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-
-\begin{document}
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\mode<presentation>{
-\begin{frame}<1>[t]
-\frametitle{%
- \begin{tabular}{@ {}c@ {}}
- \\
- \LARGE Access Control and \\[-3mm]
- \LARGE Privacy Policies (9)\\[-6mm]
- \end{tabular}}\bigskip\bigskip\bigskip
-
- %\begin{center}
- %\includegraphics[scale=1.3]{pics/barrier.jpg}
- %\end{center}
-
-\normalsize
- \begin{center}
- \begin{tabular}{ll}
- Email: & christian.urban at kcl.ac.uk\\
- Of$\!$fice: & S1.27 (1st floor Strand Building)\\
- Slides: & KEATS (also homework is there)\\
- \end{tabular}
- \end{center}
-
-\end{frame}}
- %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\mode<presentation>{
-\begin{frame}[c]
-\frametitle{Last Week}
-
-Recall, the Schroeder-Needham (1978) protocol is vulnerable to replay attacks.
-
-\begin{center}
-\begin{tabular}{@{}r@ {\hspace{1mm}}l@{}}
-\bl{$A \rightarrow S :$} & \bl{$A, B, N_A$}\\
-\bl{$S \rightarrow A :$} & \bl{$\{N_A, B, K_{AB},\{K_{AB}, A\}_{K_{BS}} \}_{K_{AS}}$}\\
-\bl{$A \rightarrow B :$} & \bl{$\{K_{AB}, A\}_{K_{BS}} $}\\
-\bl{$B \rightarrow A :$} & \bl{$\{N_B\}_{K_{AB}}$}\\
-\bl{$A \rightarrow B :$} & \bl{$\{N_B-1\}_{K_{AB}}$}\\
-\end{tabular}
-\end{center}\pause
-
-Fix: Replace messages 2 and 3 to include a timestamp:\bigskip
-
-\begin{minipage}{1.1\textwidth}
-\begin{center}
-\begin{tabular}{@{\hspace{-2mm}}r@ {\hspace{1mm}}l@{}}
-\bl{$S \rightarrow A :$} & \bl{$\{B, K_{\!AB}, T_S, \!\{K_{\!AB}, A, T_S\}_{K_{BS}} \}_{K_{AS}}$}\\
-\bl{$A \rightarrow B :$} & \bl{$\{K_{AB}, A, T_S\}_{K_{BS}} $}\\
-\end{tabular}
-\end{center}
-\end{minipage}
-
-\end{frame}}
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\mode<presentation>{
-\begin{frame}[t]
-\frametitle{Denning-Sacco Fix}
-
-Denning-Sacco (1981) suggested to add the timestamp, but omit the handshake:\bigskip
-
-\begin{minipage}{1.1\textwidth}
-\begin{center}
-\begin{tabular}{@{\hspace{-2mm}}r@ {\hspace{1mm}}l@{}}
-\bl{$A \rightarrow S :$} & \bl{$A, B$}\\
-\bl{$S \rightarrow A :$} & \bl{$\{B, K_{\!AB}, T_S, \!\{K_{\!AB}, A, T_S\}_{K_{BS}} \}_{K_{AS}}$}\\
-\bl{$A \rightarrow B :$} & \bl{$\{K_{AB}, A, T_S\}_{K_{BS}} $}\\
-\textcolor{lightgray}{$B \rightarrow A :$} & \textcolor{lightgray}{$\{N_B\}_{K_{AB}}$}\\
-\textcolor{lightgray}{$A \rightarrow B :$} & \textcolor{lightgray}{$\{N_B-1\}_{K_{AB}}$}\\
-\end{tabular}
-\end{center}
-\end{minipage}\bigskip
-
-they argue \bl{$A$} and \bl{$B$} can check that the messages are not replays of earlier
-runs, by checking the time difference with when the protocol is last used
-\end{frame}}
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\mode<presentation>{
-\begin{frame}[t]
-\frametitle{\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}Denning-Sacco-Lowe Fix of Fix\end{tabular}}
-
-Lowe (1997) disagreed and said the handshake should be kept,
-otherwise:\bigskip
-
-\begin{minipage}{1.1\textwidth}
-\begin{center}
-\begin{tabular}{@{\hspace{-7mm}}r@ {\hspace{1mm}}l@{}}
-\bl{$A \rightarrow S :$} & \bl{$A, B$}\\
-\bl{$S \rightarrow A :$} & \bl{$\{B, K_{\!AB}, T_S, \!\{K_{\!AB}, A, T_S\}_{K_{BS}} \}_{K_{AS}}$}\\
-\bl{$A \rightarrow B :$} & \bl{$\{K_{AB}, A, T_S\}_{K_{BS}} $}\\
-\bl{$I(A) \rightarrow B :$} & \bl{$\{K_{AB}, A, T_S\}_{K_{BS}} $}\hspace{5mm}\textcolor{black}{replay}\\
-\end{tabular}
-\end{center}
-\end{minipage}\bigskip
-
-When is this a problem?\pause\medskip
-
-Assume \bl{$B$} is a bank and the message is ``Draw \pounds{1000} from \bl{$A$}'s
-account and transfer it to \bl{$I$}.''
