| author | Christian Urban <christian.urban@kcl.ac.uk> |
| Tue, 01 Dec 2020 05:41:12 +0000 | |
| changeset 813 | 059f970287d1 |
| parent 744 | 99c5916d9a8f |
| child 814 | 1fbaa5f05516 |
| permissions | -rw-r--r-- |
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% !TEX program = xelatex |
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\documentclass[dvipsnames,14pt,t,xelatex,aspectratio=169,xcolor={table}]{beamer}
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%%\usepackage{xcolor}
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\usepackage{../slides}
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\usepackage{../langs}
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\usepackage{../data}
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\usepackage{../graphics}
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\usepackage{../grammar}
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\usepackage[most]{tcolorbox}
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\newtcbox{\hl}[1][]{%
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tcbox raise base, nobeforeafter, |
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enhanced, colframe=gray, |
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colback=gray!30, boxrule=1pt, |
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fontupper=\ttfamily, |
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#1} |
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\lstset{morekeywords={def,if,then,else,write,read},keywordstyle=\color{codepurple}\bfseries}
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% beamer stuff |
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\renewcommand{\slidecaption}{CFL 09, King's College London}
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\newcommand{\bl}[1]{\textcolor{blue}{#1}}
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\begin{document}
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
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\begin{frame}[t]
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\frametitle{%
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\begin{tabular}{@ {}c@ {}}
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\\[-3mm] |
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\LARGE Compilers and \\[-2mm] |
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\LARGE Formal Languages\\[3mm] |
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\end{tabular}}
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\normalsize |
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\begin{center}
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\begin{tabular}{ll}
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Email: & christian.urban at kcl.ac.uk\\ |
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%Office Hours: & Thursdays 12 -- 14\\ |
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%Location: & N7.07 (North Wing, Bush House)\\ |
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Slides \& Progs: & KEATS (also homework is there)\\ |
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\end{tabular}
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\end{center}
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\begin{center}
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\begin{tikzpicture}
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\node[drop shadow,fill=white,inner sep=0pt] |
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{\footnotesize\rowcolors{1}{capri!10}{white}
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\begin{tabular}{|p{4.8cm}|p{4.8cm}|}\hline
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1 Introduction, Languages & 6 While-Language \\ |
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2 Regular Expressions, Derivatives & 7 Compilation, JVM \\ |
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3 Automata, Regular Languages & \cellcolor{blue!50} 8 Compiling Functional Languages \\
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4 Lexing, Tokenising & 9 Optimisations \\ |
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5 Grammars, Parsing & 10 LLVM \\ \hline |
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\end{tabular}%
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}; |
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\end{tikzpicture}
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\end{center}
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\end{frame}
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
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% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
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% \begin{frame}[c]
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% \begin{center}
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% \bl{\begin{tabular}{@{}lcl@{}}
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% \meta{Stmt} & $::=$ & $\texttt{skip}$\\
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% & $|$ & \textit{Id}\;\texttt{:=}\;\meta{AExp}\\
