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\begin{document}
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\mode<presentation>{
\begin{frame}<1>[t]
\frametitle{%
\begin{tabular}{@ {}c@ {}}
\\
\LARGE Access Control and \\[-3mm]
\LARGE Privacy Policies (3)\\[-6mm]
\end{tabular}}\bigskip\bigskip\bigskip
%\begin{center}
%\includegraphics[scale=1.3]{pics/barrier.jpg}
%\end{center}
\normalsize
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{ll}
Email: & christian.urban at kcl.ac.uk\\
Of$\!$fice: & S1.27 (1st floor Strand Building)\\
Slides: & KEATS (also home work is there)\\
& \alert{\bf (I have put a temporary link in there.)}\\
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{frame}}
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\mode<presentation>{
\begin{frame}[c]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.45]{pics/trainwreck.jpg}\\
one general defence mechanism is\\\alert{\bf defence in depth}
\end{center}
\end{frame}}
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\mode<presentation>{
\begin{frame}<1-2>[c]
\frametitle{Defence in Depth}
\begin{itemize}
\item \alt<1>{overlapping}{{\LARGE\bf overlapping}} systems designed to provide\\ security even if one of them fails.
\end{itemize}
\only<2->{
\begin{textblock}{11}(2,12)
\small otherwise your ``added security'' can become the point of failure
\end{textblock}}
\end{frame}}
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\mode<presentation>{
\begin{frame}[c]
\frametitle{PALs}
\begin{itemize}
\item \alert{Permissive Action Links} prevent unauthorised use of nuclear weapons (so the theory)
\end{itemize}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.25]{pics/nuclear1.jpg}\hspace{3mm}
\includegraphics[scale=0.25]{pics/nuclear2.jpg}
\end{center}
\onslide<3->{
modern PALs also include a 2-person rule
}
\only<2->{
\begin{textblock}{11}(3,2)
\begin{tikzpicture}
\draw (0,0) node[inner sep=2mm,fill=cream, ultra thick, draw=red, rounded corners=2mm]
{\begin{minipage}{8cm}
US Air Force's Strategic Air Command worried that in times of need the
codes would not be available, so until 1977 quietly decided to set them
to 00000000\ldots
\end{minipage}};
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{textblock}}
\end{frame}}
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\mode<presentation>{
\begin{frame}[c]
\begin{itemize}
\item until 1998, Britain had nuclear weapons that could be launched from airplanes\bigskip\pause
\item these weapons were armed with a bicycle key
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}[b]{c}
\includegraphics[scale=1.05]{pics/britkeys1.jpg}\\
\small nuclear weapon keys
\end{tabular}
\hspace{3mm}
\begin{tabular}[b]{c}
\includegraphics[scale=0.35]{pics/britkeys2.jpg}\\
\small bicycle lock
\end{tabular}
\end{center}\bigskip\pause
\item the current Trident nuclear weapons can be launched from a submarine without any code being transmitted
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}}
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\mode<presentation>{
\begin{frame}[c]
\frametitle{Access Control in Unix}
\begin{itemize}
\item access control provided by the OS
\item authenticate principals (login)
\item mediate access to files, ports, processes according to \alert{roles} (user ids)\\
\item roles get attached with privileges\bigskip\\%
\hspace{8mm}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\draw (0,0) node[inner sep=2mm,fill=cream, ultra thick, draw=red, rounded corners=2mm]
{\begin{minipage}{8cm}
\alert{principle of least privilege:}\\
programs should only have as much privilege as they need
\end{minipage}};
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}}
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\mode<presentation>{
\begin{frame}[c]
\frametitle{Access Control in Unix (2)}
\begin{itemize}
\item the idea is to restrict access to files and therefore lower the consequences of an attack\\[1cm]\mbox{}
\end{itemize}
\begin{textblock}{1}(2.5,9.5)
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1]
\draw[line width=1mm] (-.3, 0) rectangle (1.5,2);
\draw (4.7,1) node {Internet};
\draw (0.6,1.7) node {\footnotesize Interface};
\draw (0.6,-0.4) node {\footnotesize \begin{tabular}{c}unprivileged\\[-1mm] process\end{tabular}};
\draw (-2.7,-0.4) node {\footnotesize \begin{tabular}{c}privileged\\[-1mm] process\end{tabular}};
\draw[line width=1mm] (-1.8, 0) rectangle (-3.6,2);
\draw[white] (1.7,1) node (X) {};
\draw[white] (3.7,1) node (Y) {};
\draw[red, <->, line width = 2mm] (X) -- (Y);
\draw[red, <->, line width = 1mm] (-0.6,1) -- (-1.6,1);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{textblock}
\end{frame}}
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\mode<presentation>{
\begin{frame}[t]
\frametitle{Process Ownership}
\begin{itemize}
\item access control in Unix is very coarse
\end{itemize}\bigskip\bigskip\bigskip
