diff -r 17305a85493d -r c495eb16beb6 Moment_1.thy
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/Moment_1.thy	Wed Jan 27 19:28:42 2016 +0800
@@ -0,0 +1,896 @@
+theory Moment
+imports Main
+begin
+
+fun firstn :: "nat \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list"
+where
+  "firstn 0 s = []" |
+  "firstn (Suc n) [] = []" |
+  "firstn (Suc n) (e#s) = e#(firstn n s)"
+
+lemma upto_map_plus: "map (op + k) [i..j] = [i+k..j+k]"
+proof(induct "[i..j]" arbitrary:i j rule:length_induct)
+  case (1 i j)
+  thus ?case
+  proof(cases "i \<le> j")
+    case True
+    hence le_k: "i + k \<le> j + k" by simp
+    show ?thesis (is "?L = ?R")
+    proof -
+      have "?L  = (k + i) # map (op + k) [i + 1..j]"
+         by (simp add: upto_rec1[OF True])
+      moreover have "?R = (i + k) # [i + k + 1..j + k]"
+        by (simp add: upto_rec1[OF le_k])
+      moreover have "map (op + k) [i + 1..j] = [i + k + 1..j + k]"
+      proof -
+        have h: "i + k + 1 = (i + 1) + k" by simp
+        show ?thesis
+        proof(unfold h, rule 1[rule_format])
+          show "length [i + 1..j] < length [i..j]"
+            using upto_rec1[OF True] by simp
+        qed simp
+      qed
+      ultimately show ?thesis by simp
+    qed
+  qed auto
+qed
+
+lemma firstn_alt_def:
+  "firstn n s = map (\<lambda> i. s!(nat i)) [0..(int (min (length s) n)) - 1]"
+proof(induct n arbitrary:s)
+  case (0 s)
+  thus ?case by auto
+next
+  case (Suc n s)
+  thus ?case (is "?L = ?R")
+  proof(cases s)
+    case Nil
+    thus ?thesis by simp
+  next
+    case (Cons e es)
+    with Suc 
+    have "?L =  e # map (\<lambda>i. es ! nat i) [0..int (min (length es) n) - 1]"
+      by simp
+    also have "... = map (\<lambda>i. (e # es) ! nat i) [0..int (min (length es) n)]"
+      (is "?L1 = ?R1")
+    proof -
+      have "?R1 =   e # map (\<lambda>i. (e # es) ! nat i) 
+                            [1..int (min (length es) n)]" 
+      proof -
+        have "[0..int (min (length es) n)] = 0#[1..int (min (length es) n)]"
+          by (simp add: upto.simps)
+        thus ?thesis by simp
+      qed
+      also have "... = ?L1" (is "_#?L2 = _#?R2")
+      proof -
+        have "?L2 = ?R2"
+        proof -
+          have "map (\<lambda>i. (e # es) ! nat i) [1..int (min (length es) n)] =  
+                map ((\<lambda>i. (e # es) ! nat i) \<circ> op + 1) [0..int (min (length es) n) - 1]" 
+          proof -
+            have "[1..int (min (length es) n)] = 
+                             map (op + 1) [0..int (min (length es) n) - 1]"
+                     by (unfold upto_map_plus, simp)
+            thus ?thesis by simp
+          qed
+          also have "... = map (\<lambda>i. es ! nat i) [0..int (min (length es) n) - 1]"
+          proof(rule map_cong)
+            fix x
+            assume "x \<in> set [0..int (min (length es) n) - 1]"
+            thus "((\<lambda>i. (e # es) ! nat i) \<circ> op + 1) x = es ! nat x"
+              by (metis atLeastLessThan_iff atLeastLessThan_upto 
+                    comp_apply local.Cons nat_0_le nat_int nth_Cons_Suc of_nat_Suc)
+          qed auto
+          finally show ?thesis .
+        qed
+        thus ?thesis by simp
+      qed
+      finally show ?thesis by simp
+    qed
+    also have "... = ?R"
+      by (unfold Cons, simp)
+    finally show ?thesis .