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% & $|$ & \texttt{if}\; \meta{BExp} \;\texttt{then}\; \meta{Block} \;\texttt{else}\; \meta{Block}\\
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% & $|$ & \texttt{while}\; \meta{BExp} \;\texttt{do}\; \meta{Block}\\
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% & $|$ & \texttt{read}\;\textit{Id}\\
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% & $|$ & \texttt{write}\;\textit{Id}\\
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% & $|$ & \texttt{write}\;\textit{String}\medskip\\
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% \meta{Stmts} & $::=$ & \meta{Stmt} \;\texttt{;}\; \meta{Stmts}\\
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% & $|$ & \meta{Stmt}\medskip\\
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% \meta{Block} & $::=$ & \texttt{\{}\,\meta{Stmts}\,\texttt{\}}\\
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% & $|$ & \meta{Stmt}\medskip\\
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% \meta{AExp} & $::=$ & \ldots\\
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% \meta{BExp} & $::=$ & \ldots\\
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% \end{tabular}}
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% \end{center}
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% \end{frame}
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% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
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% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
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% \begin{frame}[t,fragile]
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% \frametitle{Compiling AExps}
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% For example \bl{$1 + ((2 * 3) + (4 - 3))$}:\medskip
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% \begin{columns}[T]
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% \Tree [.$+$ [.$1$ ] [.$+$ [.$*$ $2$ $3$ ] [.$-$ $4$ $3$ ]]] |
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% \end{tikzpicture}}
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% ldc 1 |
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% ldc 2 |
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% ldc 3 |
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% imul |
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% ldc 3 |
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% isub |
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% iadd |
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% iadd |
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% \end{lstlisting}
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% stack-machine |
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% \end{frame}
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% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
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% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
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% \begin{frame}[c,fragile]
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% \frametitle{Compiling AExps}
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% \bl{
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% \begin{center}
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% \begin{tabular}{lcl}
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% $\textit{compile}(n, E)$ & $\dn$ & $\pcode{ldc}\;n$\smallskip\\
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% $\textit{compile}(a_1 + a_2, E)$ & $\dn$ \\
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% \multicolumn{3}{c}{$\qquad\textit{compile}(a_1, E) \;@\;\textit{compile}(a_2, E)\;@\; \pcode{iadd}$}\smallskip\\
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% $\textit{compile}(a_1 - a_2, E)$ & $\dn$ \\
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% \multicolumn{3}{c}{$\qquad\textit{compile}(a_1, E) \;@\; \textit{compile}(a_2, E)\;@\; \pcode{isub}$}\smallskip\\
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% $\textit{compile}(a_1 * a_2, E)$ & $\dn$ \\
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% \multicolumn{3}{c}{$\qquad\textit{compile}(a_1, E) \;@\; \textit{compile}(a_2, E)\;@\; \pcode{imul}$}\smallskip\\
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% $\textit{compile}(a_1 \backslash a_2, E)$ & $\dn$\\
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% \multicolumn{3}{c}{$\qquad\textit{compile}(a_1, E) \;@\; \textit{compile}(a_2, E)\;@\; \pcode{idiv}$}\smallskip\\
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% $\textit{compile}(x, E)$ & $\dn$ & $\pcode{iload}\;E(x)$\\
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% \end{tabular}
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% \end{center}}
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% \end{frame}
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% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
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% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
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% \begin{frame}[c,fragile]