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{c}
root\\
\hline
user$_1$ user$_2$ \ldots www, mail, lp
\end{tabular}
\end{center}\bigskip\bigskip\bigskip
\textcolor{gray}{\small root has UID $=$ 0}\\\pause
\textcolor{gray}{\small you also have groups that can share access to a file}\\
\textcolor{gray}{\small but it is difficult to exclude access selectively}\\
\end{frame}}
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\mode<presentation>{
\begin{frame}[c]
\frametitle{Access Control in Unix (2)}
\begin{itemize}
\item privileges are specified by file access permissions (``everything is a file'')
\item there are 9 (plus 2) bits that specify the permissions of a file
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{l}
\texttt{\$ ls - la}\\
\texttt{-rwxrw-r-{}- \hspace{3mm} foo\_file.txt}
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}}
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\mode<presentation>{
\begin{frame}[c]
\frametitle{Login Process}
\begin{itemize}
\item login processes run under UID $=$ 0\medskip
\begin{center}
\texttt{ps -axl | grep login}
\end{center}\medskip
\item after login, shells run under UID $=$ user (e.g.~501)\medskip
\begin{center}
\texttt{id cu}
\end{center}\medskip\pause
\item non-root users are not allowed to change the UID --- would break
access control
\item but needed for example for \texttt{passwd}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}}
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\mode<presentation>{
\begin{frame}[c]
\frametitle{Setuid and Setgid}
The solution is that unix file permissions are 9 + \underline{2 Bits}:
\alert{Setuid} and \alert{Setgid} Bits
\begin{itemize}
\item When a file with setuid is executed, the resulting process will assume the UID given to the owner of the file.
\item This enables users to create processes as root (or another user).\bigskip
\item Essential for changing passwords, for example.
\end{itemize}
\begin{center}
\texttt{chmod 4755 fobar\_file}
\end{center}
\end{frame}}
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\mode<presentation>{
\begin{frame}[c]
\frametitle{\begin{tabular}{c}Privilege Separation in\\ OpenSSH\end{tabular}}
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1]
\draw[line width=1mm] (0, 1.1) rectangle (1.2,2);
\draw (4.7,1) node {Internet};
\draw (0.6,1.7) node {\footnotesize Slave};
\draw[line width=1mm] (0, 0) rectangle (1.2,0.9);
\draw (0.6,1.7) node {\footnotesize Slave};
\draw (0.6,0.6) node {\footnotesize Slave};
\draw (0.6,-0.5) node {\footnotesize \begin{tabular}{c}unprivileged\\[-1mm] processes\end{tabular}};
\draw (-2.7,-0.4) node {\footnotesize \begin{tabular}{c}privileged\\[-1mm] process\end{tabular}};
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\draw (-2.9,1.7) node {\footnotesize Monitor};
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\draw[red, <->, line width = 2mm] (X) -- (Y);
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\draw[red, <->, line width = 1mm] (-0.4,0.6) -- (-1.4,0.9);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}
\begin{itemize}
\item pre-authorisation slave
\item post-authorisation\bigskip
\item 25\% codebase is privileged, 75\% is unprivileged
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}}
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\mode<presentation>{
\begin{frame}[c]
\frametitle{Network Applications}
ideally network application in Unix should be designed as follows:
\begin{itemize}
\item need two distinct processes
\begin{itemize}
\item one that listens to the network; has no privilege
\item one that is privileged and listens to the latter only (but does not trust it)
\end{itemize}
\item to implement this you need a parent process, which forks a child process
\item this child process drops privileges and listens to hostile data\medskip
\item after authentication the parent forks again and the new child becomes the user
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}}
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\mode<presentation>{
\begin{frame}[c]
\frametitle{\begin{tabular}{@ {}c@ {}}Famous Security Flaws in Unix\end{tabular}}
\begin{itemize}
\item \texttt{lpr} unfortunately runs with root privileges; you had the option to delete files after printing \ldots\pause\pause
\item for debugging purposes (FreeBSD) Unix provides a ``core dump'', but allowed to follow links \ldots\pause
\item \texttt{mkdir foo} is owned by root\medskip
\begin{center}
\texttt{-rwxr-xr-x 1 root wheel /bin/mkdir}
\end{center}\medskip
it first creates an i-node as root and then changes to ownership to the user's id\\ \textcolor{gray}{\small (automated with a shell script)}
\end{itemize}
\only<1>{
\begin{textblock}{1}(3,3)
\begin{tikzpicture}
\draw (0,0) node[inner sep=2mm,fill=cream, ultra thick, draw=red, rounded corners=2mm]
{\begin{minipage}{8cm}
Only failure makes us experts.
