% "ACM Transactions" BibTeX style, acmtrans.bst 

%  for BibTeX version 0.99c, LaTeX version 3.141

%  Revised 28-MARCH-1996

%  Revised 30-JUNE-1995

%  Revised 15-JAN-1996 

%  $Header: acmtrans.bst,v 1.2 96/01/17 09:05:38 boyland Exp $

%

% Hacked by John T. Boyland at University of California, Berkeley

% (with assistance by John R. Hauser)

% Hacked by Andrew W. Appel and Rebecca L. Davies at Princeton University,

% based on a "chicago.bst" by Glenn Paulley at U. Waterloo,

% which was based on "newapa.bst" found at ymir.claremont.edu.

%

%   Citation format: [author-last-name year]

%             [author-last-name and author-last-name year]

%             [author-last-name, author-last-name, and author-last-name year]

%             [author-last-name et al. year]

%             [author-last-name]

%             author-last-name [year]

%             [author-last-name and author-last-name]

%             [author-last-name et al.]

%             [year] or [year,year]

%             year or year,year

%

%   Reference list ordering: alphabetical by author or whatever passes

%    for author in the absence of one.

%

% This BibTeX style has support for abbreviated author lists and for

%    year-only citations.  This is done by having the citations

%    actually look like

%

%    \citeauthoryear{full-author-info}{abbrev-author-info}{year}

%

% The LaTeX style has to have the following (or similar)

%

%     \let\@internalcite\cite

%     \def\fullcite{\def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{##1, ##3}\@internalcite}

%     \def\fullciteA{\def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{##1}\@internalcite}

%     \def\shortcite{\def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{##2, ##3}\@internalcite}

%     \def\shortciteA{\def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{##2}\@internalcite}

%     \def\citeyear{\def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{##3}\@internalcite}

%

% These TeX macro definitions are found in acmtrans.sty. Additional

% commands to manipulate different components of a citation can be defined

% so that, for example, you can list author's names without parentheses

% if using a citation as a noun or object in a sentence.

%

% Features of acmtrans.bst:

% ========================

%

% - all authors appear last name first.

% - all pages are listed xx-xx, (no pp.) and are at the end of the reference

% - publishers are identified as publisher, address

% - conferences papers (inproceedings) may give city of conference,

%   date of conference, and journal that the proceedings appear in.

% - months abbreviated to max four letters (eg. Mar.)

% - volume of a series indicated after the title of the series

% - editors appear after edited title and are identified by a trailing "Eds."

%   not in parentheses.  Editor names are not given in small caps.

%   (unless there is no author line)

% - names terminated with a period even if there is no first name.

% - editions are indicated trailing after the work, not in parentheses.

% - "et al." citations have a protected period to avoid bad spacing (jrh)

% - "address" required when publisher given

% - series (roman) and volume are in a sentence separate from (book-)title

%

%

% Features of chicago.bst:

% =======================

%

% - full names used in citations, but abbreviated citations are available

%   (see above)

% - if an entry has a "month", then the month and year are also printed

%   as part of that bibitem.

% - all conjunctions use "and" instead of "\&"

% - major modification from Chicago Manual of Style (13th ed.) is that

%   only the first author in a reference appears last name first-

%   additional authors appear as J. Q. Public.

% - pages are listed as "pp. xx-xx" in all entry types except

%   article entries.

% - book, inbook, and manual use "location: publisher" (or organization)

%   for address and publisher. All other types list publishers separately.

% - "pp." are used to identify page numbers for all entry types except

%   articles.

% - organization is used as a citation label if neither author nor editor

%   is present (for manuals).

% - "et al." is used for long author and editor lists, or when "others"

%   is used.

%

% Modifications and bug fixes from newapa.bst:

% ===========================================

%

%   - added month, year to bib entries if month is present

%   - fixed bug with In proceedings, added necessary comma after title

%   - all conjunctions changed to "and" from "\&"

%   - fixed bug with author labels in my.full.label: "et al." now is

%        generated when "others" is an author name

%   - major modification from Chicago Manual of Style (13th ed.) is that

%     only the first author in a reference appears last name first-

%     additional authors appear as J. Q. Public.

%   - pages are listed as "pp. xx-xx" in all entry types except

%     article entries. Unnecessary (IMHO) "()" around page numbers

%     were removed, and page numbers now don't end with a period.

%   - created chicago.sty for use with this bibstyle (required).

%   - fixed bugs in FUNCTION {format.vol.num.pages} for missing volume,

%     number, and /or pages. Renamed to format.jour.vol.

%   - fixed bug in formatting booktitles: additional period an error if

%     book has a volume.

%   - fixed bug: editors usually given redundant period before next clause

%     (format.editors.dot) removed.