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% \frametitle{Compiling Ifs}
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% For example |
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% \begin{lstlisting}[mathescape,numbers=none,language=While]
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% if 1 = 1 then x := 2 else y := 3 |
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% \end{lstlisting}
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% \begin{center}
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% \begin{lstlisting}[mathescape,language=JVMIS,numbers=none]
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% ldc 1 |
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% ldc 1 |
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% if_icmpne L_ifelse $\quad\tikz[remember picture] \node (C) {\mbox{}};$
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% ldc 2 |
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% istore 0 |
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% goto L_ifend $\quad\tikz[remember picture] \node (A) {\mbox{}};$
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% L_ifelse: $\quad\tikz[remember picture] \node[] (D) {\mbox{}};$
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% ldc 3 |
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% istore 1 |
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% L_ifend: $\quad\tikz[remember picture] \node[] (B) {\mbox{}};$
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% \end{lstlisting}
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% \end{center}
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% \begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture,overlay]
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% \draw[->,very thick] (A) edge [->,to path={-- ++(10mm,0mm)
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% -- ++(0mm,-17.3mm) |- (\tikztotarget)},line width=1mm] (B.east); |
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% \draw[->,very thick] (C) edge [->,to path={-- ++(10mm,0mm)
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% -- ++(0mm,-17.3mm) |- (\tikztotarget)},line width=1mm] (D.east); |
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% \end{tikzpicture}
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% \end{frame}
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% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
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% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
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% \begin{frame}[c,fragile]
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% \frametitle{Compiling Whiles}
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% For example |
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% \begin{lstlisting}[mathescape,numbers=none,language=While]
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% while x <= 10 do x := x + 1 |
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% \end{lstlisting}
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% \begin{center}
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% \begin{lstlisting}[mathescape,language=JVMIS,numbers=none]
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% L_wbegin: $\quad\tikz[remember picture] \node[] (LB) {\mbox{}};$
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% iload 0 |
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% ldc 10 |
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% if_icmpgt L_wend $\quad\tikz[remember picture] \node (LC) {\mbox{}};$
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% iload 0 |
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% ldc 1 |
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% iadd |
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% istore 0 |
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% goto L_wbegin $\quad\tikz[remember picture] \node (LA) {\mbox{}};$
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% L_wend: $\quad\tikz[remember picture] \node[] (LD) {\mbox{}};$
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% \end{lstlisting}
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% \end{center}
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% \begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture,overlay]
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% \draw[->,very thick] (LA) edge [->,to path={-- ++(12mm,0mm)
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% -- ++(0mm,17.3mm) |- (\tikztotarget)},line width=1mm] (LB.east); |
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% \draw[->,very thick] (LC) edge [->,to path={-- ++(12mm,0mm)
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% -- ++(0mm,-17.3mm) |- (\tikztotarget)},line width=1mm] (LD.east); |
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% \end{tikzpicture}
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% \end{frame}
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% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
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% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