+  qed
+qed
+
+fun restn :: "nat \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list"
+where "restn n s = rev (firstn (length s - n) (rev s))"
+
+definition moment :: "nat \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list"
+where "moment n s = rev (firstn n (rev s))"
+
+definition restm :: "nat \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list"
+where "restm n s = rev (restn n (rev s))"
+
+definition from_to :: "nat \<Rightarrow> nat \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list"
+  where "from_to i j s = firstn (j - i) (restn i s)"
+
+definition down_to :: "nat \<Rightarrow> nat \<Rightarrow> 'a list \<Rightarrow> 'a list"
+where "down_to j i s = rev (from_to i j (rev s))"
+
+value "down_to 6 2 [10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0]"
+value "from_to 2 6 [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]"
+
+lemma length_eq_elim_l: "\<lbrakk>length xs = length ys; xs@us = ys@vs\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> xs = ys \<and> us = vs"
+  by auto
+
+lemma length_eq_elim_r: "\<lbrakk>length us = length vs; xs@us = ys@vs\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> xs = ys \<and> us = vs"
+  by simp
+
+lemma firstn_nil [simp]: "firstn n [] = []"
+  by (cases n, simp+)
+
+
+value "from_to 0 2 [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] @ 
+       from_to 2 5 [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]"
+
+lemma firstn_le: "\<And> n s'. n \<le> length s \<Longrightarrow> firstn n (s@s') = firstn n s"
+proof (induct s, simp)
+  fix a s n s'
+  assume ih: "\<And>n s'. n \<le> length s \<Longrightarrow> firstn n (s @ s') = firstn n s"
+  and le_n: " n \<le> length (a # s)"
+  show "firstn n ((a # s) @ s') = firstn n (a # s)"
+  proof(cases n, simp)
+    fix k
+    assume eq_n: "n = Suc k"
+    with le_n have "k \<le> length s" by auto
+    from ih [OF this] and eq_n
+    show "firstn n ((a # s) @ s') = firstn n (a # s)" by auto
+  qed
+qed
+
+lemma firstn_ge [simp]: "\<And>n. length s \<le> n \<Longrightarrow> firstn n s = s"
+proof(induct s, simp)
+  fix a s n
+  assume ih: "\<And>n. length s \<le> n \<Longrightarrow> firstn n s = s"
+    and le: "length (a # s) \<le> n"
+  show "firstn n (a # s) = a # s"
+  proof(cases n)
+    assume eq_n: "n = 0" with le show ?thesis by simp
+  next
+    fix k
+    assume eq_n: "n = Suc k"
+    with le have le_k: "length s \<le> k" by simp
+    from ih [OF this] have "firstn k s = s" .
+    from eq_n and this
+    show ?thesis by simp
+  qed
+qed
+
+lemma firstn_eq [simp]: "firstn (length s) s = s"
+  by simp
+
+lemma firstn_restn_s: "(firstn n (s::'a list)) @ (restn n s) = s"
+proof(induct n arbitrary:s, simp)
+  fix n s
+  assume ih: "\<And>t. firstn n (t::'a list) @ restn n t = t"
+  show "firstn (Suc n) (s::'a list) @ restn (Suc n) s = s"
+  proof(cases s, simp)
+    fix x xs
+    assume eq_s: "s = x#xs"
+    show "firstn (Suc n) s @ restn (Suc n) s = s"
+    proof -
+      have "firstn (Suc n) s @ restn (Suc n) s =  x # (firstn n xs @ restn n xs)"
+      proof -
+        from eq_s have "firstn (Suc n) s =  x # firstn n xs" by simp
+        moreover have "restn (Suc n) s = restn n xs"
+        proof -
+          from eq_s have "restn (Suc n) s = rev (firstn (length xs - n) (rev xs @ [x]))" by simp
+          also have "\<dots> = restn n xs"
+          proof -
+            have "(firstn (length xs - n) (rev xs @ [x])) = (firstn (length xs - n) (rev xs))"
+              by(rule firstn_le, simp)
+            hence "rev (firstn (length xs - n) (rev xs @ [x])) = 
+              rev (firstn (length xs - n) (rev xs))" by simp
+            also have "\<dots> = rev (firstn (length (rev xs) - n) (rev xs))" by simp
+            finally show ?thesis by simp
+          qed
+          finally show ?thesis by simp
+        qed
+        ultimately show ?thesis by simp
+      qed with ih eq_s show ?thesis by simp
+    qed
+  qed
+qed
+
+lemma moment_restm_s: "(restm n s)@(moment n s) = s"
+proof -
+  have " rev  ((firstn n (rev s)) @ (restn n (rev s))) = s" (is "rev ?x = s")
+  proof -
+    have "?x = rev s" by (simp only:firstn_restn_s)
+    thus ?thesis by auto
+  qed
+  thus ?thesis 
+    by (auto simp:restm_def moment_def)
+qed
+
+declare restn.simps [simp del] firstn.simps[simp del]
+
+lemma length_firstn_ge: "length s \<le> n \<Longrightarrow> length (firstn n s) = length s"
+proof(induct n arbitrary:s, simp add:firstn.simps)
+  case (Suc k)
+  assume ih: "\<And> s. length (s::'a list) \<le> k \<Longrightarrow> length (firstn k s) = length s"
+  and le: "length s \<le> Suc k"
+  show ?case
+  proof(cases s)
+    case Nil
+    from Nil show ?thesis by simp
+  next
+    case (Cons x xs)
+    from le and Cons have "length xs \<le> k" by simp
+    from ih [OF this] have "length (firstn k xs) = length xs" .
