// A simple lexer inspired by work of Sulzmann $ Lu

//==================================================

//

// Call the test cases with 

//

//   amm lexer.sc small

//   amm lexer.sc fib

//   amm lexer.sc loops

//   amm lexer.sc email

//

//   amm lexer.sc all

// regular expressions including records

abstract class Rexp 

case object ZERO extends Rexp

case object ONE extends Rexp

case class CHAR(c: Char) extends Rexp

case class ALT(r1: Rexp, r2: Rexp) extends Rexp 

case class SEQ(r1: Rexp, r2: Rexp) extends Rexp 

case class STAR(r: Rexp) extends Rexp 

case class RECD(x: String, r: Rexp) extends Rexp  

                // records for extracting strings or tokens

// values  

abstract class Val

case object Empty extends Val

case class Chr(c: Char) extends Val

case class Sequ(v1: Val, v2: Val) extends Val

case class Left(v: Val) extends Val

case class Right(v: Val) extends Val

case class Stars(vs: List[Val]) extends Val

case class Rec(x: String, v: Val) extends Val

// some convenience for typing in regular expressions

import scala.language.implicitConversions

def charlist2rexp(s : List[Char]): Rexp = s match {

  case Nil => ONE

  case c::Nil => CHAR(c)

  case c::s => SEQ(CHAR(c), charlist2rexp(s))

}

given Conversion[String, Rexp] = (s => charlist2rexp(s.toList))

extension (s: String) {

  def $ (r: Rexp) = RECD(s, r)

  def | (r: Rexp) = ALT(s, r)

  def | (r: String) = ALT(s, r)

  def % = STAR(s)

  def ~ (r: Rexp) = SEQ(s, r)

  def ~ (r: String) = SEQ(s, r)

}

extension (r: Rexp) {

  def | (s: Rexp) = ALT(r, s)

  def % = STAR(r)

  def ~ (s: Rexp) = SEQ(r, s)

}

def nullable(r: Rexp) : Boolean = r match {

  case ZERO => false

  case ONE => true

  case CHAR(_) => false

  case ALT(r1, r2) => nullable(r1) || nullable(r2)

  case SEQ(r1, r2) => nullable(r1) && nullable(r2)

  case STAR(_) => true

  case RECD(_, r1) => nullable(r1)

}

def der(c: Char, r: Rexp) : Rexp = r match {

  case ZERO => ZERO

  case ONE => ZERO

  case CHAR(d) => if (c == d) ONE else ZERO

  case ALT(r1, r2) => ALT(der(c, r1), der(c, r2))

  case SEQ(r1, r2) => 

    if (nullable(r1)) ALT(SEQ(der(c, r1), r2), der(c, r2))

    else SEQ(der(c, r1), r2)

  case STAR(r) => SEQ(der(c, r), STAR(r))

}

// extracts a string from a value

def flatten(v: Val) : String = v match {

  case Empty => ""

  case Chr(c) => c.toString

  case Left(v) => flatten(v)

  case Right(v) => flatten(v)

  case Sequ(v1, v2) => flatten(v1) ++ flatten(v2)

  case Stars(vs) => vs.map(flatten).mkString

  case Rec(_, v) => flatten(v)

}

// extracts an environment from a value;

// used for tokenising a string

def env(v: Val) : List[(String, String)] = v match {

  case Empty => Nil

  case Chr(c) => Nil

  case Left(v) => env(v)

  case Right(v) => env(v)

  case Sequ(v1, v2) => env(v1) ::: env(v2)

  case Stars(vs) => vs.flatMap(env)

  case Rec(x, v) => (x, flatten(v))::env(v)

}

// The injection and mkeps part of the lexer

//===========================================

def mkeps(r: Rexp) : Val = r match {

  case ONE => Empty

  case ALT(r1, r2) => 

    if (nullable(r1)) Left(mkeps(r1)) else Right(mkeps(r2))

  case SEQ(r1, r2) => Sequ(mkeps(r1), mkeps(r2))

  case STAR(r) => Stars(Nil)

  case RECD(x, r) => Rec(x, mkeps(r))