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% \begin{frame}[c,fragile]
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% \frametitle{Compiling Writes}
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% \small |
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% \begin{lstlisting}[language=JVMIS,mathescape,
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% numbers=none,xleftmargin=-6mm] |
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% .method public static write(I)V |
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% .limit locals 1 |
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% .limit stack 2 |
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% getstatic java/lang/System/out |
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% Ljava/io/PrintStream; |
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% iload 0 |
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% invokevirtual java/io/PrintStream/println(I)V |
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% return |
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% .end method |
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% iload $E(x)$ |
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% invokestatic XXX/XXX/write(I)V |
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% \end{lstlisting}
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% \end{frame}
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% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
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% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
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% \begin{frame}[c,fragile]
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% \frametitle{Compiling Main}
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% \footnotesize |
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% \begin{lstlisting}[language=JVMIS,mathescape,
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% numbers=none,xleftmargin=-6mm] |
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% .class public XXX.XXX |
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% .super java/lang/Object |
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% .method public <init>()V |
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% aload_0 |
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% invokenonvirtual java/lang/Object/<init>()V |
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% return |
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% .end method |
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% .method public static main([Ljava/lang/String;)V |
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% .limit locals 200 |
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% .limit stack 200 |
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% $\textit{\ldots{}here comes the compiled code\ldots}$
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% return |
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% .end method |
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% \end{lstlisting}
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% \end{frame}
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% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
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\begin{frame}[c,fragile]
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\frametitle{Functional Programming}
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\footnotesize |
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\begin{textblock}{13}(0.9,3)
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\begin{lstlisting}[]numbers=none]
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def fib(n) = if n == 0 then 0 |
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else if n == 1 then 1 |
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else fib(n - 1) + fib(n - 2); |
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def fact(n) = if n == 0 then 1 else n * fact(n - 1); |
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def ack(m, n) = if m == 0 then n + 1 |
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else if n == 0 then ack(m - 1, 1) |
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else ack(m - 1, ack(m, n - 1)); |
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def gcd(a, b) = if b == 0 then a else gcd(b, a % b); |
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\end{lstlisting}
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\end{textblock}
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\end{frame}
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
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\begin{frame}[c]
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\frametitle{Fun-Grammar}
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\bl{
|
305 |
\begin{plstx}[rhs style=]
|
|
| 697 | 306 |
: \meta{Exp} ::= \meta{Var} | \meta{Num}{\hspace{4cm}}
|
| 608 | 307 |
| \meta{Exp} + \meta{Exp} | ... | (\meta{Exp})
|
308 |