-- Theo de Raadt (OpenBSD, OpenSSH)
\end{minipage}};
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{textblock}}
\end{frame}}
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\mode<presentation>{
\begin{frame}[c]
\frametitle{\begin{tabular}{@ {}c@ {}}Other Problems\end{tabular}}
There are thing's you just cannot solve on the programming side:\bigskip
\begin{itemize}
\item for system maintenance you often have \texttt{cron}-jobs cleaning \texttt{/tmp}\medskip
\begin{itemize}
\item attacker:\\
\texttt{mkdir /tmp/a; cat > /tmp/a/passwd}
\item root:\\\texttt{rm /tmp/*/*}:
\item attacker:\\
\texttt{rm /tmp/a/passwd; rmdir /tmp/a;}\\\texttt{ln -s /etc /tmp/a}
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}}
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\mode<presentation>{
\begin{frame}[c]
\frametitle{\begin{tabular}{@ {}c@ {}}Security Levels\end{tabular}}
Unix essentially can only distinguish between two security levels (root and non-root).
\begin{itemize}
\item In military applications you often have many security levels (top-secret, secret, confidential, unclassified)\bigskip\pause
\item Information flow: Bell --- La Padula model
\begin{itemize}
\item read: your own level and below
\item write: your own level and above
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}}
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\mode<presentation>{
\begin{frame}[c]
\frametitle{\begin{tabular}{@ {}c@ {}}Security Levels (2)\end{tabular}}
\begin{itemize}
\item Bell --- La Padula preserves data secrecy, but not data integrity\bigskip\pause
\item Biba model is for data integrity
\begin{itemize}
\item read: your own level and above
\item write: your own level and below
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}}
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\mode<presentation>{
\begin{frame}[c]
\frametitle{\begin{tabular}{@ {}c@ {}}Access Control in 2000\end{tabular}}
According to Ross Anderson (1st edition of his book), some senior Microsoft people held the
following view:
\begin{center}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\draw (0,0) node[inner sep=2mm,fill=cream, ultra thick, draw=red, rounded corners=2mm]
{\begin{minipage}{10.5cm}
\small Access control does not matter. Computers are becoming single-purpose
or single-user devices. Single-purpose devices, such as Web servers that deliver a single service, don't
need much in the way of access control as there's nothing for operating system access controls
to do; the job of separating users from each other is best left to application code. As for the PC
on your desk, if all the software on it comes from a single source, then again there's no need
for the operating system to provide separation. \hfill{}\textcolor{gray}{(in 2000)}
\end{minipage}};
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}
\end{frame}}
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\mode<presentation>{
\begin{frame}[t]
\frametitle{\begin{tabular}{@ {}c@ {}}Research Problems\end{tabular}}
\begin{itemize}
\item with access control we are back to 1970s\bigskip
\only<1>{
\begin{tikzpicture}
\draw (0,0) node[inner sep=2mm,fill=cream, ultra thick, draw=red, rounded corners=2mm]
{\begin{minipage}{10cm}
\small Going all the way back to early time-sharing systems we systems people regarded the users, and any code they wrote, as the mortal enemies of us and each other. We were like the police force in a violent slum.\\
\mbox{}\hfill--- Roger Needham
\end{minipage}};
\end{tikzpicture}}\pause
\item the largest research area in access control in 2000-07 has been ``Trusted Computing'', but thankfully it
is dead now\bigskip
\item a useful research area is to not just have robust access control, but also usable access control --- by programmers and users\\
(one possible answer is operating system virtualisation, e.g.~Xen, VMWare)\medskip\pause
\item electronic voting
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}}
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\mode<presentation>{
\begin{frame}[t]
\frametitle{\begin{tabular}{@ {}c@ {}}Mobile OS\end{tabular}}
\begin{itemize}
\item iOS and Android solve the defence-in-depth problem by \alert{sandboxing} applications\bigskip
\item you as developer have to specify the resources an application needs
\item the OS provides a sandbox where access is restricted to only these resources
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}}
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\mode<presentation>{
\begin{frame}[c]
\frametitle{\begin{tabular}{@ {}c@ {}}Security Theatre\end{tabular}}
Security theatre is the practice of investing in countermeasures intended to provide the