-\end{frame}}
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\mode<presentation>{
-\begin{frame}[t]
-\frametitle{Privacy}
-
-\begin{minipage}{1.05\textwidth}
-\begin{itemize}
-\item we \alert{do} want that government data is made public (free maps for example)
-\item we \alert{do not} want that medical data becomes public (similarly tax data, school
-records, job offers)\bigskip
-\item personal information can potentially lead to fraud
-(identity theft)
-\end{itemize}\pause
-
-{\bf ``The reality'':}
-\only<2>{\begin{itemize}
-\item London Health Programmes lost in June unencrypted details of more than 8 million people
-(no names, but postcodes and details such as gender, age and ethnic origin)
-\end{itemize}}
-\only<3>{\begin{itemize}
-\item also in June Sony, got hacked: over 1M users' personal information, including passwords, email addresses, home addresses, dates of birth, and all Sony opt-in data associated with their accounts.
-\end{itemize}}
-\end{minipage}
-
-\end{frame}}
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\mode<presentation>{
-\begin{frame}[c]
-\frametitle{Privacy and Big Data}
-
-Selected sources of ``Big Data'':\smallskip{}
-
-\begin{itemize}
-\item Facebook
-\begin{itemize}
-\item 40+ Billion photos (100 PB)
-\item 6 Billion messages daily (5 - 10 TB)
-\item 900 Million users
-\end{itemize}
-\item Common Crawl
-\begin{itemize}
-\item covers 3.8 Billion webpages (2012 dataset)
-\item 50 TB of data
-\end{itemize}
-\item Google
-\begin{itemize}
-\item 20 PB daily (2008)
-\end{itemize}
-\item Twitter
-\begin{itemize}
-\item 7 Million users in the UK
-\item a company called Datasift is allowed to mine all tweets since 2010
-\item they charge 10k per month for other companies to target advertisement
-\end{itemize}
-\end{itemize}\pause
-
-
-\end{frame}}
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\mode<presentation>{
-\begin{frame}[c]
-\frametitle{Cookies\ldots}
-
-``We have published a new cookie policy. It explains what cookies are
-and how we use them on our site. To learn more about cookies and
-their benefits, please view our cookie policy.\medskip
-
-If you'd like to disable cookies on this device, please view our information
-pages on 'How to manage cookies'. Please be aware that parts of the
-site will not function correctly if you disable cookies. \medskip
-
-By closing this
-message, you consent to our use of cookies on this device in accordance
-with our cookie policy unless you have disabled them.''
-
-
-\end{frame}}
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\mode<presentation>{
-\begin{frame}[c]
-\frametitle{Scare Tactics}
-
-The actual policy reads:\bigskip
-
-``As we explain in our Cookie Policy, cookies help you to get the most
-out of our websites.\medskip
-
-If you do disable our cookies you may find that certain sections of our
-website do not work. For example, you may have difficulties logging in
-or viewing articles.''
-
-
-
-
-\end{frame}}
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\mode<presentation>{
-\begin{frame}[c]
-\frametitle{Netflix Prize}
-
-Anonymity is \alert{necessary} for privacy, but \alert{not} enough!\bigskip
-
-\begin{itemize}
-\item Netflix offered in 2006 (and every year until 2010) a 1 Mio \$ prize for improving their movie rating algorithm
-\item dataset contained 10\% of all Netflix users (appr.~500K)
-\item names were removed, but included numerical ratings as well as times of rating
-\item some information was \alert{perturbed} (i.e., slightly modified)
-\end{itemize}
-
-\hfill{\bf\alert{All OK?}}
-
-\end{frame}}
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\mode<presentation>{
-\begin{frame}[c]
-\frametitle{Re-identification Attack}
-
-Two researchers analysed the data:
-
-\begin{itemize}
-\item with 8 ratings (2 of them can be wrong) and corresponding dates that can have a margin 14-day error, 98\% of the
-records can be identified
-\item for 68\% only two ratings and dates are sufficient (for movie ratings outside the top 500)\bigskip\pause
-\item they took 50 samples from IMDb (where people can reveal their identity)
-\item 2 of them uniquely identified entries in the Netflix database (either by movie rating or by dates)
-\end{itemize}
-
-\end{frame}}
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\mode<presentation>{
-\begin{frame}[c]
-\frametitle{}
-
-\begin{itemize}
-\item Birth data, postcode and gender (unique for\\ 87\% of the US population)
-\item Preferences in movies (99\% of 500K for 8 ratings)
-\end{itemize}\bigskip
-
-Therefore best practices / or even law (HIPAA, EU):
-
-\begin{itemize}
-\item only year dates (age group for 90 years or over),
-\item no postcodes (sector data is OK, similarly in the US)\\
-\textcolor{gray}{no names, addresses, account numbers, licence plates}
-\item disclosure information needs to be retained for 5 years
-\end{itemize}
-
-\end{frame}}
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\mode<presentation>{
-\begin{frame}[c]
-\frametitle{How to Safely Disclose Information?}
-
-\only<1>{
-\begin{itemize}
-\item Assume you make a survey of 100 randomly chosen people.
