heuristic that proves the implication
+ − 990
%%% raw_thm \implies reg_thm in some instances, but fails in others?
+ − 991
%%% You should clarify under which circumstances the implication is
+ − 992
%%% being proved here.
2423
+ − 993
%%% Cezary: It would be nice to cite Homeiers discussions in the
+ − 994
%%% Quotient Package manual from HOL (the longer paper), do you agree?
2421
+ − 995
2279
+ − 996
In the first proof step, establishing @{text "raw_thm \<longrightarrow> reg_thm"}, we always
+ − 997
start with an implication. Isabelle provides \emph{mono} rules that can split up
2319
+ − 998
the implications into simpler implicational subgoals. This succeeds for every
2332
9a560e489c64
polished paper again (and took out some claims about Homeier's package)
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 999
monotone connective, except in places where the function @{text REG} replaced,
2287
+ − 1000
for instance, a quantifier by a bounded quantifier. In this case we have
2279
+ − 1001
rules of the form
2208
+ − 1002
2279
+ − 1003
@{text [display, indent=10] "(\<forall>x. R x \<longrightarrow> (P x \<longrightarrow> Q x)) \<longrightarrow> (\<forall>x. P x \<longrightarrow> \<forall>x \<in> R. Q x)"}
+ − 1004
+ − 1005
\noindent
2280
229660b9f2fc
Fix regularization. Two "FIXME" left in introduction. Minor spellings.
Cezary Kaliszyk <kaliszyk@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 1006
They decompose a bounded quantifier on the right-hand side. We can decompose a
229660b9f2fc
Fix regularization. Two "FIXME" left in introduction. Minor spellings.
Cezary Kaliszyk <kaliszyk@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 1007
bounded quantifier anywhere if R is an equivalence relation or
229660b9f2fc
Fix regularization. Two "FIXME" left in introduction. Minor spellings.
Cezary Kaliszyk <kaliszyk@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 1008
if it is a relation over function types with the range being an equivalence
229660b9f2fc
Fix regularization. Two "FIXME" left in introduction. Minor spellings.
Cezary Kaliszyk <kaliszyk@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 1009
relation. If @{text R} is an equivalence relation we can prove that
2261
+ − 1010
2279
+ − 1011
@{text [display, indent=10] "\<forall>x \<in> Respects R. P x = \<forall>x. P x"}
2199
+ − 1012
2279
+ − 1013
\noindent
2412
+ − 1014
If @{term R\<^isub>2} is an equivalence relation, we can prove that for any predicate @{term P}
2231
+ − 1015
2421
+ − 1016
%%% FIXME Reviewer 1 claims the theorem is obviously false so maybe we
+ − 1017
%%% should include a proof sketch?
+ − 1018
2273
+ − 1019
@{thm [display, indent=10] (concl) ball_reg_eqv_range[of R\<^isub>1 R\<^isub>2, no_vars]}
2209
+ − 1020
2279
+ − 1021
\noindent
2242
+ − 1022
The last theorem is new in comparison with Homeier's package. There the
2332
9a560e489c64
polished paper again (and took out some claims about Homeier's package)
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 1023
injection procedure would be used to prove such goals and
2279
+ − 1024
the assumption about the equivalence relation would be used. We use the above theorem directly,
+ − 1025
because this allows us to completely separate the first and the second
2287
+ − 1026
proof step into two independent ``units''.
2206
+ − 1027
2412
+ − 1028
The second proof step, establishing @{text "reg_thm \<longleftrightarrow> inj_thm"}, starts with an equality
+ − 1029
between the terms of the regularized theorem and the injected theorem.
2279
+ − 1030
The proof again follows the structure of the
2332
9a560e489c64
polished paper again (and took out some claims about Homeier's package)
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 1031
two underlying terms and is defined for a goal being a relation between these two terms.
2199
+ − 1032
2211
+ − 1033
\begin{itemize}
2332
9a560e489c64
polished paper again (and took out some claims about Homeier's package)
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 1034
\item For two constants an appropriate respectfulness theorem is applied.
2279
+ − 1035
\item For two variables, we use the assumptions proved in the regularization step.
+ − 1036
\item For two abstractions, we @{text "\<eta>"}-expand and @{text "\<beta>"}-reduce them.
