diff -r cfd644dfc3b4 -r d239aa953315 PrioG.thy
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/PrioG.thy	Thu Jan 28 07:43:05 2016 +0800
@@ -0,0 +1,798 @@
+theory Correctness
+imports PIPBasics
+begin
+
+
+text {* 
+  The following two auxiliary lemmas are used to reason about @{term Max}.
+*}
+lemma image_Max_eqI: 
+  assumes "finite B"
+  and "b \<in> B"
+  and "\<forall> x \<in> B. f x \<le> f b"
+  shows "Max (f ` B) = f b"
+  using assms
+  using Max_eqI by blast 
+
+lemma image_Max_subset:
+  assumes "finite A"
+  and "B \<subseteq> A"
+  and "a \<in> B"
+  and "Max (f ` A) = f a"
+  shows "Max (f ` B) = f a"
+proof(rule image_Max_eqI)
+  show "finite B"
+    using assms(1) assms(2) finite_subset by auto 
+next
+  show "a \<in> B" using assms by simp
+next
+  show "\<forall>x\<in>B. f x \<le> f a"
+    by (metis Max_ge assms(1) assms(2) assms(4) 
+            finite_imageI image_eqI subsetCE) 
+qed
+
+text {*
+  The following locale @{text "highest_gen"} sets the basic context for our
+  investigation: supposing thread @{text th} holds the highest @{term cp}-value
+  in state @{text s}, which means the task for @{text th} is the 
+  most urgent. We want to show that  
+  @{text th} is treated correctly by PIP, which means
+  @{text th} will not be blocked unreasonably by other less urgent
+  threads. 
+*}
+locale highest_gen =
+  fixes s th prio tm
+  assumes vt_s: "vt s"
+  and threads_s: "th \<in> threads s"
+  and highest: "preced th s = Max ((cp s)`threads s)"
+  -- {* The internal structure of @{term th}'s precedence is exposed:*}
+  and preced_th: "preced th s = Prc prio tm" 
+
+-- {* @{term s} is a valid trace, so it will inherit all results derived for
+      a valid trace: *}
+sublocale highest_gen < vat_s: valid_trace "s"
+  by (unfold_locales, insert vt_s, simp)
+
+context highest_gen
+begin
+
+text {*
+  @{term tm} is the time when the precedence of @{term th} is set, so 
+  @{term tm} must be a valid moment index into @{term s}.
+*}
+lemma lt_tm: "tm < length s"
+  by (insert preced_tm_lt[OF threads_s preced_th], simp)
+
+text {*
+  Since @{term th} holds the highest precedence and @{text "cp"}
+  is the highest precedence of all threads in the sub-tree of 
+  @{text "th"} and @{text th} is among these threads, 
+  its @{term cp} must equal to its precedence:
+*}
+lemma eq_cp_s_th: "cp s th = preced th s" (is "?L = ?R")
+proof -
+  have "?L \<le> ?R"
+  by (unfold highest, rule Max_ge, 
+        auto simp:threads_s finite_threads)
+  moreover have "?R \<le> ?L"
+    by (unfold vat_s.cp_rec, rule Max_ge, 
+        auto simp:the_preced_def vat_s.fsbttRAGs.finite_children)
+  ultimately show ?thesis by auto
+qed
+
+lemma highest_cp_preced: "cp s th = Max (the_preced s ` threads s)"
+  using eq_cp_s_th highest max_cp_eq the_preced_def by presburger
+  
+
+lemma highest_preced_thread: "preced th s = Max (the_preced s ` threads s)"
+  by (fold eq_cp_s_th, unfold highest_cp_preced, simp)
+
+lemma highest': "cp s th = Max (cp s ` threads s)"
+  by (simp add: eq_cp_s_th highest)
+
+end
+
+locale extend_highest_gen = highest_gen + 
+  fixes t 
+  assumes vt_t: "vt (t@s)"
+  and create_low: "Create th' prio' \<in> set t \<Longrightarrow> prio' \<le> prio"
+  and set_diff_low: "Set th' prio' \<in> set t \<Longrightarrow> th' \<noteq> th \<and> prio' \<le> prio"
+  and exit_diff: "Exit th' \<in> set t \<Longrightarrow> th' \<noteq> th"
+
+sublocale extend_highest_gen < vat_t: valid_trace "t@s"
+  by (unfold_locales, insert vt_t, simp)
+
+lemma step_back_vt_app: 
+  assumes vt_ts: "vt (t@s)" 
+  shows "vt s"
+proof -
+  from vt_ts show ?thesis
+  proof(induct t)
+    case Nil
+    from Nil show ?case by auto
+  next
+    case (Cons e t)
+    assume ih: " vt (t @ s) \<Longrightarrow> vt s"
+      and vt_et: "vt ((e # t) @ s)"
+    show ?case
+    proof(rule ih)
+      show "vt (t @ s)"
+      proof(rule step_back_vt)
+        from vt_et show "vt (e # t @ s)" by simp
+      qed
+    qed
