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<TITLE>2012/13 BSc Projects</TITLE>
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<H2>2012/13 BSc Projects</H2>
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<H4>Supervisor: Christian Urban</H4>
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<H4>Email: christian dot urban at kcl dot ac dot uk, Office: Strand Building S1.24</H4>
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<H4>If you are interested in a project, please send me an email and we can discuss details. Please include
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a short description about your programming skills and Computer Science background in your first email.
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I will also need your King's username in order to book the project for you. Thanks.</H4>
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<H4>Note that besides being a lecturer in the theory of Computer Science, I am also a passionate
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<A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacker_(programmer_subculture)">hacker</A> …
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defined as “a person who enjoys exploring the details of programmable systems and
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stretching their capabilities, as opposed to most users, who prefer to learn only the minimum
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necessary.” I am always happy to supervise like-minded students.</H4>
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<ul class="striped">
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<li> <H4>[CU1] Automata Minimisation</H4>
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<p><B>Description:</b>
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<A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deterministic_finite_automaton">Deterministic finite automata</A>
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have many uses in Computer Science, for example for lexing
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program code. In order to improve their run-time, automata need to be minimised, that
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is transformed into equivalent automata with the smallest possible number of state
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nodes.
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</p>
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<p>
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There is a little known method for minimising deterministic finite
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automata by <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janusz_Brzozowski_(computer_scientist)">
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Janusz Brzozowski</A>.
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This method first reverses the edges of an automaton, which produces
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a potentially non-deterministic automaton. The non-deterministic automaton is
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then determinised using the usual powerset construction. This is repeated
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once more and voila you obtain a minimised version of the automaton
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you started with. It is rather surprising that this method works at all:
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the powerset construction might produce an automaton with an exponentially
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larger number of states, completely contrary to the idea of minimising the
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number of states. The task of this project is to implement this method, check that
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it actually works with some examples and
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compare it with more traditional methods for automata minimisation
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(in terms of run-time, code complexity, etc). Examples can be
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obtained by translating regular expressions into automata. A natural extension
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of the project is therefore to implement a recogniser for regular expressions
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following, for example, this <A HREF="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~so294/documents/jfp09.pdf">paper</A>.
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</p>
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<p>
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<B>Literature:</B>
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A good place to start with this project are the wikipedia articles
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<A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DFA_minimization">here</A> and
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<A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerset_construction">here</A>.
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The authoritative <A HREF="http://infolab.stanford.edu/~ullman/ialc.html">book</A>
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on automata is by John Hopcroft and Jeffrey Ullmann (available in the library).
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There is also an online course about automata by Ullman at
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<A HREF="https://www.coursera.org/course/automata">Coursera</A>, though IMHO not
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done with love. There
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is also the book <i>Automata and Computability</i> by
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<A HREF="http://www.cs.cornell.edu/~kozen/">Dexter Kozen</A> including more
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advanced material about automata.
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Finally, there are millions of other pointers about automata
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minimisation on the web.
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</p>
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<p>
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<B>Skills:</B>
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This is a project for a student with an interest in theory and some
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reasonable programming skills. The project can be easily implemented
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in languages like
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<A HREF="http://www.scala-lang.org/">Scala</A>,
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<A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_ML">ML</A>,
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<A HREF="http://haskell.org/haskellwiki/Haskell">Haskell</A>,
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<A HREF="http://www.python.org">Python</A>, etc.
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</p>
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<li> <H4>[CU2] Equivalence Checking of Regular Expressions</H4>
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<p><B>Description:</b>
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Solving the problem of deciding the equivalence of regular expressions can be used
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to decide a number of problems in automated reasoning. Recently,
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<A HREF="http://www.cs.unibo.it/~asperti/">Andreas Asperti</A>
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proposed a simple method for deciding regular expression equivalence described
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<A HREF="http://www.cs.unibo.it/~asperti/PAPERS/compact.pdf">here</A>.
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The task is to implement this method and test it on examples.
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It would be also interesting to see whether Asperti's method applies to
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extended regular expressions, described
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<A HREF="http://ww2.cs.mu.oz.au/~sulzmann/manuscript/reg-exp-partial-derivatives.pdf">here</A>.
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</p>
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<p>
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<B>Literature:</B>
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The central literature is obviously the papers
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<A HREF="http://www.cs.unibo.it/~asperti/PAPERS/compact.pdf">here</A> and
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<A HREF="http://ww2.cs.mu.oz.au/~sulzmann/manuscript/reg-exp-partial-derivatives.pdf">here</A>.
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Asperti has also some slides <A HREF="http://www.cs.unibo.it/~asperti/SLIDES/regular.pdf">here</a>.
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More references about regular expressions can be found
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<A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_expression">here</A>.
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</p>
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<p>
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<B>Skills:</B>
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This is a project for a student with a passion for theory and some
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reasonable programming skills. The project can be easily implemented
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in languages like Scala
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<A HREF="http://www.scala-lang.org/">Scala</A>,
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<A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_ML">ML</A>,
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<A HREF="http://haskell.org/haskellwiki/Haskell">Haskell</A>,
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<A HREF="http://www.python.org">Python</A>, etc.
