%%% ====================================================================

%%%  @BibTeX-style-file{

%%%     author          = "Alan Rogers",

%%%     version         = "1.1",

%%%     date            = "June 27, 1992",

%%%     filename        = "apa.bst",

%%%     address         = "Dept of Anthropology, University of Utah,

%%%                       Salt Lake City, UT 84112",

%%%     checksum        = "21129 1130 3156 23582",

%%%     email           = "rogers@anthro.utah.edu",

%%%     supported       = "no",

%%%     docstring       = "Adapted from apalike.bst.

%%%                        Usage: \documentstyle[astron]{...}

%%%                          ...

%%%                          \bibliographystyle{apa}

%%%                          ...

%%%                        This file incorporates features of Sake J.

%%%                        Hogeveen's `astron.bst' into`apalike.bst'.

%%%                        The \documentstyle command above invokes

%%%                        Hogeveen's `astron.sty', which must be in

%%%                        TeX's search path.

%%%

%%%                        The modifications implement `\cite*{}', which

%%%                        generates references in short form.  For

%%%                        example, `Rogers \cite*{...}' would produce

%%%                        `Rogers (1992)'."

%%%  }

%%% ====================================================================

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

% BibTeX `apalike' bibliography style (24-Jan-88 version)

% Adapted from the `alpha' style, version 0.99a; for BibTeX version 0.99a.

% Copyright (C) 1988, all rights reserved.

% Copying of this file is allowed, provided that if you make any changes at all

% you name it something other than `apalike.bst'.

% This restriction helps ensure that all copies are identical.

% Differences between this style and `alpha' are generally heralded by a `%'.

% The file btxbst.doc has the documentation for alpha.bst.

%

% This style should be used with the `apalike' LaTeX style (apalike.sty).

% \cite's come out like "(Jones, 1986)" in the text but there are no labels

% in the bibliography, and something like "(1986)" comes out immediately

% after the author.  Author (and editor) names appear as last name, comma,

% initials.  A `year' field is required for every entry, and so is either

% an author (or in some cases, an editor) field or a key field.

%

% Editorial note:

% Many journals require a style like `apalike', but I strongly, strongly,

% strongly recommend that you not use it if you have a choice---use something

% like `plain' instead.  Mary-Claire van Leunen (A Handbook for Scholars,

% Knopf, 1979) argues convincingly that a style like `plain' encourages better

% writing than one like `apalike'.  Furthermore the strongest arguments for

% using an author-date style like `apalike'---that it's "the most practical"

% (The Chicago Manual of Style, University of Chicago Press, thirteenth

% edition, 1982, pages 400--401)---fall flat on their face with the new

% computer-typesetting technology.  For instance page 401 anachronistically

% states "The chief disadvantage of [a style like `plain'] is that additions

% or deletions cannot be made after the manuscript is typed without changing

% numbers in both text references and list."  LaTeX sidesteps the disadvantage.

%

% History:

%   15-sep-86	(SK,OP)	Original version, by Susan King and Oren Patashnik.

%   10-nov-86	(OP)	Truncated the sort.key$ string to the correct length

%			in bib.sort.order to eliminate error message.

%   24-jan-88	(OP)	Updated for BibTeX version 0.99a, from alpha.bst 0.99a;

%			apalike now sorts by author, then year, then title;

%			THIS `apalike' VERSION DOES NOT WORK WITH BIBTEX 0.98i.

ENTRY

  { address

    author

    booktitle

    chapter

    edition

    editor

    howpublished

    institution

    journal

    key

%    month		not used in apalike

    note

    number

    organization

    pages

    publisher

    school

    series

    title

    type

    volume

    year

  }

  {}

  { label extra.label sort.label }

INTEGERS { output.state before.all mid.sentence after.sentence after.block }

FUNCTION {init.state.consts}

{ #0 'before.all :=

  #1 'mid.sentence :=

  #2 'after.sentence :=

  #3 'after.block :=

}

STRINGS { s t }

FUNCTION {output.nonnull}

{ 's :=

  output.state mid.sentence =

    { ", " * write$ }

    { output.state after.block =

	{ add.period$ write$

	  newline$

	  "\newblock " write$

	}

	{ output.state before.all =

	    'write$

	    { add.period$ " " * write$ }

	  if$

	}

      if$

      mid.sentence 'output.state :=

    }

  if$

  s

}

FUNCTION {output}

{ duplicate$ empty$

    'pop$

    'output.nonnull

  if$

}

FUNCTION {output.check}

{ 't :=

  duplicate$ empty$

    { pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ }

    'output.nonnull

  if$

}

%					apalike needs this function because

%					the year has special punctuation;

%					apalike ignores the month

FUNCTION {output.year.check}

{ year empty$

    { "empty year in " cite$ * warning$ }

    { write$

      " [" year * extra.label * "]" *

      mid.sentence 'output.state :=

    }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {output.bibitem}

{ newline$

  "\bibitem[" write$

  label write$

  "]{" write$

  cite$ write$

  "}" write$

  newline$

  ""

  before.all 'output.state :=

}

FUNCTION {fin.entry}

{ add.period$

  write$

  newline$

}

FUNCTION {new.block}

{ output.state before.all =

    'skip$

    { after.block 'output.state := }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {new.sentence}