+  qed
+qed
+
+(* locale red_extend_highest_gen = extend_highest_gen +
+   fixes i::nat
+*)
+
+(*
+sublocale red_extend_highest_gen <   red_moment: extend_highest_gen "s" "th" "prio" "tm" "(moment i t)"
+  apply (insert extend_highest_gen_axioms, subst (asm) (1) moment_restm_s [of i t, symmetric])
+  apply (unfold extend_highest_gen_def extend_highest_gen_axioms_def, clarsimp)
+  by (unfold highest_gen_def, auto dest:step_back_vt_app)
+*)
+
+context extend_highest_gen
+begin
+
+ lemma ind [consumes 0, case_names Nil Cons, induct type]:
+  assumes 
+    h0: "R []"
+  and h2: "\<And> e t. \<lbrakk>vt (t@s); step (t@s) e; 
+                    extend_highest_gen s th prio tm t; 
+                    extend_highest_gen s th prio tm (e#t); R t\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> R (e#t)"
+  shows "R t"
+proof -
+  from vt_t extend_highest_gen_axioms show ?thesis
+  proof(induct t)
+    from h0 show "R []" .
+  next
+    case (Cons e t')
+    assume ih: "\<lbrakk>vt (t' @ s); extend_highest_gen s th prio tm t'\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> R t'"
+      and vt_e: "vt ((e # t') @ s)"
+      and et: "extend_highest_gen s th prio tm (e # t')"
+    from vt_e and step_back_step have stp: "step (t'@s) e" by auto
+    from vt_e and step_back_vt have vt_ts: "vt (t'@s)" by auto
+    show ?case
+    proof(rule h2 [OF vt_ts stp _ _ _ ])
+      show "R t'"
+      proof(rule ih)
+        from et show ext': "extend_highest_gen s th prio tm t'"
+          by (unfold extend_highest_gen_def extend_highest_gen_axioms_def, auto dest:step_back_vt)
+      next
+        from vt_ts show "vt (t' @ s)" .
+      qed
+    next
+      from et show "extend_highest_gen s th prio tm (e # t')" .
+    next
+      from et show ext': "extend_highest_gen s th prio tm t'"
+          by (unfold extend_highest_gen_def extend_highest_gen_axioms_def, auto dest:step_back_vt)
+    qed
+  qed
+qed
+
+
+lemma th_kept: "th \<in> threads (t @ s) \<and> 
+                 preced th (t@s) = preced th s" (is "?Q t") 
+proof -
+  show ?thesis
+  proof(induct rule:ind)
+    case Nil
+    from threads_s
+    show ?case
+      by auto
+  next
+    case (Cons e t)
+    interpret h_e: extend_highest_gen _ _ _ _ "(e # t)" using Cons by auto
+    interpret h_t: extend_highest_gen _ _ _ _ t using Cons by auto
+    show ?case
+    proof(cases e)
+      case (Create thread prio)
+      show ?thesis
+      proof -
+        from Cons and Create have "step (t@s) (Create thread prio)" by auto
+        hence "th \<noteq> thread"
+        proof(cases)
+          case thread_create
+          with Cons show ?thesis by auto
+        qed
+        hence "preced th ((e # t) @ s)  = preced th (t @ s)"
+          by (unfold Create, auto simp:preced_def)
+        moreover note Cons
+        ultimately show ?thesis
+          by (auto simp:Create)
+      qed
+    next
+      case (Exit thread)
+      from h_e.exit_diff and Exit
+      have neq_th: "thread \<noteq> th" by auto
+      with Cons
+      show ?thesis
+        by (unfold Exit, auto simp:preced_def)
+    next
+      case (P thread cs)
+      with Cons
+      show ?thesis 
+        by (auto simp:P preced_def)
+    next
+      case (V thread cs)
+      with Cons
+      show ?thesis 
+        by (auto simp:V preced_def)
+    next
+      case (Set thread prio')
+      show ?thesis
+      proof -
+        from h_e.set_diff_low and Set
+        have "th \<noteq> thread" by auto
+        hence "preced th ((e # t) @ s)  = preced th (t @ s)"
+          by (unfold Set, auto simp:preced_def)
+        moreover note Cons
+        ultimately show ?thesis
+          by (auto simp:Set)
+      qed
+    qed
+  qed
+qed
+
+text {*
+  According to @{thm th_kept}, thread @{text "th"} has its living status
+  and precedence kept along the way of @{text "t"}. The following lemma
+  shows that this preserved precedence of @{text "th"} remains as the highest
+  along the way of @{text "t"}.