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Being able to read <A HREF="http://haskell.org/haskellwiki/Haskell">Haskell</A>
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code is beneficial for the part involving extended regular expressions.
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</p>
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<li> <H4>[CU3] Machine Code Generation for a Simple Compiler</H4>
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<p><b>Description:</b>
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Compilers translate high-level programs that humans can read and write into
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efficient machine code that can be run on a CPU or virtual machine.
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I recently implemented a very simple compiler for a very simple functional
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programming language following this
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<A HREF="http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~dpw/papers/tal-toplas.pdf">paper</A>
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(also described <A HREF="http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~dpw/papers/tal-tr.pdf">here</A>).
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My code, written in <A HREF="http://www.scala-lang.org/">Scala</A>, of this compiler is
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<A HREF="http://www.dcs.kcl.ac.uk/staff/urbanc/compiler.scala">here</A>.
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The compiler can deal with simple programs involving natural numbers, such
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as Fibonacci numbers
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or factorial (but it can be easily extended - that is not the point).
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</p>
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<p>
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While the hard work has been done (understanding the two papers above),
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my compiler only produces some idealised machine code. For example I
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assume there are infinitely many registers. The goal of this
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project is to generate machine code that is more realistic and can
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run on a CPU, like x86, or run on a virtual machine, say the JVM.
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This gives probably a speedup of thousand times in comparison to
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my naive machine code and virtual machine. The project
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requires to dig into the literature about real CPUs and generating
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real machine code.
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</p>
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<p>
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<B>Literature:</B>
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There is a lot of literature about compilers
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(for example <A HREF="http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~appel/papers/cwc.html">this book</A> -
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I can lend you my copy for the duration of the project). A very good overview article
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about implementing compilers by
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<A HREF="http://tratt.net/laurie/">Laurie Tratt</A> is
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<A HREF="http://tratt.net/laurie/tech_articles/articles/how_difficult_is_it_to_write_a_compiler">here</A>.
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An introduction into x86 machine code is <A HREF="http://ianseyler.github.com/easy_x86-64/">here</A>.
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Intel's official manual for the x86 instruction is
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<A HREF="http://download.intel.com/design/intarch/manuals/24319101.pdf">here<A>.
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A simple assembler for the JVM is described <A HREF="http://jasmin.sourceforge.net">here</A>.
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An interesting twist of this project is to not generate code for a CPU, but
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for the intermediate language of the <A HREF="http://llvm.org">LLVM</A> compiler
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(also described <A HREF="https://wiki.aalto.fi/display/t1065450/LLVM+IR">here</A> and
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<A HREF="http://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html">here</A>).
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</p>
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<p><B>Skills:</B>
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This is a project for a student with a deep interest in programming languages and
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compilers. Since my compiler is implemented in <A HREF="http://www.scala-lang.org/">Scala</A>,
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it would make sense to continue this project in this language. I can be
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of help with questions and books about <A HREF="http://www.scala-lang.org/">Scala</A>.
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But if Scala is a problem, my code can also be translated quickly into any other functional
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language.
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</p>
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<li> <H4>[CU4] Implementation of Register Spilling Algorithms</H4>
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<p><b>Description:</b>
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This project is similar to [CU3]. The emphasis here, however, is on the
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implementation and comparison of register spilling algorithms, also often called register allocation
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algorithms. They are part of any respectable compiler. As said
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in [CU3], however, my simple compiler lacks them and assumes an infinite amount of registers instead.
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Real CPUs however only provide a fixed amount of registers (for example
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x86-64 has 16 general purpose registers). Whenever a program needs
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to hold more values than registers, the values need to be “spilled”
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into the main memory. Register spilling algorithms try to minimise
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this spilling, since fetching values from main memory is a costly
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operation.
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</p>
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<p>
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The classic algorithm for register spilling uses a
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<A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_allocation">graph-colouring method</A>.
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However, for some time the <A HREF="http://llvm.org">LLVM</A> compiler
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used a supposedly more efficient method, called the linear scan allocation method
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(described
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<A HREF="http://www.cs.ucla.edu/~palsberg/course/cs132/linearscan.pdf">here</A>).
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However, it was later decided to abandon this method in favour of
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a <A HREF="http://blog.llvm.org/2011/09/greedy-register-allocation-in-llvm-30.html">
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greedy register allocation</A> method. It would be nice if this project can find out
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what the issues are with these methods and implement at least one of them for the
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simple compiler referenced in [CU3].
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</p>
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<p>
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<B>Literature:</B>
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The graph colouring method is described in Andrew Appel's
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<A HREF="http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~appel/modern/java/">book</A> on compilers
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(I can give you my copy of this book, if it is not available in the library).
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There is also a survey
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<A HREF="http://compilers.cs.ucla.edu/fernando/publications/drafts/survey.pdf">article</A>
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about register allocation algorithms with further pointers.
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</p>
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<p><B>Skills:</B>
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Same skills as [CU3].