%   - added label support for organizations, if both author and editor

%     are missing (from alpha.bst). If organization is too long, then

%     the key field is used for abbreviated citations.

%   - In proceedings or books of several volumes, no comma was written

%     between the "Volume x" and the page numbers (this was intentional

%     in newapa.bst). Fixed.

%   - Some journals may not have volumes/numbers, only month/year (eg.

%     IEEE Computer). Fixed bug in article style that assumed volume/number

%     was always present.

%

% Original documentation for newapa.sty:

% =====================================

%

% This version was made by modifying the master file made by

% Oren Patashnik (PATASHNIK@SCORE.STANFORD.EDU), and the 'named' BibTeX

% style of Peter F. Patel-Schneider.

%

% Copyright (C) 1985, all rights reserved.

% Copying of this file is authorized only if either

% (1) you make absolutely no changes to your copy, including name, or

% (2) if you do make changes, you name it something other than 'newapa.bst'.

% There are undoubtably bugs in this style.  If you make bug fixes,

% improvements, etc.  please let me know.  My e-mail address is:

%    spencer@cgrg.ohio.state.edu or 71160.3141@compuserve.com

%

% This style was made from 'plain.bst', 'named.bst', and 'apalike.bst',

% with lots of tweaking to make it look like APA style, along with tips

% from Young Ryu and Brian Reiser's modifications of 'apalike.bst'.

ENTRY

  { address

    author

    booktitle

    chapter

    city	% jtb: added

    date	% jtb: added

    edition

    editor

    howpublished

    institution

    journal

    key

    month

    note

    number

    organization

    pages

    publisher

    school

    series

    title

    type

    volume

    year

  }

  {}

  { label.year extra.label sort.year sort.label }

INTEGERS { output.state before.all mid.sentence after.sentence after.block }

FUNCTION {init.state.consts}

{ #0 'before.all :=

  #1 'mid.sentence :=

  #2 'after.sentence :=

  #3 'after.block :=

}

STRINGS { s t u }

FUNCTION {output.nonnull}

{ 's :=

  output.state mid.sentence =

    { ", " * write$ }

    { output.state after.block =

    { add.period$ write$

      newline$

      "\newblock " write$

    }

    { output.state before.all =

        'write$

        { add.period$ " " * write$ }

      if$

    }

      if$

      mid.sentence 'output.state :=

    }

  if$

  s

}

% Use a colon to separate output. Used only for address/publisher

% combination in book/inbook types, address/institution for manuals,

% and organization:publisher for proceedings (inproceedings).

%

FUNCTION {output.nonnull.colon}

{ 's :=

  output.state mid.sentence =

    { ": " * write$ }

    { output.state after.block =

    { add.period$ write$

      newline$

      "\newblock " write$

    }

    { output.state before.all =

        'write$

        { add.period$ " " * write$ }

      if$

    }

      if$

      mid.sentence 'output.state :=

    }

  if$

  s

}

FUNCTION {output}

{ duplicate$ empty$

    'pop$

    'output.nonnull

  if$

}

FUNCTION {output.colon}

{ duplicate$ empty$

    'pop$

    'output.nonnull.colon

  if$

}

FUNCTION {output.check}

{ 't :=

  duplicate$ empty$

    { pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ }

    'output.nonnull

  if$

}

FUNCTION {output.check.colon}

{ 't :=

  duplicate$ empty$

    { pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ }

    'output.nonnull.colon

  if$

}

FUNCTION {output.year.check}

{ year empty$

     { "empty year in " cite$ * warning$ }

     { write$

        " " year * extra.label *

       mid.sentence 'output.state :=

     }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {fin.entry}

{ add.period$

  write$

  newline$

}

FUNCTION {new.block}

{ output.state before.all =

    'skip$

    { after.block 'output.state := }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {new.sentence}

{ output.state after.block =

    'skip$

    { output.state before.all =

    'skip$

    { after.sentence 'output.state := }

      if$

    }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {not}

{   { #0 }

    { #1 }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {and}

{   'skip$

    { pop$ #0 }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {or}

{   { pop$ #1 }

    'skip$

  if$

}

FUNCTION {new.block.checka}

{ empty$

    'skip$

    'new.block

  if$

}

FUNCTION {new.block.checkb}

{ empty$

  swap$ empty$

  and

    'skip$

    'new.block

  if$

}

FUNCTION {new.sentence.checka}

{ empty$

    'skip$

    'new.sentence

  if$

}

FUNCTION {new.sentence.checkb}

{ empty$

  swap$ empty$

  and

    'skip$

    'new.sentence

  if$

}

FUNCTION {field.or.null}

{ duplicate$ empty$

    { pop$ "" }

    'skip$

  if$

}

%

% Emphasize the top string on the stack.