+
+  The proof goes by induction over @{text "t"} using the specialized
+  induction rule @{thm ind}, followed by case analysis of each possible 
+  operations of PIP. All cases follow the same pattern rendered by the 
+  generalized introduction rule @{thm "image_Max_eqI"}. 
+
+  The very essence is to show that precedences, no matter whether they 
+  are newly introduced or modified, are always lower than the one held 
+  by @{term "th"}, which by @{thm th_kept} is preserved along the way.
+*}
+lemma max_kept: "Max (the_preced (t @ s) ` (threads (t@s))) = preced th s"
+proof(induct rule:ind)
+  case Nil
+  from highest_preced_thread
+  show ?case by simp
+next
+  case (Cons e t)
+    interpret h_e: extend_highest_gen _ _ _ _ "(e # t)" using Cons by auto
+    interpret h_t: extend_highest_gen _ _ _ _ t using Cons by auto
+  show ?case
+  proof(cases e)
+    case (Create thread prio')
+    show ?thesis (is "Max (?f ` ?A) = ?t")
+    proof -
+      -- {* The following is the common pattern of each branch of the case analysis. *}
+      -- {* The major part is to show that @{text "th"} holds the highest precedence: *}
+      have "Max (?f ` ?A) = ?f th"
+      proof(rule image_Max_eqI)
+        show "finite ?A" using h_e.finite_threads by auto 
+      next
+        show "th \<in> ?A" using h_e.th_kept by auto 
+      next
+        show "\<forall>x\<in>?A. ?f x \<le> ?f th"
+        proof 
+          fix x
+          assume "x \<in> ?A"
+          hence "x = thread \<or> x \<in> threads (t@s)" by (auto simp:Create)
+          thus "?f x \<le> ?f th"
+          proof
+            assume "x = thread"
+            thus ?thesis 
+              apply (simp add:Create the_preced_def preced_def, fold preced_def)
+              using Create h_e.create_low h_t.th_kept lt_tm preced_leI2 
+              preced_th by force
+          next
+            assume h: "x \<in> threads (t @ s)"
+            from Cons(2)[unfolded Create] 
+            have "x \<noteq> thread" using h by (cases, auto)
+            hence "?f x = the_preced (t@s) x" 
+              by (simp add:Create the_preced_def preced_def)
+            hence "?f x \<le> Max (the_preced (t@s) ` threads (t@s))"
+              by (simp add: h_t.finite_threads h)
+            also have "... = ?f th"
+              by (metis Cons.hyps(5) h_e.th_kept the_preced_def) 
+            finally show ?thesis .
+          qed
+        qed
+      qed
+     -- {* The minor part is to show that the precedence of @{text "th"} 
+           equals to preserved one, given by the foregoing lemma @{thm th_kept} *}
+      also have "... = ?t" using h_e.th_kept the_preced_def by auto
+      -- {* Then it follows trivially that the precedence preserved
+            for @{term "th"} remains the maximum of all living threads along the way. *}
+      finally show ?thesis .
+    qed 
+  next 
+    case (Exit thread)
+    show ?thesis (is "Max (?f ` ?A) = ?t")
+    proof -
+      have "Max (?f ` ?A) = ?f th"
+      proof(rule image_Max_eqI)
+        show "finite ?A" using h_e.finite_threads by auto 
+      next
+        show "th \<in> ?A" using h_e.th_kept by auto 
+      next
+        show "\<forall>x\<in>?A. ?f x \<le> ?f th"
+        proof 
+          fix x
+          assume "x \<in> ?A"
+          hence "x \<in> threads (t@s)" by (simp add: Exit) 
+          hence "?f x \<le> Max (?f ` threads (t@s))" 
+            by (simp add: h_t.finite_threads) 
+          also have "... \<le> ?f th" 
+            apply (simp add:Exit the_preced_def preced_def, fold preced_def)
+            using Cons.hyps(5) h_t.th_kept the_preced_def by auto
+          finally show "?f x \<le> ?f th" .
+        qed
+      qed
+      also have "... = ?t" using h_e.th_kept the_preced_def by auto
+      finally show ?thesis .