-\item Say 99\% of the surveyed people in the 10 - 40 age group have seen the
-Gangnam video on youtube.\bigskip
-
-\item What can you infer about the rest of the population?
-\end{itemize}}
-\only<2>{
-\begin{itemize}
-\item Is it possible to re-identify data later, if more data is released. \bigskip\bigskip\pause
-
-\item Not even releasing only aggregate information prevents re-identification attacks.
-(GWAS was a public database of gene-frequency studies linked to diseases;
-you only needed partial DNA information in order
-to identify whether an individual was part of the study --- DB closed in 2008)
-\end{itemize}}
-
-\end{frame}}
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\mode<presentation>{
-\begin{frame}[c]
-\frametitle{Differential Privacy}
-
-\begin{center}
-User\;\;\;\;
-\begin{tabular}{c}
-tell me \bl{$f(x)$} $\Rightarrow$\\
-$\Leftarrow$ \bl{$f(x) + \text{noise}$}
-\end{tabular}
-\;\;\;\;\begin{tabular}{@{}c}
-Database\\
-\bl{$x_1, \ldots, x_n$}
-\end{tabular}
-\end{center}
-
-
-\begin{itemize}
-\item \bl{$f(x)$} can be released, if \bl{$f$} is insensitive to
-individual entries \bl{$x_1, \ldots, x_n$}\\
-\item Intuition: whatever is learned from the dataset would be learned regardless of whether
-\bl{$x_i$} participates\bigskip\pause
-
-\item Noised needed in order to prevent queries:\\ Christian's salary $=$
-\begin{center}
-\bl{\large$\Sigma$} all staff $-$ \bl{\large$\Sigma$} all staff $\backslash$ Christian
-\end{center}
-\end{itemize}
-
-\end{frame}}
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\mode<presentation>{
-\begin{frame}[c]
-\frametitle{Adding Noise}
-
-Adding noise is not as trivial as one would wish:
-
-\begin{itemize}
-\item If I ask how many of three have seen the Gangnam video and get a result
-as follows
-
-\begin{center}
-\begin{tabular}{l|c}
-Alice & yes\\
-Bob & no\\
-Charlie & yes\\
-\end{tabular}
-\end{center}
-
-then I have to add a noise of \bl{$1$}. So answers would be in the
-range of \bl{$1$} to \bl{$3$}
-
-\bigskip
-\item But if I ask five questions for all the dataset (has seen Gangnam video, is male, below 30, \ldots),
-then one individual can change the dataset by \bl{$5$}
-\end{itemize}
-
-\end{frame}}
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-
-
-
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\mode<presentation>{
-\begin{frame}[t]
-\frametitle{\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}Tor, Anonymous Webbrowsing\end{tabular}}
-
-\begin{itemize}
-\item initially developed by US Navy Labs, but then opened up to the world
-\item network of proxy nodes
-\item a Tor client establishes a ``random'' path to the destination server (you cannot trace back where the information came from)\bigskip\pause
-\end{itemize}
-
-\only<2>{
-\begin{itemize}
-\item malicious exit node attack: someone set up 5 Tor exit nodes and monitored the traffic:
-\begin{itemize}
-\item a number of logons and passwords used by embassies (Usbekistan `s1e7u0l7c', while
-Tunesia `Tunesia' and India `1234')
-\end{itemize}
-\end{itemize}}
-\only<3>{
-\begin{itemize}
-\item bad apple attack: if you have one insecure application, your IP can be tracked through Tor
-\begin{itemize}
-\item background: 40\% of traffic on Tor is generated by BitTorrent
-\end{itemize}
-\end{itemize}}
-
-
-\end{frame}}
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\mode<presentation>{
-\begin{frame}[t]
-\frametitle{\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}Skype Secure Communication\end{tabular}}
-
-\begin{itemize}
-\item Skype used to be known as a secure online communication (encryption cannot be disabled),
-but \ldots\medskip
-
-\item it is impossible to verify whether crypto algorithms are correctly used, or whether there are backdoors.\bigskip
-
-\item recently someone found out that you can reset the password of somebody else's
-account, only knowing their email address (needed to suspended the password reset feature temporarily)
-\end{itemize}
-
-
-\end{frame}}
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-
-
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\mode<presentation>{
-\begin{frame}[c]
-\frametitle{\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}Take Home Point\end{tabular}}
-
-According to Ross Anderson: \bigskip
-\begin{itemize}
-\item Privacy in a big hospital is just about doable.\medskip
-\item How do you enforce privacy in something as big as Google
-or complex as Facebook? No body knows.\bigskip
-
-Similarly, big databases imposed by government
-\end{itemize}
-
-
-\end{frame}}
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\mode<presentation>{
-\begin{frame}[c]
-\frametitle{\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}Next Week\end{tabular}}
-
-Homework: Which areas should I focus on?
-
-
-\end{frame}}
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-
-\end{document}
-
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-%%% mode: latex
-%%% TeX-master: t
-%%% End:
-