| \code{if} \meta{BExp} \code{then} \meta{Exp} \code{else} \meta{Exp}
|
|
| 697 | 309 |
| \code{write} \meta{Exp} {\hspace{5cm}}
|
| 608 | 310 |
| \meta{Exp} ; \meta{Exp}
|
311 |
| \textit{FunName} (\meta{Exp}, ... , \meta{Exp})\\
|
|
312 |
: \meta{BExp} ::= ...\\
|
|
313 |
: \meta{Def} ::= \code{def} \textit{FunName} ($\hspace{0.4mm}x_1$, ... , $x_n$) = \meta{Exp}\\
|
|
314 |
: \meta{Prog} ::= \meta{Def} ; \meta{Prog}
|
|
315 |
| \meta{Exp} ; \meta{Prog}
|
|
316 |
| \meta{Exp}\\
|
|
317 |
\end{plstx}}
|
|
|
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|
318 |
|
| 608 | 319 |
% Almost what is implemented - Exp ; Exp is left-recursive |
320 |
% |
|
321 |
\end{frame}
|
|
322 |
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
|
|
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|
323 |
|
|
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|
324 |
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
| 608 | 325 |
\begin{frame}[c, fragile]
|
326 |
\frametitle{Abstract Syntax Trees}
|
|
327 |
||
328 |
\footnotesize |
|
329 |
\begin{lstlisting}[language=Scala, numbers=none, xleftmargin=-1mm]
|
|
330 |
abstract class Exp |
|
331 |
abstract class BExp |
|
332 |
abstract class Decl |
|
333 |
||
334 |
case class Var(s: String) extends Exp |
|
335 |
case class Num(i: Int) extends Exp |
|
336 |
case class Aop(o: String, a1: Exp, a2: Exp) extends Exp |
|
337 |
case class If(a: BExp, e1: Exp, e2: Exp) extends Exp |
|
338 |
case class Write(e: Exp) extends Exp |
|
339 |
case class Sequ(e1: Exp, e2: Exp) extends Exp |
|
340 |
case class Call(name: String, args: List[Exp]) extends Exp |
|
341 |
||
342 |
case class Bop(o: String, a1: Exp, a2: Exp) extends BExp |
|
343 |
||
344 |
case class Def(name: String, |
|
345 |
args: List[String], |
|
346 |
body: Exp) extends Decl |
|
347 |
case class Main(e: Exp) extends Decl |
|
348 |
\end{lstlisting}
|
|
349 |
||
350 |
\end{frame}
|
|
351 |
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
|
352 |
||
353 |
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
|
354 |
\begin{frame}[c, fragile]
|
|
| 697 | 355 |
\frametitle{Ideas}
|
| 608 | 356 |
|
| 697 | 357 |
Use separate JVM methods for each Fun-function.\bigskip |
358 |
||
359 |
Compile \bl{\texttt{exp}}s such that the result of the expression
|
|
| 608 | 360 |
is on top of the stack.\bigskip |
361 |
||
362 |
\begin{itemize}
|
|
363 |
\item \texttt{\color{codepurple}{write}}\texttt{(1 + 2)}
|
|
364 |
\item \texttt{1 + 2; 3 + 4}
|
|
365 |
\end{itemize}
|
|
366 |
||
367 |
\end{frame}
|
|
368 |
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
|
|
196
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|
369 |
|
| 608 | 370 |
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
371 |
\begin{frame}[c, fragile]
|
|
372 |
\frametitle{Sequences}
|
|
373 |
||
374 |
Compiling \texttt{exp1 ; exp2}:\bigskip
|
|
375 |
||
376 |
||
377 |
\begin{lstlisting}[mathescape,language=JVMIS, numbers=none]
|
|
378 |
$\textit{compile}$(exp1)
|
|
379 |
pop |
|
380 |
$\textit{compile}$(exp2)
|
|
381 |
\end{lstlisting}
|
|
382 |
||
383 |
\end{frame}
|
|
384 |
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
|
385 |
||
386 |
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
|
387 |
\begin{frame}[t, fragile]
|
|
388 |
\frametitle{Write}
|
|
389 |
||
390 |
Compiling call to \texttt{write(1+2)}:\bigskip
|
|
391 |
||
|
196
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|
392 |
|
| 608 | 393 |
\begin{lstlisting}[mathescape,language=JVMIS, numbers=none]
|
394 |
$\textit{compile}$(1+2)
|
|
395 |
dup |
|
396 |
invokestatic XXX/XXX/write(I)V |
|
397 |
\end{lstlisting}\bigskip
|
|
398 |
||
399 |
\small |
|
400 |
needs the helper method |
|
401 |
||
402 |
\footnotesize |
|
403 |
\begin{lstlisting}[language=JVMIS,
|
|
404 |
xleftmargin=2mm, |
|
405 |
numbers=none] |
|
406 |
.method public static write(I)V |
|
407 |
.limit locals 1 |
|
408 |
.limit stack 2 |
|
409 |
getstatic java/lang/System/out Ljava/io/PrintStream; |
|
410 |
iload 0 |
|
411 |
invokevirtual java/io/PrintStream/println(I)V |
|
412 |
return |
|
413 |
.end method |
|
414 |
\end{lstlisting}
|
|
415 |
\end{frame}
|
|
|
196
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93
diff
changeset
|
416 |
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
|
7182786d9c68
added
Christian Urban <christian dot urban at kcl dot ac dot uk>
parents:
93
diff
changeset
|
417 |
|
|
7182786d9c68
added
Christian Urban <christian dot urban at kcl dot ac dot uk>
parents:
93
diff
changeset
|
418 |
|
|
7182786d9c68
added
Christian Urban <christian dot urban at kcl dot ac dot uk>
parents:
93
diff
changeset
|
419 |
|
|
7182786d9c68
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diff
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|
420 |
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
| 608 | 421 |
\begin{frame}[t, fragile]
|
422 |
\frametitle{Function Definitions}
|
|
423 |
||
424 |
\footnotesize |
|
425 |
\begin{lstlisting}[language=JVMIS,
|
|
426 |
xleftmargin=2mm, |
|
427 |
numbers=none] |
|
428 |
.method public static write(I)V |
|
429 |
.limit locals 1 |
|
430 |
.limit stack 2 |
|
431 |
getstatic java/lang/System/out Ljava/io/PrintStream; |
|
432 |