+    qed 
+  next
+    case (P thread cs)
+    with Cons
+    show ?thesis by (auto simp:preced_def the_preced_def)
+  next
+    case (V thread cs)
+    with Cons
+    show ?thesis by (auto simp:preced_def the_preced_def)
+  next 
+    case (Set thread prio')
+    show ?thesis (is "Max (?f ` ?A) = ?t")
+    proof -
+      have "Max (?f ` ?A) = ?f th"
+      proof(rule image_Max_eqI)
+        show "finite ?A" using h_e.finite_threads by auto 
+      next
+        show "th \<in> ?A" using h_e.th_kept by auto 
+      next
+        show "\<forall>x\<in>?A. ?f x \<le> ?f th"
+        proof 
+          fix x
+          assume h: "x \<in> ?A"
+          show "?f x \<le> ?f th"
+          proof(cases "x = thread")
+            case True
+            moreover have "the_preced (Set thread prio' # t @ s) thread \<le> the_preced (t @ s) th"
+            proof -
+              have "the_preced (t @ s) th = Prc prio tm"  
+                using h_t.th_kept preced_th by (simp add:the_preced_def)
+              moreover have "prio' \<le> prio" using Set h_e.set_diff_low by auto
+              ultimately show ?thesis by (insert lt_tm, auto simp:the_preced_def preced_def)
+            qed
+            ultimately show ?thesis
+              by (unfold Set, simp add:the_preced_def preced_def)
+          next
+            case False
+            then have "?f x  = the_preced (t@s) x"
+              by (simp add:the_preced_def preced_def Set)
+            also have "... \<le> Max (the_preced (t@s) ` threads (t@s))"
+              using Set h h_t.finite_threads by auto 
+            also have "... = ?f th" by (metis Cons.hyps(5) h_e.th_kept the_preced_def) 
+            finally show ?thesis .
+          qed
+        qed
+      qed
+      also have "... = ?t" using h_e.th_kept the_preced_def by auto
+      finally show ?thesis .
+    qed 
+  qed
+qed
+
+lemma max_preced: "preced th (t@s) = Max (the_preced (t@s) ` (threads (t@s)))"
+  by (insert th_kept max_kept, auto)
+
+text {*
+  The reason behind the following lemma is that:
+  Since @{term "cp"} is defined as the maximum precedence 
+  of those threads contained in the sub-tree of node @{term "Th th"} 
+  in @{term "RAG (t@s)"}, and all these threads are living threads, and 
+  @{term "th"} is also among them, the maximum precedence of 
+  them all must be the one for @{text "th"}.
+*}
+lemma th_cp_max_preced: 
+  "cp (t@s) th = Max (the_preced (t@s) ` (threads (t@s)))" (is "?L = ?R") 
+proof -
+  let ?f = "the_preced (t@s)"
+  have "?L = ?f th"
+  proof(unfold cp_alt_def, rule image_Max_eqI)
+    show "finite {th'. Th th' \<in> subtree (RAG (t @ s)) (Th th)}"
+    proof -
+      have "{th'. Th th' \<in> subtree (RAG (t @ s)) (Th th)} = 
+            the_thread ` {n . n \<in> subtree (RAG (t @ s)) (Th th) \<and>
+                            (\<exists> th'. n = Th th')}"
+      by (smt Collect_cong Setcompr_eq_image mem_Collect_eq the_thread.simps)
+      moreover have "finite ..." by (simp add: vat_t.fsbtRAGs.finite_subtree) 
+      ultimately show ?thesis by simp
+    qed
+  next
+    show "th \<in> {th'. Th th' \<in> subtree (RAG (t @ s)) (Th th)}"
+      by (auto simp:subtree_def)
+  next
+    show "\<forall>x\<in>{th'. Th th' \<in> subtree (RAG (t @ s)) (Th th)}.
+               the_preced (t @ s) x \<le> the_preced (t @ s) th"
+    proof
+      fix th'
+      assume "th' \<in> {th'. Th th' \<in> subtree (RAG (t @ s)) (Th th)}"
+      hence "Th th' \<in> subtree (RAG (t @ s)) (Th th)" by auto
+      moreover have "... \<subseteq> Field (RAG (t @ s)) \<union> {Th th}"
+        by (meson subtree_Field)
+      ultimately have "Th th' \<in> ..." by auto
+      hence "th' \<in> threads (t@s)" 
+      proof
+        assume "Th th' \<in> {Th th}"
+        thus ?thesis using th_kept by auto 
+      next
+        assume "Th th' \<in> Field (RAG (t @ s))"
+        thus ?thesis using vat_t.not_in_thread_isolated by blast 
+      qed
+      thus "the_preced (t @ s) th' \<le> the_preced (t @ s) th"
+        by (metis Max_ge finite_imageI finite_threads image_eqI 
+               max_kept th_kept the_preced_def)
+    qed
+  qed
+  also have "... = ?R" by (simp add: max_preced the_preced_def) 
+  finally show ?thesis .