%

FUNCTION {emphasize}

{ duplicate$ empty$

    { pop$ "" }

    { "{\em " swap$ * "}" * }

  if$

}

%

% Emphasize the top string on the stack, but add a trailing space.

%

FUNCTION {emphasize.space}

{ duplicate$ empty$

    { pop$ "" }

    { "{\em " swap$ * "\/}" * }

  if$

}

%

% Emphasize the top string on stack, add a trailing comma and space.

%

FUNCTION {emphasize.comma}

{ duplicate$ empty$

    { pop$ "" }

    { "{\em " swap$ * ",\/}" * }

  if$

}

INTEGERS { nameptr namesleft numnames }

%

% Format bibliographical entries with the first author last name first,

% and subsequent authors with initials followed by last name.

% All names are formatted in this routine.

%

FUNCTION {format.names}

{ 's :=

  #1 'nameptr :=               % nameptr = 1;

  s num.names$ 'numnames :=    % numnames = num.name$(s);

  numnames 'namesleft :=

    { namesleft #0 > }

    { nameptr #1 =

        {"{\sc " s nameptr "{vv~}{ll}{, jj}{, f.}" format.name$ * "}" * 't := }

        {"{\sc " s nameptr "{vv~}{ll}{, jj}{, f.}" format.name$ * "}" * 't := }

      if$

      nameptr #1 >

        { namesleft #1 >

              { ", " * t * }

              { numnames #2 >

                  { "," * }

                  'skip$

                if$

                t "{\sc others}" =

                    { " {\sc et~al\mbox{.}}" * } % jrh: avoid spacing problems

                    { " {\sc and} " * t * } % from Chicago Manual of Style

                  if$

               }

               if$

             }

            't

        if$

        nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=          % nameptr += 1;

        namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=      % namesleft =- 1;

    }

  while$

}

FUNCTION {my.full.label}

{ 's :=

  #1 'nameptr :=               % nameptr = 1;

  s num.names$ 'numnames :=    % numnames = num.name$(s);

  numnames 'namesleft :=

    { namesleft #0 > }

    { s nameptr "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ 't :=  % get the next name

      nameptr #1 >

        { namesleft #1 >

              { ", " * t * }

              { numnames #2 >

                  { "," * }

                  'skip$

                if$

                t "others" =

                    { " et~al\mbox{.}" * } % jrh: avoid spacing problems

                    { " and " * t * } % from Chicago Manual of Style

                  if$

               }

               if$

             }

            't

        if$

        nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=          % nameptr += 1;

        namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=      % namesleft =- 1;

    }

  while$

}

FUNCTION {format.names.fml}

%

% Format names in "familiar" format, with first initial followed by

% last name. Like format.names, ALL names are formatted.

% jtb: The names are NOT put in small caps

%

{ 's :=

  #1 'nameptr :=               % nameptr = 1;

  s num.names$ 'numnames :=    % numnames = num.name$(s);

  numnames 'namesleft :=

    { namesleft #0 > }

    { "{" s nameptr "{f.~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" format.name$ * "}" * 't :=

      nameptr #1 >

        { namesleft #1 >

              { ", " * t * }

               { numnames #2 >

                    { "," * }

                    'skip$

                  if$

                  t "{others}" =

                        { " {et~al\mbox{.}}" * }

                        { " {and} " * t * }

%                       { " {\&} " * t * }

                      if$

                }

               if$

             }

            't

        if$

        nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=          % nameptr += 1;

        namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=      % namesleft =- 1;

    }

  while$

}

FUNCTION {format.authors}

{ author empty$

    { "" }

    { author format.names add.period$} % jtb: add period if none before

  if$

}

FUNCTION {format.key}

{ empty$

    { key field.or.null }

    { "" }

  if$

}

%

% Format editor names for use in the "in" types: inbook, incollection,

% inproceedings: first initial, then last names. When editors are the

% LABEL for an entry, then format.editor is used which lists editors

% by last name first.

%

FUNCTION {format.editors.fml}

{ editor empty$

    { "" }

    { editor format.names.fml

      editor num.names$ #1 >

    { ", Eds." * }	% jtb: removed parentheses

    { ", Ed." * }	% jtb: removed parentheses

      if$

    }

  if$

}

%

% Format editor names for use in labels, last names first.

%

FUNCTION {format.editors}

{ editor empty$

    { "" }

    { editor format.names

      editor num.names$ #1 >

    { ", Eds." * }	% jtb: removed parentheses

    { ", Ed." * }	% jtb: removed parentheses

      if$

    }