}

def inj(r: Rexp, c: Char, v: Val) : Val = (r, v) match {

  case (STAR(r), Sequ(v1, Stars(vs))) => Stars(inj(r, c, v1)::vs)

  case (SEQ(r1, r2), Sequ(v1, v2)) => Sequ(inj(r1, c, v1), v2)

  case (SEQ(r1, r2), Left(Sequ(v1, v2))) => Sequ(inj(r1, c, v1), v2)

  case (SEQ(r1, r2), Right(v2)) => Sequ(mkeps(r1), inj(r2, c, v2))

  case (ALT(r1, r2), Left(v1)) => Left(inj(r1, c, v1))

  case (ALT(r1, r2), Right(v2)) => Right(inj(r2, c, v2))

  case (CHAR(d), Empty) => Chr(c) 

  case (RECD(x, r1), _) => Rec(x, inj(r1, c, v))

}

// some "rectification" functions for simplification

def F_ID(v: Val): Val = v

def F_RIGHT(f: Val => Val) = (v:Val) => Right(f(v))

def F_LEFT(f: Val => Val) = (v:Val) => Left(f(v))

def F_ALT(f1: Val => Val, f2: Val => Val) = (v:Val) => v match {

  case Right(v) => Right(f2(v))

  case Left(v) => Left(f1(v))

}

def F_SEQ(f1: Val => Val, f2: Val => Val) = (v:Val) => v match {

  case Sequ(v1, v2) => Sequ(f1(v1), f2(v2))

}

def F_SEQ_Empty1(f1: Val => Val, f2: Val => Val) = 

  (v:Val) => Sequ(f1(Empty), f2(v))

def F_SEQ_Empty2(f1: Val => Val, f2: Val => Val) = 

  (v:Val) => Sequ(f1(v), f2(Empty))

def F_ERROR(v: Val): Val = throw new Exception("error")

// simplification

def simp(r: Rexp): (Rexp, Val => Val) = r match {

  case ALT(r1, r2) => {

    val (r1s, f1s) = simp(r1)

    val (r2s, f2s) = simp(r2)

    (r1s, r2s) match {

      case (ZERO, _) => (r2s, F_RIGHT(f2s))

      case (_, ZERO) => (r1s, F_LEFT(f1s))

      case _ => if (r1s == r2s) (r1s, F_LEFT(f1s))

                else (ALT (r1s, r2s), F_ALT(f1s, f2s)) 

    }

  }

  case SEQ(r1, r2) => {

    val (r1s, f1s) = simp(r1)

    val (r2s, f2s) = simp(r2)

    (r1s, r2s) match {

      case (ZERO, _) => (ZERO, F_ERROR)

      case (_, ZERO) => (ZERO, F_ERROR)

      case (ONE, _) => (r2s, F_SEQ_Empty1(f1s, f2s))

      case (_, ONE) => (r1s, F_SEQ_Empty2(f1s, f2s))

      case _ => (SEQ(r1s,r2s), F_SEQ(f1s, f2s))

    }

  }

  case r => (r, F_ID)

}

// lexing functions including simplification

def lex_simp(r: Rexp, s: List[Char]) : Val = s match {

  case Nil => if (nullable(r)) mkeps(r) else 

    { throw new Exception("lexing error") } 

  case c::cs => {

    val (r_simp, f_simp) = simp(der(c, r))

    inj(r, c, f_simp(lex_simp(r_simp, cs)))

  }

}

def lexing_simp(r: Rexp, s: String) = 

  env(lex_simp(r, s.toList))

// The Lexing Rules for the WHILE Language

def PLUS(r: Rexp) = r ~ r.%

def Range(s : List[Char]) : Rexp = s match {

  case Nil => ZERO

  case c::Nil => CHAR(c)

  case c::s => ALT(CHAR(c), Range(s))