+qed
+
+lemma th_cp_max[simp]: "Max (cp (t@s) ` threads (t@s)) = cp (t@s) th"
+  using max_cp_eq th_cp_max_preced the_preced_def vt_t by presburger
+
+lemma [simp]: "Max (cp (t@s) ` threads (t@s)) = Max (the_preced (t@s) ` threads (t@s))"
+  by (simp add: th_cp_max_preced)
+  
+lemma [simp]: "Max (the_preced (t@s) ` threads (t@s)) = the_preced (t@s) th"
+  using max_kept th_kept the_preced_def by auto
+
+lemma [simp]: "the_preced (t@s) th = preced th (t@s)"
+  using the_preced_def by auto
+
+lemma [simp]: "preced th (t@s) = preced th s"
+  by (simp add: th_kept)
+
+lemma [simp]: "cp s th = preced th s"
+  by (simp add: eq_cp_s_th)
+
+lemma th_cp_preced [simp]: "cp (t@s) th = preced th s"
+  by (fold max_kept, unfold th_cp_max_preced, simp)
+
+lemma preced_less:
+  assumes th'_in: "th' \<in> threads s"
+  and neq_th': "th' \<noteq> th"
+  shows "preced th' s < preced th s"
+  using assms
+by (metis Max.coboundedI finite_imageI highest not_le order.trans 
+    preced_linorder rev_image_eqI threads_s vat_s.finite_threads 
+    vat_s.le_cp)
+
+section {* The `blocking thread` *}
+
+text {* 
+  The purpose of PIP is to ensure that the most 
+  urgent thread @{term th} is not blocked unreasonably. 
+  Therefore, a clear picture of the blocking thread is essential 
+  to assure people that the purpose is fulfilled. 
+  
+  In this section, we are going to derive a series of lemmas 
+  with finally give rise to a picture of the blocking thread. 
+
+  By `blocking thread`, we mean a thread in running state but 
+  different from thread @{term th}.
+*}
+
+text {*
+  The following lemmas shows that the @{term cp}-value 
+  of the blocking thread @{text th'} equals to the highest
+  precedence in the whole system.
+*}
+lemma runing_preced_inversion:
+  assumes runing': "th' \<in> runing (t@s)"
+  shows "cp (t@s) th' = preced th s" (is "?L = ?R")
+proof -
+  have "?L = Max (cp (t @ s) ` readys (t @ s))" using assms
+      by (unfold runing_def, auto)
+  also have "\<dots> = ?R"
+      by (metis th_cp_max th_cp_preced vat_t.max_cp_readys_threads) 
+  finally show ?thesis .
+qed
+
+text {*
+
+  The following lemma shows how the counters for @{term "P"} and
+  @{term "V"} operations relate to the running threads in the states
+  @{term s} and @{term "t @ s"}.  The lemma shows that if a thread's
+  @{term "P"}-count equals its @{term "V"}-count (which means it no
+  longer has any resource in its possession), it cannot be a running
+  thread.
+
+  The proof is by contraction with the assumption @{text "th' \<noteq> th"}.
+  The key is the use of @{thm count_eq_dependants} to derive the
+  emptiness of @{text th'}s @{term dependants}-set from the balance of
+  its @{term P} and @{term V} counts.  From this, it can be shown
+  @{text th'}s @{term cp}-value equals to its own precedence.
+
+  On the other hand, since @{text th'} is running, by @{thm
+  runing_preced_inversion}, its @{term cp}-value equals to the
+  precedence of @{term th}.
+
+  Combining the above two resukts we have that @{text th'} and @{term
+  th} have the same precedence. By uniqueness of precedences, we have
+  @{text "th' = th"}, which is in contradiction with the assumption
+  @{text "th' \<noteq> th"}.