iload 0 |
|
433 |
invokevirtual java/io/PrintStream/println(I)V |
|
434 |
return |
|
435 |
.end method |
|
436 |
\end{lstlisting}\bigskip
|
|
437 |
||
| 697 | 438 |
\small We will need methods for definitions like\footnotesize\medskip |
| 608 | 439 |
|
440 |
\begin{lstlisting}[language=JVMIS,
|
|
441 |
xleftmargin=2mm, |
|
442 |
numbers=none] |
|
443 |
def fname (x1, ... , xn) = ... |
|
444 |
||
445 |
.method public static fname (I...I)I |
|
446 |
.limit locals ?? |
|
447 |
.limit stack ?? |
|
448 |
?? |
|
449 |
.end method |
|
450 |
\end{lstlisting}
|
|
|
196
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parents:
93
diff
changeset
|
451 |
|
| 608 | 452 |
\end{frame}
|
453 |
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
|
454 |
||
455 |
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
|
456 |
\begin{frame}[c, fragile]
|
|
457 |
\frametitle{Stack Estimation}
|
|
458 |
\small |
|
459 |
\mbox{}\\[-15mm]
|
|
|
196
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parents:
93
diff
changeset
|
460 |
|
| 608 | 461 |
\bl{\begin{center}
|
462 |
\begin{tabular}{@{\hspace{-4mm}}l@{\hspace{2mm}}c@{\hspace{2mm}}l@{}}
|
|
463 |
$\textit{estimate}(n)$ & $\dn$ & $1$\\
|
|
464 |
$\textit{estimate}(x)$ & $\dn$ & $1$\\
|
|
465 |
$\textit{estimate}(a_1\;aop\;a_2)$ & $\dn$ &
|
|
466 |
$\textit{estimate}(a_1) + \textit{estimate}(a_2)$\\
|
|
467 |
$\textit{estimate}(\pcode{if}\;b\;\pcode{then}\;e_1\;\pcode{else}\;e_2)$ & $\dn$ &
|
|
468 |
$\textit{estimate}(b) +$\\
|
|
469 |
& & $\quad max(\textit{estimate}(e_1), \textit{estimate}(e_2))$\\
|
|
470 |
$\textit{estimate}(\pcode{write}(e))$ & $\dn$ &
|
|
471 |
$\textit{estimate}(e) + 1$\\
|
|
472 |
$\textit{estimate}(e_1 ; e_2)$ & $\dn$ &
|
|
473 |
$max(\textit{estimate}(e_1), \textit{estimate}(e_2))$\\
|
|
474 |
$\textit{estimate}(f(e_1, ..., e_n))$ & $\dn$ &
|
|
475 |
$\sum_{i = 1..n}\;estimate(e_i)$\medskip\\
|
|
476 |
$\textit{estimate}(a_1\;bop\;a_2)$ & $\dn$ &
|
|
477 |
$\textit{estimate}(a_1) + \textit{estimate}(a_2)$\\
|
|
478 |
\end{tabular}
|
|
479 |
\end{center}}
|
|
480 |
||
481 |
\end{frame}
|
|
482 |
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
|
|
196
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Christian Urban <christian dot urban at kcl dot ac dot uk>
parents:
93
diff
changeset
|
483 |
|
|
197
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196
diff
changeset
|
484 |
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
| 608 | 485 |
\begin{frame}[fragile]
|
486 |
\frametitle{Successor Function}
|
|
487 |
||
488 |
\begin{textblock}{7}(1,2.5)\footnotesize
|
|
489 |
\begin{minipage}{6cm}
|
|
490 |
\begin{lstlisting}[language=JVMIS,basicstyle=\ttfamily, numbers=none]
|
|
491 |
.method public static suc(I)I |
|
492 |
.limit locals 1 |
|
493 |
.limit stack 2 |
|
494 |
iload 0 |
|
495 |
ldc 1 |
|
496 |
iadd |
|
497 |
ireturn |
|
498 |
.end method |
|
499 |
\end{lstlisting}
|
|
500 |
\end{minipage}
|
|
501 |
\end{textblock}
|
|
502 |
||
503 |
\begin{textblock}{7}(6,8)
|
|
504 |
\begin{bubble}[5cm]\small
|
|
505 |
\begin{lstlisting}[language=Lisp,
|
|
506 |
basicstyle=\ttfamily, |
|
507 |
numbers=none, |
|
508 |
xleftmargin=1mm,linebackgroundcolor=\color{cream}]
|
|
509 |
def suc(x) = x + 1; |
|
510 |
\end{lstlisting}
|
|
511 |
\end{bubble}
|
|
512 |
\end{textblock}
|
|
513 |
||
514 |
\end{frame}
|
|
515 |
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
|
516 |
||
517 |
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
|
518 |
\begin{frame}[fragile]
|
|
519 |
\frametitle{Addition Function}
|
|
520 |
||
521 |
\begin{textblock}{7}(1,1.9)\footnotesize
|
|
522 |
\begin{minipage}{6cm}
|
|
523 |
\begin{lstlisting}[language=JVMIS,basicstyle=\ttfamily, numbers=none]
|
|
524 |
.method public static add(II)I |
|
525 |
.limit locals 2 |
|
526 |
.limit stack 5 |
|
527 |
iload 0 |
|
528 |
ldc 0 |
|
529 |
if_icmpne If_else |
|
530 |
iload 1 |
|
531 |
goto If_end |
|
532 |
If_else: |
|
533 |
iload 0 |
|
534 |
ldc 1 |
|
535 |
isub |
|
536 |
iload 1 |
|
537 |
invokestatic XXX/XXX/add(II)I |
|
538 |
invokestatic XXX/XXX/suc(I)I |
|
539 |
If_end: |
|
540 |
ireturn |
|
541 |
.end method |
|
542 |
\end{lstlisting}
|
|
543 |
\end{minipage}
|
|
544 |
\end{textblock}
|
|
|
196
7182786d9c68
added
Christian Urban <christian dot urban at kcl dot ac dot uk>
parents:
93
diff
changeset
|
545 |
|
| 608 | 546 |
\begin{textblock}{7}(6,6.6)
|
547 |
\begin{bubble}[7cm]\small
|
|
548 |
\begin{lstlisting}[language=Lisp,
|
|
549 |
basicstyle=\ttfamily, |
|
550 |
numbers=none, |
|
551 |
xleftmargin=1mm,linebackgroundcolor=\color{cream}]
|
|
552 |
def add(x, y) = |
|
553 |
if x == 0 then y |
|
554 |
else suc(add(x - 1, y)); |
|
555 |
\end{lstlisting}
|
|
556 |
\end{bubble}
|
|
557 |
\end{textblock}
|
|
558 |
||
559 |
\end{frame}
|
|
560 |
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
|
561 |
||
562 |
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
|
563 |
\begin{frame}[c,fragile]
|
|
564 |
\frametitle{Factorial}
|
|
|
197
6622bd256029
added
Christian Urban <christian dot urban at kcl dot ac dot uk>
parents:
196
diff
changeset
|
565 |
|
| 608 | 566 |
\begin{textblock}{7}(1,1.8)\footnotesize
|
567 |
\begin{minipage}{6cm}
|
|