\underline{feeling} of improved security while doing little or nothing to actually achieve it.\hfill{}\textcolor{gray}{Bruce Schneier}
\end{frame}}
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\mode<presentation>{
\begin{frame}[c]
\frametitle{\begin{tabular}{@ {}c@ {}}Security Theatre\end{tabular}}
\begin{itemize}
\item for example, usual locks and strap seals are security theatre
\end{itemize}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.45]{pics/seal.jpg}
\end{center}
\end{frame}}
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\mode<presentation>{
\begin{frame}[c]
\begin{minipage}{11cm}
From: Ross Anderson <Ross.Anderson@cl.cam.ac.uk>\\
To: cl-security-research@lists.cam.ac.uk\\
Subject: Tip off\\
Date: Tue, 02 Oct 2012 13:12:50 +0100\\
I received the following tip off, and have removed the sender's
coordinates. I suspect it is one of many security vendors who
don't even get the basics right; if you ever go to the RSA
conference, there are a thousand such firms in the hall, each
with several eager but ignorant salesmen. A trying experience.\\
Ross
\end{minipage}
\end{frame}}
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\mode<presentation>{
\begin{frame}[c]
\begin{minipage}{11cm}
I'd like to anonymously tip you off about this\\
product:\\
{\small http://www.strongauth.com/products/key-appliance.html}\\
It sounds really clever, doesn't it?\\
\ldots\\
Anyway, it occurred to me that you and your colleagues might have a
field day discovering weaknesses in the appliance and their
implementation of security. However, whilst I'd be willing to help
and/or comment privately, it'd have to be off the record ;-)
\end{minipage}
\end{frame}}
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\mode<presentation>{
\begin{frame}[c]
\frametitle{\begin{tabular}{@ {}c@ {}}Schneier: Step 1\end{tabular}}
{\bf What assets are you trying to protect?}\bigskip
This question might seem basic, but a surprising number of people never ask it. The question involves understanding the scope of the problem. For example, securing an airplane, an airport, commercial aviation, the transportation system, and a nation against terrorism are all different security problems, and require different solutions.
\only<2>{
\begin{tikzpicture}
\draw (0,0) node[inner sep=2mm,fill=cream, ultra thick, draw=red, rounded corners=2mm]
{\begin{minipage}{10cm}
\small You like to prevent: ``It would be terrible if this sort of attack ever happens; we need to do everything in our power to prevent it.''
\end{minipage}};
\end{tikzpicture}}
\end{frame}}
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\mode<presentation>{
\begin{frame}[c]
\frametitle{\begin{tabular}{@ {}c@ {}}Schneier: Step 2\end{tabular}}
{\bf What are the risks to these assets?}\bigskip
Here we consider the need for security. Answering it involves understanding what is being defended, what the consequences are if it is successfully attacked, who wants to attack it, how they might attack it, and why.
\end{frame}}
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\mode<presentation>{
\begin{frame}[c]
\frametitle{\begin{tabular}{@ {}c@ {}}Schneier: Step 3\end{tabular}}
{\bf How well does the security solution mitigate those risks?}\bigskip
Another seemingly obvious question, but one that is frequently ignored. If the security solution doesnŐt solve the problem, it's no good. This is not as simple as looking at the security solution and seeing how well it works. It involves looking at how the security solution interacts with everything around it, evaluating both its operation and its failures.
\end{frame}}
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\mode<presentation>{
\begin{frame}[c]
\frametitle{\begin{tabular}{@ {}c@ {}}Schneier: Step 4\end{tabular}}
{\bf What other risks does the security solution cause?}\bigskip
This question addresses what might be called the problem of unintended consequences. Security solutions have ripple effects, and most cause new security problems. The trick is to understand the new problems and make sure they are smaller than the old ones.
\end{frame}}
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\mode<presentation>{
\begin{frame}[c]
\frametitle{\begin{tabular}{@ {}c@ {}}Schneier: Step 5\end{tabular}}
{\bf What costs and trade-offs does the security solution impose?}\bigskip
Every security system has costs and requires trade-offs. Most security costs money, sometimes substantial amounts; but other trade-offs may be more important, ranging from matters of convenience and comfort to issues involving basic freedoms like privacy. Understanding these trade-offs is essential.
\end{frame}}
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\end{document}
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