+
+*} 
+                      
+lemma eq_pv_blocked: (* ddd *)
+  assumes neq_th': "th' \<noteq> th"
+  and eq_pv: "cntP (t@s) th' = cntV (t@s) th'"
+  shows "th' \<notin> runing (t@s)"
+proof
+  assume otherwise: "th' \<in> runing (t@s)"
+  show False
+  proof -
+    have th'_in: "th' \<in> threads (t@s)"
+        using otherwise readys_threads runing_def by auto 
+    have "th' = th"
+    proof(rule preced_unique)
+      -- {* The proof goes like this: 
+            it is first shown that the @{term preced}-value of @{term th'} 
+            equals to that of @{term th}, then by uniqueness 
+            of @{term preced}-values (given by lemma @{thm preced_unique}), 
+            @{term th'} equals to @{term th}: *}
+      show "preced th' (t @ s) = preced th (t @ s)" (is "?L = ?R")
+      proof -
+        -- {* Since the counts of @{term th'} are balanced, the subtree
+              of it contains only itself, so, its @{term cp}-value
+              equals its @{term preced}-value: *}
+        have "?L = cp (t@s) th'"
+          by (unfold cp_eq_cpreced cpreced_def count_eq_dependants[OF eq_pv], simp)
+        -- {* Since @{term "th'"} is running, by @{thm runing_preced_inversion},
+              its @{term cp}-value equals @{term "preced th s"}, 
+              which equals to @{term "?R"} by simplification: *}
+        also have "... = ?R" 
+        thm runing_preced_inversion
+            using runing_preced_inversion[OF otherwise] by simp
+        finally show ?thesis .
+      qed
+    qed (auto simp: th'_in th_kept)
+    with `th' \<noteq> th` show ?thesis by simp
+ qed
+qed
+
+text {*
+  The following lemma is the extrapolation of @{thm eq_pv_blocked}.
+  It says if a thread, different from @{term th}, 
+  does not hold any resource at the very beginning,
+  it will keep hand-emptied in the future @{term "t@s"}.
+*}
+lemma eq_pv_persist: (* ddd *)
+  assumes neq_th': "th' \<noteq> th"
+  and eq_pv: "cntP s th' = cntV s th'"
+  shows "cntP (t@s) th' = cntV (t@s) th'"
+proof(induction rule:ind) -- {* The proof goes by induction. *}
+  -- {* The nontrivial case is for the @{term Cons}: *}
+  case (Cons e t)
+  -- {* All results derived so far hold for both @{term s} and @{term "t@s"}: *}
+  interpret vat_t: extend_highest_gen s th prio tm t using Cons by simp
+  interpret vat_e: extend_highest_gen s th prio tm "(e # t)" using Cons by simp
+  show ?case
+  proof -
+    -- {* It can be proved that @{term cntP}-value of @{term th'} does not change
+          by the happening of event @{term e}: *}
+    have "cntP ((e#t)@s) th' = cntP (t@s) th'"
+    proof(rule ccontr) -- {* Proof by contradiction. *}
+      -- {* Suppose @{term cntP}-value of @{term th'} is changed by @{term e}: *}
+      assume otherwise: "cntP ((e # t) @ s) th' \<noteq> cntP (t @ s) th'"
+      -- {* Then the actor of @{term e} must be @{term th'} and @{term e}
+            must be a @{term P}-event: *}
+      hence "isP e" "actor e = th'" by (auto simp:cntP_diff_inv) 
+      with vat_t.actor_inv[OF Cons(2)]
+      -- {* According to @{thm actor_inv}, @{term th'} must be running at 
+            the moment @{term "t@s"}: *}
+      have "th' \<in> runing (t@s)" by (cases e, auto)
+      -- {* However, an application of @{thm eq_pv_blocked} to induction hypothesis
+            shows @{term th'} can not be running at moment  @{term "t@s"}: *}
+      moreover have "th' \<notin> runing (t@s)" 
+               using vat_t.eq_pv_blocked[OF neq_th' Cons(5)] .
+      -- {* Contradiction is finally derived: *}
+      ultimately show False by simp
+    qed
+    -- {* It can also be proved that @{term cntV}-value of @{term th'} does not change
+          by the happening of event @{term e}: *}
+    -- {* The proof follows exactly the same pattern as the case for @{term cntP}-value: *}
+    moreover have "cntV ((e#t)@s) th' = cntV (t@s) th'"
+    proof(rule ccontr) -- {* Proof by contradiction. *}
+      assume otherwise: "cntV ((e # t) @ s) th' \<noteq> cntV (t @ s) th'"
+      hence "isV e" "actor e = th'" by (auto simp:cntV_diff_inv) 
+      with vat_t.actor_inv[OF Cons(2)]
+      have "th' \<in> runing (t@s)" by (cases e, auto)
+      moreover have "th' \<notin> runing (t@s)"
+          using vat_t.eq_pv_blocked[OF neq_th' Cons(5)] .