+ − 1037
\item For two applications, we check that the right-hand side is an application of
2332
9a560e489c64
polished paper again (and took out some claims about Homeier's package)
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 1038
@{term Rep} to an @{term Abs} and @{term "Quotient R Rep Abs"} holds. If yes then we
2279
+ − 1039
can apply the theorem:
2271
+ − 1040
+ − 1041
@{term [display, indent=10] "R x y \<longrightarrow> R x (Rep (Abs y))"}
+ − 1042
2279
+ − 1043
Otherwise we introduce an appropriate relation between the subterms
2271
+ − 1044
and continue with two subgoals using the lemma:
+ − 1045
2273
+ − 1046
@{text [display, indent=10] "(R\<^isub>1 \<doublearr> R\<^isub>2) f g \<longrightarrow> R\<^isub>1 x y \<longrightarrow> R\<^isub>2 (f x) (g y)"}
2211
+ − 1047
\end{itemize}
2199
+ − 1048
2279
+ − 1049
We defined the theorem @{text "inj_thm"} in such a way that
+ − 1050
establishing the equivalence @{text "inj_thm \<longleftrightarrow> quot_thm"} can be
+ − 1051
achieved by rewriting @{text "inj_thm"} with the preservation theorems and quotient
2437
+ − 1052
definitions. First the definitions of all lifted constants
2412
+ − 1053
are used to fold the @{term Rep} with the raw constants. Next for
2279
+ − 1054
all abstractions and quantifiers the lambda and
2271
+ − 1055
quantifier preservation theorems are used to replace the
2279
+ − 1056
variables that include raw types with respects by quantifiers
2271
+ − 1057
over variables that include quotient types. We show here only
2279
+ − 1058
the lambda preservation theorem. Given
+ − 1059
@{term "Quotient R\<^isub>1 Abs\<^isub>1 Rep\<^isub>1"} and @{term "Quotient R\<^isub>2 Abs\<^isub>2 Rep\<^isub>2"}, we have:
2211
+ − 1060
2373
+ − 1061
@{thm [display, indent=10] (concl) lambda_prs[of _ "Abs\<^isub>1" "Rep\<^isub>1" _ "Abs\<^isub>2" "Rep\<^isub>2", no_vars]}
2199
+ − 1062
2243
+ − 1063
\noindent
2412
+ − 1064
Next, relations over lifted types can be rewritten to equalities
+ − 1065
over lifted type. Rewriting is performed with the following theorem,
+ − 1066
which has been shown by Homeier~\cite{Homeier05}:
2211
+ − 1067
2376
+ − 1068
@{thm [display, indent=10] (concl) Quotient_rel_rep[no_vars]}
2199
+ − 1069
2271
+ − 1070
\noindent
2279
+ − 1071
Finally, we rewrite with the preservation theorems. This will result
+ − 1072
in two equal terms that can be solved by reflexivity.
2246
+ − 1073
*}
1994
+ − 1074
2376
+ − 1075
2274
+ − 1076
section {* Examples \label{sec:examples} *}
1994
+ − 1077
2421
+ − 1078
text {*
2206
+ − 1079
2421
+ − 1080
%%% FIXME Reviewer 1 would like an example of regularized and injected
+ − 1081
%%% statements. He asks for the examples twice, but I would still ignore
+ − 1082
%%% it due to lack of space...
2210
+ − 1083
2332
9a560e489c64
polished paper again (and took out some claims about Homeier's package)
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 1084
In this section we will show a sequence of declarations for defining the
9a560e489c64
polished paper again (and took out some claims about Homeier's package)
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 1085
type of integers by quotienting pairs of natural numbers, and
9a560e489c64
polished paper again (and took out some claims about Homeier's package)
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 1086
lifting one theorem.