568 |
\begin{lstlisting}[language=JVMIS,basicstyle=\ttfamily, numbers=none]
|
|
569 |
.method public static facT(II)I |
|
570 |
.limit locals 2 |
|
571 |
.limit stack 6 |
|
572 |
iload 0 |
|
| 701 | 573 |
ldc 0 |
| 608 | 574 |
if_icmpne If_else_2 |
575 |
iload 1 |
|
576 |
goto If_end_3 |
|
577 |
If_else_2: |
|
578 |
iload 0 |
|
579 |
ldc 1 |
|
580 |
isub |
|
581 |
iload 0 |
|
582 |
iload 1 |
|
583 |
imul |
|
584 |
invokestatic fact/fact/facT(II)I |
|
585 |
If_end_3: |
|
586 |
ireturn |
|
587 |
.end method |
|
588 |
\end{lstlisting}
|
|
589 |
\end{minipage}
|
|
590 |
\end{textblock}
|
|
591 |
||
592 |
\begin{textblock}{7}(6,7)
|
|
593 |
\begin{bubble}[7cm]\small
|
|
594 |
\begin{lstlisting}[language=Lisp,
|
|
595 |
basicstyle=\ttfamily, |
|
596 |
numbers=none, |
|
597 |
xleftmargin=1mm,linebackgroundcolor=\color{cream}]
|
|
598 |
def facT(n, acc) = |
|
599 |
if n == 0 then acc |
|
600 |
else facT(n - 1, n * acc); |
|
601 |
\end{lstlisting}
|
|
602 |
\end{bubble}
|
|
603 |
\end{textblock}
|
|
604 |
||
605 |
\end{frame}
|
|
|
197
6622bd256029
added
Christian Urban <christian dot urban at kcl dot ac dot uk>
parents:
196
diff
changeset
|
606 |
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
|
196
7182786d9c68
added
Christian Urban <christian dot urban at kcl dot ac dot uk>
parents:
93
diff
changeset
|
607 |
|
|
7182786d9c68
added
Christian Urban <christian dot urban at kcl dot ac dot uk>
parents:
93
diff
changeset
|
608 |
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
| 608 | 609 |
\begin{frame}[fragile]
|
610 |
||
611 |
\begin{textblock}{7}(1,-0.2)\footnotesize
|
|
612 |
\begin{minipage}{6cm}
|
|
613 |
\begin{lstlisting}[language=JVMIS,basicstyle=\ttfamily, numbers=none, escapeinside={(*@}{@*)}]
|
|
614 |
.method public static facT(II)I |
|
615 |
.limit locals 2 |
|
616 |
.limit stack 6 |
|
617 |
(*@\hl{facT\_Start:} @*)
|
|
618 |
iload 0 |
|
619 |
ldc 0 |
|
620 |
if_icmpne If_else_2 |
|
621 |
iload 1 |
|
622 |
goto If_end_3 |
|
623 |
If_else_2: |
|
624 |
iload 0 |
|
625 |
ldc 1 |
|
626 |
isub |
|
627 |
iload 0 |
|
628 |
iload 1 |
|
629 |
imul |
|
630 |
(*@\hl{istore 1} @*)
|
|
631 |
(*@\hl{istore 0} @*)
|
|
632 |
(*@\hl{goto facT\_Start} @*)
|
|
633 |
If_end_3: |
|
634 |
ireturn |
|
635 |
.end method |
|
636 |
\end{lstlisting}
|
|
637 |
\end{minipage}
|
|
638 |
\end{textblock}
|
|
639 |
||
640 |
\begin{textblock}{7}(6,7)
|
|
641 |
\begin{bubble}[7cm]\small
|
|
642 |
\begin{lstlisting}[language=Lisp,
|
|
643 |
basicstyle=\ttfamily, |
|
644 |
numbers=none, |
|
645 |
xleftmargin=1mm,linebackgroundcolor=\color{cream}]
|
|
646 |
def facT(n, acc) = |
|
647 |
if n == 0 then acc |
|
648 |
else facT(n - 1, n * acc); |
|
649 |
\end{lstlisting}
|
|
650 |
\end{bubble}
|
|
651 |
\end{textblock}
|
|
652 |
||
653 |
\end{frame}
|
|
654 |
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
|
655 |
||
656 |
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
|
657 |
\begin{frame}[t, fragile]
|
|
658 |
\frametitle{Tail Recursion}
|
|
659 |
||
660 |
A call to \texttt{f(args)} is usually compiled as\medskip
|
|
661 |
||
662 |
{\small\begin{lstlisting}[basicstyle=\ttfamily, numbers=none]
|
|
663 |
args onto stack |
|
664 |
invokestatic .../f |
|
665 |
\end{lstlisting}}\pause
|
|
666 |
||
667 |
||
668 |
A call is in tail position provided:\medskip |
|
669 |
||
670 |
{\small\begin{itemize}
|
|
671 |
\item \texttt{if Bexp then \hl{Exp} else \hl{Exp}}
|
|
672 |
\item \texttt{Exp ; \hl{Exp}}
|
|
673 |
\item \texttt{Exp op Exp}
|
|
674 |
\end{itemize}}\medskip
|
|
675 |
||
676 |
then a call \texttt{f(args)} can be compiled as\medskip\small
|
|
677 |
||
| 697 | 678 |
\begin{lstlisting}[numbers=none]
|
| 608 | 679 |
prepare environment |
680 |
jump to start of function |
|
681 |
\end{lstlisting}
|
|
682 |
||
683 |
\end{frame}
|
|
684 |
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
|
685 |
||
686 |
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
|
687 |
\begin{frame}[c, fragile]
|
|
688 |
\frametitle{Tail Recursive Call}
|
|
689 |
\footnotesize |
|
690 |
||
| 697 | 691 |
\begin{textblock}{13}(-0.3,3)
|
692 |
\begin{lstlisting}[language=Scala, numbers=none]
|
|
| 608 | 693 |
def compile_expT(a: Exp, env: Mem, name: String): Instrs = |
694 |
... |
|
| 697 | 695 |
case Call(n, args) => if (name == n) |
| 608 | 696 |
{
|
| 697 | 697 |
val stores = |
698 |
args.zipWithIndex.map { case (x, y) => i"istore $y" }
|
|
699 |
||
700 |
args.map(a => compile_expT(a, env, "")).mkString ++ |
|
701 |
stores.reverse.mkString ++ |
|
702 |
i"goto ${n}_Start"
|
|
703 |
} else {
|
|
| 608 | 704 |
val is = "I" * args.length |
| 697 | 705 |
args.map(a => compile_expT(a, env, "")).mkString ++ |
706 |
i"invokestatic XXX/XXX/${n}(${is})I"
|
|
| 608 | 707 |
} |
708 |
\end{lstlisting}
|
|
709 |
\end{textblock}
|
|
710 |
||
711 |
\end{frame}
|
|
712 |
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
|
713 |
||
714 |
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
|
715 |
\begin{frame}[c]
|
|
716 |
\frametitle{Dijkstra on Testing}
|
|
717 |
||
718 |
\begin{bubble}[10cm]
|
|
719 |
``Program testing can be a very effective way to show the |
|
720 |
presence of bugs, but it is hopelessly inadequate for showing |