+      ultimately show False by simp
+    qed
+    -- {* Finally, it can be shown that the @{term cntP} and @{term cntV} 
+          value for @{term th'} are still in balance, so @{term th'} 
+          is still hand-emptied after the execution of event @{term e}: *}
+    ultimately show ?thesis using Cons(5) by metis
+  qed
+qed (auto simp:eq_pv)
+
+text {*
+  By combining @{thm  eq_pv_blocked} and @{thm eq_pv_persist},
+  it can be derived easily that @{term th'} can not be running in the future:
+*}
+lemma eq_pv_blocked_persist:
+  assumes neq_th': "th' \<noteq> th"
+  and eq_pv: "cntP s th' = cntV s th'"
+  shows "th' \<notin> runing (t@s)"
+  using assms
+  by (simp add: eq_pv_blocked eq_pv_persist) 
+
+text {*
+  The following lemma shows the blocking thread @{term th'}
+  must hold some resource in the very beginning. 
+*}
+lemma runing_cntP_cntV_inv: (* ddd *)
+  assumes is_runing: "th' \<in> runing (t@s)"
+  and neq_th': "th' \<noteq> th"
+  shows "cntP s th' > cntV s th'"
+  using assms
+proof -
+  -- {* First, it can be shown that the number of @{term P} and
+        @{term V} operations can not be equal for thred @{term th'} *}
+  have "cntP s th' \<noteq> cntV s th'"
+  proof
+     -- {* The proof goes by contradiction, suppose otherwise: *}
+    assume otherwise: "cntP s th' = cntV s th'"
+    -- {* By applying @{thm  eq_pv_blocked_persist} to this: *}
+    from eq_pv_blocked_persist[OF neq_th' otherwise] 
+    -- {* we have that @{term th'} can not be running at moment @{term "t@s"}: *}
+    have "th' \<notin> runing (t@s)" .
+    -- {* This is obvious in contradiction with assumption @{thm is_runing}  *}
+    thus False using is_runing by simp
+  qed
+  -- {* However, the number of @{term V} is always less or equal to @{term P}: *}
+  moreover have "cntV s th' \<le> cntP s th'" using vat_s.cnp_cnv_cncs by auto
+  -- {* Thesis is finally derived by combining the these two results: *}
+  ultimately show ?thesis by auto
+qed
+
+
+text {*
+  The following lemmas shows the blocking thread @{text th'} must be live 
+  at the very beginning, i.e. the moment (or state) @{term s}. 
+
+  The proof is a  simple combination of the results above:
+*}
+lemma runing_threads_inv: 
+  assumes runing': "th' \<in> runing (t@s)"
+  and neq_th': "th' \<noteq> th"
+  shows "th' \<in> threads s"
+proof(rule ccontr) -- {* Proof by contradiction: *}
+  assume otherwise: "th' \<notin> threads s" 
+  have "th' \<notin> runing (t @ s)"
+  proof -
+    from vat_s.cnp_cnv_eq[OF otherwise]
+    have "cntP s th' = cntV s th'" .
+    from eq_pv_blocked_persist[OF neq_th' this]
+    show ?thesis .
+  qed
+  with runing' show False by simp
+qed
+
+text {*
+  The following lemma summarizes several foregoing 
+  lemmas to give an overall picture of the blocking thread @{text "th'"}:
+*}
+lemma runing_inversion: (* ddd, one of the main lemmas to present *)
+  assumes runing': "th' \<in> runing (t@s)"
+  and neq_th: "th' \<noteq> th"
+  shows "th' \<in> threads s"
+  and    "\<not>detached s th'"
+  and    "cp (t@s) th' = preced th s"
+proof -
+  from runing_threads_inv[OF assms]
+  show "th' \<in> threads s" .
+next
+  from runing_cntP_cntV_inv[OF runing' neq_th]
+  show "\<not>detached s th'" using vat_s.detached_eq by simp
+next
+  from runing_preced_inversion[OF runing']
+  show "cp (t@s) th' = preced th s" .
+qed
+
+section {* The existence of `blocking thread` *}
+
+text {* 
+  Suppose @{term th} is not running, it is first shown that
+  there is a path in RAG leading from node @{term th} to another thread @{text "th'"} 
+  in the @{term readys}-set (So @{text "th'"} is an ancestor of @{term th}}).
+
+  Now, since @{term readys}-set is non-empty, there must be
+  one in it which holds the highest @{term cp}-value, which, by definition, 
+  is the @{term runing}-thread. However, we are going to show more: this running thread
+  is exactly @{term "th'"}.