2210
+ − 1087
2240
+ − 1088
A user of our quotient package first needs to define a relation on
2332
9a560e489c64
polished paper again (and took out some claims about Homeier's package)
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 1089
the raw type with which the quotienting will be performed. We give
2279
+ − 1090
the same integer relation as the one presented in \eqref{natpairequiv}:
2240
+ − 1091
+ − 1092
\begin{isabelle}\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ %
2279
+ − 1093
\begin{tabular}{@ {}l}
+ − 1094
\isacommand{fun}~~@{text "int_rel :: (nat \<times> nat) \<Rightarrow> (nat \<times> nat) \<Rightarrow> (nat \<times> nat)"}\\
+ − 1095
\isacommand{where}~~@{text "int_rel (m, n) (p, q) = (m + q = n + p)"}
+ − 1096
\end{tabular}
2239
+ − 1097
\end{isabelle}
2210
+ − 1098
2239
+ − 1099
\noindent
2332
9a560e489c64
polished paper again (and took out some claims about Homeier's package)
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 1100
Next the quotient type must be defined. This generates a proof obligation that the
2279
+ − 1101
relation is an equivalence relation, which is solved automatically using the
2332
9a560e489c64
polished paper again (and took out some claims about Homeier's package)
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 1102
definition of equivalence and extensionality:
2210
+ − 1103
2240
+ − 1104
\begin{isabelle}\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ %
2279
+ − 1105
\begin{tabular}{@ {}l}
+ − 1106
\isacommand{quotient\_type}~~@{text "int"}~~\isacommand{=}~~@{text "(nat \<times> nat)"}~~\isacommand{/}~~@{text "int_rel"}\\
+ − 1107
\hspace{5mm}@{text "by (auto simp add: equivp_def expand_fun_eq)"}
+ − 1108
\end{tabular}
2239
+ − 1109
\end{isabelle}
2210
+ − 1110
2239
+ − 1111
\noindent
2210
+ − 1112
The user can then specify the constants on the quotient type:
+ − 1113
2240
+ − 1114
\begin{isabelle}\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ %
+ − 1115
\begin{tabular}{@ {}l}
2279
+ − 1116
\isacommand{quotient\_definition}~~@{text "0 :: int"}~~\isacommand{is}~~@{text "(0 :: nat, 0 :: nat)"}\\[3mm]
2287
+ − 1117
\isacommand{fun}~~@{text "add_pair"}~~\isacommand{where}~~%
+ − 1118
@{text "add_pair (m, n) (p, q) \<equiv> (m + p :: nat, n + q :: nat)"}\\
2273
+ − 1119
\isacommand{quotient\_definition}~~@{text "+ :: int \<Rightarrow> int \<Rightarrow> int"}~~%
2287
+ − 1120
\isacommand{is}~~@{text "add_pair"}\\
2240
+ − 1121
\end{tabular}
+ − 1122
\end{isabelle}
2210
+ − 1123
2240
+ − 1124
\noindent
2279
+ − 1125
The following theorem about addition on the raw level can be proved.
2210
+ − 1126
2240
+ − 1127
\begin{isabelle}\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ %
2287
+ − 1128
\isacommand{lemma}~~@{text "add_pair_zero: int_rel (add_pair (0, 0) x) x"}
2240
+ − 1129
\end{isabelle}
2210
+ − 1130
2240
+ − 1131
\noindent
2413
+ − 1132
If the user lifts this theorem, the quotient package performs all the lifting
+ − 1133
automatically leaving the respectfulness proof for the constant @{text "add_pair"}
+ − 1134
as the only remaining proof obligation. This property needs to be proved by the user:
2210
+ − 1135
2240
+ − 1136
\begin{isabelle}\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ %
2279
+ − 1137
\begin{tabular}{@ {}l}
2287
+ − 1138
\isacommand{lemma}~~@{text "[quot_respect]:"}\\
+ − 1139
@{text "(int_rel \<doublearr> int_rel \<doublearr> int_rel) add_pair add_pair"}
2279
+ − 1140
\end{tabular}
2240
+ − 1141
\end{isabelle}
+ − 1142
+ − 1143
\noindent
2413
+ − 1144
It can be discharged automatically by Isabelle when hinting to unfold the definition
2273
+ − 1145
of @{text "\<doublearr>"}.
2332
9a560e489c64
polished paper again (and took out some claims about Homeier's package)
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
diff
changeset
+ − 1146
After this, the user can prove the lifted lemma as follows:
2210
+ − 1147
2240
+ − 1148
\begin{isabelle}\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ %
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+ − 1149
\isacommand{lemma}~~@{text "0 + (x :: int) = x"}~~\isacommand{by}~~@{text "lifting add_pair_zero"}
2240
+ − 1150
\end{isabelle}
2210
+ − 1151
2240
+ − 1152
\noindent
2333
+ − 1153
or by using the completely automated mode stating just:
2210
+ − 1154
2240
+ − 1155
\begin{isabelle}\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ %
2287
+ − 1156
\isacommand{thm}~~@{text "add_pair_zero[quot_lifted]"}
2240
+ − 1157
\end{isabelle}
2210
+ − 1158
2240
+ − 1159
\noindent
2279
+ − 1160
Both methods give the same result, namely
+ − 1161
+ − 1162
@{text [display, indent=10] "0 + x = x"}
+ − 1163
+ − 1164
\noindent
2333
+ − 1165
where @{text x} is of type integer.
2279
+ − 1166
Although seemingly simple, arriving at this result without the help of a quotient
2333
+ − 1167
package requires a substantial reasoning effort (see \cite{Paulson06}).