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</p>
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<li> <H4>[CU5] A Student Polling System</H4>
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<p>
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<B>Description:</B>
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One of the more annoying aspects of giving a lecture is to ask a question
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to the students and no matter how easy the questions is to not
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receive an answer. Recently, the online course system
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<A HREF="http://www.udacity.com">Udacity</A> made an art out of
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asking questions during lectures (see for example the
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<A HREF="http://www.udacity.com/overview/Course/cs253/CourseRev/apr2012">Web Application Engineering</A>
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course CS253).
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The lecturer there gives multiple-choice questions as part of the lecture and the students need to
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click on the appropriate answer. This works very well in the online world.
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For “real-world” lectures, the department has some
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<A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audience_response">clickers</A>
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(these are little devices part of an audience response systems). However,
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they are a logistic nightmare for the lecturer: they need to be distributed
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during the lecture and collected at the end. Nowadays, where students
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come with their own laptop or smartphone to lectures, this can
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be improved.
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</p>
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<p>
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The task of this project is to implement an online student
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polling system. The lecturer should be able to prepare
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questions beforehand (encoded as some web-form) and be able to
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show them during the lecture. The students
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can give their answers by clicking on the corresponding webpage.
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The lecturer can then collect the responses online and evaluate them
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immediately. Such a system is sometimes called
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<A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audience_response#Smartphone_.2F_HTTP_voting">HTML voting</A>.
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There are a number of commercial
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solutions for this problem, but they are not easy to use (in addition
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to being ridiculously expensive). A good student can easily improve upon
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what they provide.
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</p>
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<p>
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The problem of student polling is not as hard as
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<A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_voting">electronic voting</A>,
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which essentially is still an unsolved problem in Computer Science. The
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students only need to be prevented from answering question more than once thus skewing
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any statistics. Unlike electronic voting, no audit trail needs to be kept
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for student polling. Restricting the number of answers can probably be solved
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by setting appropriate cookies on the students
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computers or smart phones.
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</p>
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<p>
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<B>Literature:</B>
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The project requires fluency in a web-programming language (for example
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<A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript">Javascript</A>,
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<A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP">PHP</A>,
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Java, <A HREF="http://www.python.org">Python</A>, <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programming_language)">Go</A>, <A HREF="http://www.scala-lang.org/">Scala</A>,
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<A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)">Ruby</A>)
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and possibly a cloud application platform (for example
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<A HREF="https://developers.google.com/appengine/">Google App Engine</a> or
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<A HREF="http://www.heroku.com">Heroku</A>).
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For web-programming the
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<A HREF="http://www.udacity.com/overview/Course/cs253/CourseRev/apr2012">Web Application Engineering</A>
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course at <A HREF="http://www.udacity.com">Udacity</A> is a good starting point
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to be aware of the issues involved. This course uses <A HREF="http://www.python.org">Python</A>.
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133
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To evaluate the answers from the student, Google's
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<A HREF="https://developers.google.com/chart/image/docs/making_charts">Chart Tools</A>
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might be useful, which ar also described in this
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<A HREF="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZtgT4jgnE8">youtube</A> video.
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132
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</p>
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<p><B>Skills:</B>
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In order to provide convenience for the lecturer, this project needs very good web-programming skills. A
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<A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacker_(programmer_subculture)">hacker mentality</A>
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(see above) is probably very beneficial: web-programming is an area that only emerged recently and
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many tools still lack maturity. You probably have to experiment a lot with several different
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languages and tools.
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</p>
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140
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<li> <H4>[CU6] Implementation of a Distributed Clock-Synchronisation Algorithm developed at NASA</H4>
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<p>
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<B>Description:</B>
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141
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There are many algorithms for synchronising clocks. This
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140
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<A HREF="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20120000054_2011025573.pdf">paper</A>
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141
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318 |
describes a new algorithm for clocks that communicate by exchanging
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messages and thereby reach a state in which (within some bound) all clocks are synchronised.
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The point of this project is to implement this algorithm and simulate networks of clocks.
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140
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</p>
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<B>Literature:</B>
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141
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There is a wide range of literature on clock syncronisation algorithms.
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Some pointers are given in this
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<A HREF="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20120000054_2011025573.pdf">paper</A>,
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which describes the algorithm to be implemented in this project. Pointers
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are given also <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_synchronization">here</A>.
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140
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</p>
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<p><B>Skills:</B>
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141
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In order to implement a simulation of a network of clocks, you need to tackle
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140
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concurrency. You can do this for example in the programming language
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141
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<A HREF="http://www.scala-lang.org/">Scala</A> with the help of the
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<A HREF="http://akka.io">Akka</a> library. This library enables you to send messages
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between different <I>actors</I>. <A HREF="http://www.scala-lang.org/node/242">Here</A>
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are some examples that explain how to implement exchanging messages between actors.
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</p>
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</ul>
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</TD>
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</TR>
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</TABLE>
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<P><!-- Created: Tue Mar 4 00:23:25 GMT 1997 -->
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