+     *}
+lemma th_blockedE: (* ddd, the other main lemma to be presented: *)
+  assumes "th \<notin> runing (t@s)"
+  obtains th' where "Th th' \<in> ancestors (RAG (t @ s)) (Th th)"
+                    "th' \<in> runing (t@s)"
+proof -
+  -- {* According to @{thm vat_t.th_chain_to_ready}, either 
+        @{term "th"} is in @{term "readys"} or there is path leading from it to 
+        one thread in @{term "readys"}. *}
+  have "th \<in> readys (t @ s) \<or> (\<exists>th'. th' \<in> readys (t @ s) \<and> (Th th, Th th') \<in> (RAG (t @ s))\<^sup>+)" 
+    using th_kept vat_t.th_chain_to_ready by auto
+  -- {* However, @{term th} can not be in @{term readys}, because otherwise, since 
+       @{term th} holds the highest @{term cp}-value, it must be @{term "runing"}. *}
+  moreover have "th \<notin> readys (t@s)" 
+    using assms runing_def th_cp_max vat_t.max_cp_readys_threads by auto 
+  -- {* So, there must be a path from @{term th} to another thread @{text "th'"} in 
+        term @{term readys}: *}
+  ultimately obtain th' where th'_in: "th' \<in> readys (t@s)"
+                          and dp: "(Th th, Th th') \<in> (RAG (t @ s))\<^sup>+" by auto
+  -- {* We are going to show that this @{term th'} is running. *}
+  have "th' \<in> runing (t@s)"
+  proof -
+    -- {* We only need to show that this @{term th'} holds the highest @{term cp}-value: *}
+    have "cp (t@s) th' = Max (cp (t@s) ` readys (t@s))" (is "?L = ?R")
+    proof -
+      have "?L =  Max ((the_preced (t @ s) \<circ> the_thread) ` subtree (tRAG (t @ s)) (Th th'))"
+        by (unfold cp_alt_def1, simp)
+      also have "... = (the_preced (t @ s) \<circ> the_thread) (Th th)"
+      proof(rule image_Max_subset)
+        show "finite (Th ` (threads (t@s)))" by (simp add: vat_t.finite_threads)
+      next
+        show "subtree (tRAG (t @ s)) (Th th') \<subseteq> Th ` threads (t @ s)"
+          by (metis Range.intros dp trancl_range vat_t.range_in vat_t.subtree_tRAG_thread) 
+      next
+        show "Th th \<in> subtree (tRAG (t @ s)) (Th th')" using dp
+                    by (unfold tRAG_subtree_eq, auto simp:subtree_def)
+      next
+        show "Max ((the_preced (t @ s) \<circ> the_thread) ` Th ` threads (t @ s)) =
+                      (the_preced (t @ s) \<circ> the_thread) (Th th)" (is "Max ?L = _")
+        proof -
+          have "?L = the_preced (t @ s) `  threads (t @ s)" 
+                     by (unfold image_comp, rule image_cong, auto)
+          thus ?thesis using max_preced the_preced_def by auto
+        qed
+      qed
+      also have "... = ?R"
+        using th_cp_max th_cp_preced th_kept 
+              the_preced_def vat_t.max_cp_readys_threads by auto
+      finally show ?thesis .
+    qed 
+    -- {* Now, since @{term th'} holds the highest @{term cp} 
+          and we have already show it is in @{term readys},
+          it is @{term runing} by definition. *}
+    with `th' \<in> readys (t@s)` show ?thesis by (simp add: runing_def) 
+  qed
+  -- {* It is easy to show @{term th'} is an ancestor of @{term th}: *}
+  moreover have "Th th' \<in> ancestors (RAG (t @ s)) (Th th)" 
+    using `(Th th, Th th') \<in> (RAG (t @ s))\<^sup>+` by (auto simp:ancestors_def)
+  ultimately show ?thesis using that by metis
+qed
+
+text {*
+  Now it is easy to see there is always a thread to run by case analysis
+  on whether thread @{term th} is running: if the answer is Yes, the 
+  the running thread is obviously @{term th} itself; otherwise, the running
+  thread is the @{text th'} given by lemma @{thm th_blockedE}.
+*}
+lemma live: "runing (t@s) \<noteq> {}"
+proof(cases "th \<in> runing (t@s)") 
+  case True thus ?thesis by auto
+next
+  case False
+  thus ?thesis using th_blockedE by auto
+qed
+
+
+end
+end