2210
+ − 1168
*}
2206
+ − 1169
2256
+ − 1170
section {* Conclusion and Related Work\label{sec:conc}*}
1978
+ − 1171
+ − 1172
text {*
2243
+ − 1173
2333
+ − 1174
The code of the quotient package and the examples described here are already
+ − 1175
included in the standard distribution of Isabelle.\footnote{Available from
+ − 1176
\href{http://isabelle.in.tum.de/}{http://isabelle.in.tum.de/}.} The package is
+ − 1177
heavily used in the new version of Nominal Isabelle, which provides a
+ − 1178
convenient reasoning infrastructure for programming language calculi
+ − 1179
involving general binders. To achieve this, it builds types representing
+ − 1180
@{text \<alpha>}-equivalent terms. Earlier versions of Nominal Isabelle have been
+ − 1181
used successfully in formalisations of an equivalence checking algorithm for
+ − 1182
LF \cite{UrbanCheneyBerghofer08}, Typed
+ − 1183
Scheme~\cite{TobinHochstadtFelleisen08}, several calculi for concurrency
+ − 1184
\cite{BengtsonParow09} and a strong normalisation result for cut-elimination
+ − 1185
in classical logic \cite{UrbanZhu08}.
+ − 1186
2237
+ − 1187
2333
+ − 1188
There is a wide range of existing literature for dealing with quotients
+ − 1189
in theorem provers. Slotosch~\cite{Slotosch97} implemented a mechanism that
+ − 1190
automatically defines quotient types for Isabelle/HOL. But he did not
+ − 1191
include theorem lifting. Harrison's quotient package~\cite{harrison-thesis}
+ − 1192
is the first one that is able to automatically lift theorems, however only
+ − 1193
first-order theorems (that is theorems where abstractions, quantifiers and
+ − 1194
variables do not involve functions that include the quotient type). There is
+ − 1195
also some work on quotient types in non-HOL based systems and logical
+ − 1196
frameworks, including theory interpretations in
+ − 1197
PVS~\cite{PVS:Interpretations}, new types in MetaPRL~\cite{Nogin02}, and
+ − 1198
setoids in Coq \cite{ChicliPS02}. Paulson showed a construction of
+ − 1199
quotients that does not require the Hilbert Choice operator, but also only
+ − 1200
first-order theorems can be lifted~\cite{Paulson06}. The most related work
+ − 1201
to our package is the package for HOL4 by Homeier~\cite{Homeier05}. He
+ − 1202
introduced most of the abstract notions about quotients and also deals with
+ − 1203
lifting of higher-order theorems. However, he cannot deal with quotient
+ − 1204
compositions (needed for lifting theorems about @{text flat}). Also, a
+ − 1205
number of his definitions, like @{text ABS}, @{text REP} and @{text INJ} etc
+ − 1206
only exist in \cite{Homeier05} as ML-code, not included in the paper.
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+ − 1207
Like Homeier's, our quotient package can deal with partial equivalence
+ − 1208
relations, but for lack of space we do not describe the mechanisms
+ − 1209
needed for this kind of quotient constructions.
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+ − 1210
2422
+ − 1211
%%% FIXME Reviewer 3 would like to know more about the lifting in Coq and PVS,
+ − 1212
%%% and some comparison. I don't think we have the space for any additions...
2333
+ − 1213
+ − 1214
One feature of our quotient package is that when lifting theorems, the user
+ − 1215
can precisely specify what the lifted theorem should look like. This feature
+ − 1216
is necessary, for example, when lifting an induction principle for two
+ − 1217
lists. Assuming this principle has as the conclusion a predicate of the
+ − 1218
form @{text "P xs ys"}, then we can precisely specify whether we want to
+ − 1219
quotient @{text "xs"} or @{text "ys"}, or both. We found this feature very
+ − 1220
useful in the new version of Nominal Isabelle, where such a choice is
+ − 1221
required to generate a reasoning infrastructure for alpha-equated terms.
2287
+ − 1222
%%
+ − 1223
%% give an example for this
+ − 1224
%%
2278
+ − 1225
\medskip
2224
+ − 1226
2263
+ − 1227
\noindent
2287
+ − 1228
{\bf Acknowledgements:} We would like to thank Peter Homeier for the many
2277
+ − 1229
discussions about his HOL4 quotient package and explaining to us
2283
+ − 1230
some of its finer points in the implementation. Without his patient
+ − 1231
help, this work would have been impossible.
2263
+ − 1232
2224
+ − 1233
*}
+ − 1234
+ − 1235
2227
+ − 1236
1975
b1281a0051ae
added stub for quotient paper; call with isabelle make qpaper
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
parents:
diff
changeset
+ − 1237
(*<*)
b1281a0051ae
added stub for quotient paper; call with isabelle make qpaper
Christian Urban <urbanc@in.tum.de>
parents:
diff
changeset
+ − 1238
end
1978
+ − 1239
(*>*)