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\section*{Handout 4 (Unix-Style Access Control)}

Access control is essentially about deciding whether to grant
access to a resource or deny it. This sounds easy. Right? Well
it turns out that things are not as simple as seem at first.
Let us study as a case how access is organised in Unix-like
systems (Windows systems have generally similar access
control, although the details might be quite different).
 
Following the Unix-philosophy that everything is considered as
a file, even memory or ports, access control is organised
around 11 Bits that specify how a file can be accessed. There
are three modes for access \textbf{r}ead, \textbf{w}rite and
e\textbf{x}ecute. Moreover there are .... owner, group and
everybody else.



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