}

def RANGE(s: String) = Range(s.toList)

val SYM = RANGE("ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz_")

val DIGIT = RANGE("0123456789")

val ID = SYM ~ (SYM | DIGIT).% 

val NUM = PLUS(DIGIT)

val KEYWORD : Rexp = "skip" | "while" | "do" | "if" | "then" | "else" | "read" | "write" 

val SEMI: Rexp = ";"

val OP: Rexp = ":=" | "=" | "-" | "+" | "*" | "!=" | "<" | ">"

val WHITESPACE = PLUS(" " | "\n" | "\t" | "\r")

val RPAREN: Rexp = "{"

val LPAREN: Rexp = "}"

val STRING: Rexp = "\"" ~ SYM.% ~ "\""

val WHILE_REGS = (("k" $ KEYWORD) | 

                  ("i" $ ID) | 

                  ("o" $ OP) | 

                  ("n" $ NUM) | 

                  ("s" $ SEMI) | 

                  ("str" $ STRING) |

                  ("p" $ (LPAREN | RPAREN)) | 

                  ("w" $ WHITESPACE)).%

// Two Simple While Tests

//========================

@arg(doc = "small tests")

@main

def small() = {

  val prog0 = """read n"""

  println(s"test: $prog0")

  println(lexing_simp(WHILE_REGS, prog0))

  val prog1 = """read  n; write n"""  

  println(s"test: $prog1")

  println(lexing_simp(WHILE_REGS, prog1))

}

// Bigger Tests

//==============

// escapes strings and prints them out as "", "\n" and so on

def esc(raw: String): String = {

  "\"" + raw.replaceAll("\\n", "\\\\n").replaceAll ("\\t", "\\\\t") + "\""

}

def escape(tks: List[(String, String)]) =

  tks.map{ case (s1, s2) => (s1, esc(s2))}

val prog2 = """

write "Fib";

read n;

minus1 := 0;

minus2 := 1;

while n > 0 do {

  temp := minus2;

  minus2 := minus1 + minus2;

  minus1 := temp;

  n := n - 1

};

write "Result";

write minus2

"""

@arg(doc = "Fibonacci test")

@main

def fib() = {

  println("lexing fib program")

  println(escape(lexing_simp(WHILE_REGS, prog2)).mkString("\n"))

}

val prog3 = """

start := 1000;

x := start;

y := start;

z := start;

while 0 < x do {

 while 0 < y do {

  while 0 < z do {

    z := z - 1

  };

  z := start;

  y := y - 1

 };     

 y := start;

 x := x - 1

}

"""

@arg(doc = "Loops test")

@main

def loops() = {

  println("lexing Loops")

  println(escape(lexing_simp(WHILE_REGS, prog3)).mkString("\n"))

}

@arg(doc = "Email Test")

@main

def email() = {

  val lower = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"

  val NAME = RECD("name", PLUS(RANGE(lower ++ "_.-")))

  val DOMAIN = RECD("domain", PLUS(RANGE(lower ++ "-")))

  val RE = RANGE(lower ++ ".")

  val TOPLEVEL = RECD("top", (RE ~ RE) |

                             (RE ~ RE ~ RE) | 

                             (RE ~ RE ~ RE ~ RE) | 

                             (RE ~ RE ~ RE ~ RE ~ RE) |

                             (RE ~ RE ~ RE ~ RE ~ RE ~ RE))

  val EMAIL = NAME ~ "@" ~ DOMAIN ~ "." ~ TOPLEVEL

  println(lexing_simp(EMAIL, "christian.urban@kcl.ac.uk"))

}

@arg(doc = "All tests.")

@main

def all() = { small(); fib() ; loops() ; email() } 

/*

// for escaping strings in Scala 3 use this equivalent code

import scala.quoted._

def escapeImpl(raw: Expr[String])(using Quotes): Expr[String] = {

  import quotes.reflect.*

  Literal(StringConstant(raw.show)).asExprOf[String]

}

inline def esc(inline raw: String): String = ${escapeImpl('{raw})}

val s = "abc\ndef"       // not escaped

val e = esc("abc\ndef")  // escaped

println(s)

println(e)

*/