|
721 |
their absence.'' |
|
722 |
\end{bubble}\bigskip
|
|
723 |
||
724 |
\small |
|
725 |
What is good about compilers: the either seem to work, |
|
726 |
or go horribly wrong (most of the time). |
|
727 |
||
728 |
\end{frame}
|
|
729 |
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
|
730 |
||
731 |
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
|
732 |
\begin{frame}[c]
|
|
733 |
\frametitle{\Large Proving Programs to be Correct}
|
|
734 |
||
735 |
\begin{bubble}[10cm]
|
|
736 |
\small |
|
737 |
{\bf Theorem:} There are infinitely many prime
|
|
738 |
numbers.\medskip\\ |
|
739 |
||
740 |
{\bf Proof} \ldots\\
|
|
741 |
\end{bubble}\bigskip
|
|
742 |
||
743 |
||
744 |
similarly\bigskip |
|
745 |
||
746 |
\begin{bubble}[10cm]
|
|
747 |
\small |
|
748 |
{\bf Theorem:} The program is doing what
|
|
749 |
it is supposed to be doing.\medskip |
|
750 |
||
751 |
{\bf Long, long proof} \ldots\\
|
|
752 |
\end{bubble}\bigskip\medskip
|
|
753 |
||
754 |
\small This can be a gigantic proof. The only hope is to have |
|
755 |
help from the computer. `Program' is here to be understood to be |
|
756 |
quite general (compiler, OS, \ldots). |
|
757 |
||
758 |
\end{frame}
|
|
759 |
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
|
760 |
||
761 |
||
762 |
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
|
763 |
\begin{frame}[c]
|
|
764 |
\frametitle{Can This Be Done?}
|
|
|
196
7182786d9c68
added
Christian Urban <christian dot urban at kcl dot ac dot uk>
parents:
93
diff
changeset
|
765 |
|
|
7182786d9c68
added
Christian Urban <christian dot urban at kcl dot ac dot uk>
parents:
93
diff
changeset
|
766 |
\begin{itemize}
|
| 608 | 767 |
\item in 2008, verification of a small C-compiler |
768 |
\begin{itemize}
|
|
769 |
\item ``if my input program has a certain behaviour, then the compiled machine code has the same behaviour'' |
|
770 |
\item is as good as \texttt{gcc -O1}, but much, much less buggy
|
|
771 |
\end{itemize}
|
|
|
196
7182786d9c68
added
Christian Urban <christian dot urban at kcl dot ac dot uk>
parents:
93
diff
changeset
|
772 |
\end{itemize}
|
|
7182786d9c68
added
Christian Urban <christian dot urban at kcl dot ac dot uk>
parents:
93
diff
changeset
|
773 |
|
| 608 | 774 |
\begin{center}
|
775 |
\includegraphics[scale=0.12]{../pics/compcert.png}
|
|
776 |
\end{center}
|
|
777 |
||
778 |
\end{frame}
|
|
779 |
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
|
780 |
||
781 |
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
|
782 |
\begin{frame}[c]
|
|
783 |
\frametitle{Fuzzy Testing C-Compilers}
|
|
|
196
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added
Christian Urban <christian dot urban at kcl dot ac dot uk>
parents:
93
diff
changeset
|
784 |
|
| 608 | 785 |
\begin{itemize}
|
786 |
\item tested GCC, LLVM and others by randomly generating |
|
787 |
C-programs |
|
788 |
\item found more than 300 bugs in GCC and also |
|
789 |
many in LLVM (some of them highest-level critical)\bigskip |
|
790 |
\item about CompCert: |
|
791 |
||
792 |
\begin{bubble}[10cm]\small ``The striking thing about our CompCert
|
|
793 |
results is that the middle-end bugs we found in all other |
|
794 |
compilers are absent. As of early 2011, the under-development |
|
795 |
version of CompCert is the only compiler we have tested for |
|
796 |
which Csmith cannot find wrong-code errors. This is not for |
|
797 |
lack of trying: we have devoted about six CPU-years to the |
|
798 |
task.'' |
|
799 |
\end{bubble}
|
|
800 |
\end{itemize}
|
|
801 |
||
802 |
\end{frame}
|
|
803 |
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% |
|
|
196
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Christian Urban <christian dot urban at kcl dot ac dot uk>
parents:
93
diff
changeset
|
804 |
|
| 697 | 805 |
|
806 |
||
|
65
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tuned
Christian Urban <christian dot urban at kcl dot ac dot uk>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
807 |
\end{document}
|
|
ade6af51402c
tuned
Christian Urban <christian dot urban at kcl dot ac dot uk>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
808 |
|
|
ade6af51402c
tuned
Christian Urban <christian dot urban at kcl dot ac dot uk>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
809 |
%%% Local Variables: |
|
ade6af51402c
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Christian Urban <christian dot urban at kcl dot ac dot uk>
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diff
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|
810 |
%%% mode: latex |
|
ade6af51402c
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Christian Urban <christian dot urban at kcl dot ac dot uk>
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diff
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|
811 |
%%% TeX-master: t |
|
ade6af51402c
tuned
Christian Urban <christian dot urban at kcl dot ac dot uk>
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diff
changeset
|
812 |
%%% End: |
|
ade6af51402c
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Christian Urban <christian dot urban at kcl dot ac dot uk>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
813 |