{ output.state after.block =

    'skip$

    { output.state before.all =

	'skip$

	{ after.sentence 'output.state := }

      if$

    }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {not}

{   { #0 }

    { #1 }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {and}

{   'skip$

    { pop$ #0 }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {or}

{   { pop$ #1 }

    'skip$

  if$

}

FUNCTION {new.block.checkb}

{ empty$

  swap$ empty$

  and

    'skip$

    'new.block

  if$

}

FUNCTION {field.or.null}

{ duplicate$ empty$

    { pop$ "" }

    'skip$

  if$

}

FUNCTION {emphasize}

{ duplicate$ empty$

    { pop$ "" }

    { "{\em " swap$ * "}" * }

  if$

}

INTEGERS { nameptr namesleft numnames }

FUNCTION {format.names}

{ 's :=

  #1 'nameptr :=

  s num.names$ 'numnames :=

  numnames 'namesleft :=

    { namesleft #0 > }

    { s nameptr "{vv~}{ll}{, jj}{, f.}" format.name$ 't :=   % last name first

      nameptr #1 >

	{ namesleft #1 >

	    { ", " * t * }

	    { numnames #2 >

		{ "," * }

		'skip$

	      if$

	      t "others" =

		{ " et~al." * }

		{ " and " * t * }

	      if$

	    }

	  if$

	}

	't

      if$

      nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=

      namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=

    }

  while$

}

FUNCTION {format.authors}

{ author empty$

    { "" }

    { author format.names }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {format.key}			% this function is just for apalike

{ empty$

    { key field.or.null }

    { "" }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {format.editors}

{ editor empty$

    { "" }

    { editor format.names

      editor num.names$ #1 >

	{ ", editors" * }

	{ ", editor" * }

      if$

    }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {format.title}

{ title empty$

    { "" }

    { title "t" change.case$ }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {n.dashify}

{ 't :=

  ""

    { t empty$ not }

    { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" =

	{ t #1 #2 substring$ "--" = not

	    { "--" *

	      t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=

	    }

	    {   { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = }

		{ "-" *

		  t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=

		}

	      while$

	    }

	  if$

	}

	{ t #1 #1 substring$ *

	  t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=

	}

      if$

    }

  while$

}

FUNCTION {format.btitle}

{ title emphasize

}

FUNCTION {tie.or.space.connect}

{ duplicate$ text.length$ #3 <

    { "~" }

    { " " }

  if$

  swap$ * *

}

FUNCTION {either.or.check}

{ empty$

    'pop$

    { "can't use both " swap$ * " fields in " * cite$ * warning$ }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {format.bvolume}

{ volume empty$

    { "" }

    { "volume" volume tie.or.space.connect

      series empty$

	'skip$

	{ " of " * series emphasize * }

      if$

      "volume and number" number either.or.check

    }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {format.number.series}

{ volume empty$

    { number empty$

	{ series field.or.null }

	{ output.state mid.sentence =

	    { "number" }

	    { "Number" }

	  if$

	  number tie.or.space.connect

	  series empty$

	    { "there's a number but no series in " cite$ * warning$ }

	    { " in " * series * }

	  if$

	}

      if$

    }

    { "" }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {format.edition}

{ edition empty$

    { "" }

    { output.state mid.sentence =

	{ edition "l" change.case$ " edition" * }

	{ edition "t" change.case$ " edition" * }

      if$

    }

  if$

}

INTEGERS { multiresult }

FUNCTION {multi.page.check}

{ 't :=

  #0 'multiresult :=

    { multiresult not

      t empty$ not

      and

    }

    { t #1 #1 substring$

      duplicate$ "-" =

      swap$ duplicate$ "," =

      swap$ "+" =

      or or

	{ #1 'multiresult := }

	{ t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := }

      if$

    }

  while$

  multiresult

}

FUNCTION {format.pages}

{ pages empty$

    { "" }

    { pages multi.page.check

	{ "pages" pages n.dashify tie.or.space.connect }

	{ "page" pages tie.or.space.connect }

      if$

    }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {format.vol.num.pages}

{ volume field.or.null

  number empty$

    'skip$

    { "(" number * ")" * *

      volume empty$

	{ "there's a number but no volume in " cite$ * warning$ }

	'skip$

      if$

    }

  if$

  pages empty$

    'skip$

    { duplicate$ empty$

	{ pop$ format.pages }

	{ ":" * pages n.dashify * }

      if$

    }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {format.chapter.pages}

{ chapter empty$

    'format.pages

    { type empty$

	{ "chapter" }

	{ type "l" change.case$ }

      if$

      chapter tie.or.space.connect

      pages empty$

	'skip$

	{ ", " * format.pages * }

      if$

    }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {format.in.ed.booktitle}

{ booktitle empty$

    { "" }

    { editor empty$

	{ "In " booktitle emphasize * }

	{ "In " format.editors * ", " * booktitle emphasize * }

      if$

    }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {format.thesis.type}

{ type empty$

    'skip$

    { pop$

      type "t" change.case$

    }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {format.tr.number}

{ type empty$

    { "Technical Report" }

    'type

  if$

  number empty$

    { "t" change.case$ }

    { number tie.or.space.connect }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {format.article.crossref}

{ "In"							% this is for apalike

  " \cite{" * crossref * "}" *

}

FUNCTION {format.book.crossref}

{ volume empty$

    { "empty volume in " cite$ * "'s crossref of " * crossref * warning$

      "In "

    }

    { "Volume" volume tie.or.space.connect

      " of " *

    }

  if$

  "\cite{" * crossref * "}" *				% this is for apalike

}

FUNCTION {format.incoll.inproc.crossref}

{ "In"							% this is for apalike

  " \cite{" * crossref * "}" *

}

FUNCTION {article}

{ output.bibitem

  format.authors "author" output.check

  author format.key output				% special for

  output.year.check					% apalike

  new.block

  format.title "title" output.check

  new.block

  crossref missing$

    { journal emphasize "journal" output.check

      format.vol.num.pages output

    }

    { format.article.crossref output.nonnull

      format.pages output

    }

  if$

  new.block

  note output

  fin.entry

}

FUNCTION {book}

{ output.bibitem