+    moreover from Cons have "length (firstn (Suc k) s) = Suc (length (firstn k xs))" 
+      by (simp add:firstn.simps)
+    moreover note Cons
+    ultimately show ?thesis by simp
+  qed
+qed
+
+lemma length_firstn_le: "n \<le> length s \<Longrightarrow> length (firstn n s) = n"
+proof(induct n arbitrary:s, simp add:firstn.simps)
+  case (Suc k)
+  assume ih: "\<And>s. k \<le> length (s::'a list) \<Longrightarrow> length (firstn k s) = k"
+    and le: "Suc k \<le> length s"
+  show ?case
+  proof(cases s)
+    case Nil
+    from Nil and le show ?thesis by auto
+  next
+    case (Cons x xs)
+    from le and Cons have "k \<le> length xs" by simp
+    from ih [OF this] have "length (firstn k xs) = k" .
+    moreover from Cons have "length (firstn (Suc k) s) = Suc (length (firstn k xs))" 
+      by (simp add:firstn.simps)
+    ultimately show ?thesis by simp
+  qed
+qed
+
+lemma app_firstn_restn: 
+  fixes s1 s2
+  shows "s1 = firstn (length s1) (s1 @ s2) \<and> s2 = restn (length s1) (s1 @ s2)"
+proof(rule length_eq_elim_l)
+  have "length s1 \<le> length (s1 @ s2)" by simp
+  from length_firstn_le [OF this]
+  show "length s1 = length (firstn (length s1) (s1 @ s2))" by simp
+next
+  from firstn_restn_s 
+  show "s1 @ s2 = firstn (length s1) (s1 @ s2) @ restn (length s1) (s1 @ s2)"
+    by metis
+qed
+
+
+lemma length_moment_le:
+  fixes k s
+  assumes le_k: "k \<le> length s"
+  shows "length (moment k s) = k"
+proof -
+  have "length (rev (firstn k (rev s))) = k"
+  proof -
+    have "length (rev (firstn k (rev s))) = length (firstn k (rev s))" by simp
+    also have "\<dots> = k" 
+    proof(rule length_firstn_le)
+      from le_k show "k \<le> length (rev s)" by simp
+    qed
+    finally show ?thesis .
+  qed
+  thus ?thesis by (simp add:moment_def)
+qed
+
+lemma app_moment_restm: 
+  fixes s1 s2
+  shows "s1 = restm (length s2) (s1 @ s2) \<and> s2 = moment (length s2) (s1 @ s2)"
+proof(rule length_eq_elim_r)
+  have "length s2 \<le> length (s1 @ s2)" by simp
+  from length_moment_le [OF this]
+  show "length s2 = length (moment (length s2) (s1 @ s2))" by simp
+next
+  from moment_restm_s 
+  show "s1 @ s2 = restm (length s2) (s1 @ s2) @ moment (length s2) (s1 @ s2)"
+    by metis
+qed
+
+lemma length_moment_ge:
+  fixes k s
+  assumes le_k: "length s \<le> k"
+  shows "length (moment k s) = (length s)"
+proof -
+  have "length (rev (firstn k (rev s))) = length s"
+  proof -
+    have "length (rev (firstn k (rev s))) = length (firstn k (rev s))" by simp
+    also have "\<dots> = length s" 
+    proof -
+      have "\<dots> = length (rev s)"
+      proof(rule length_firstn_ge)
+        from le_k show "length (rev s) \<le> k" by simp
+      qed
+      also have "\<dots> = length s" by simp
+      finally show ?thesis .
+    qed
+    finally show ?thesis .
+  qed
+  thus ?thesis by (simp add:moment_def)
+qed
+
+lemma length_firstn: "(length (firstn n s) = length s) \<or> (length (firstn n s) = n)"
+proof(cases "n \<le> length s")
+  case True
+  from length_firstn_le [OF True] show ?thesis by auto
+next
+  case False
+  from False have "length s \<le> n" by simp
+  from firstn_ge [OF this] show ?thesis by auto
+qed
+
+lemma firstn_conc: 
+  fixes m n
+  assumes le_mn: "m \<le> n"
+  shows "firstn m s = firstn m (firstn n  s)"
+proof(cases "m \<le> length s")
+  case True
+  have "s = (firstn n s) @ (restn n s)" by (simp add:firstn_restn_s)
+  hence "firstn m s = firstn m \<dots>" by simp
+  also have "\<dots> = firstn m (firstn n s)" 
+  proof -
+    from length_firstn [of n s]
+    have "m \<le> length (firstn n s)"
+    proof
+      assume "length (firstn n s) = length s" with True show ?thesis by simp
+    next
+      assume "length (firstn n s) = n " with le_mn show ?thesis by simp
+    qed
+    from firstn_le [OF this, of "restn n s"]
+    show ?thesis .
+  qed
+  finally show ?thesis by simp
+next
+  case False
+  from False and le_mn have "length s \<le> n"  by simp
+  from firstn_ge [OF this] show ?thesis by simp
+qed
+
+lemma restn_conc: 
+  fixes i j k s
+  assumes eq_k: "j + i = k"
+  shows "restn k s = restn j (restn i s)"
+proof -
+  have "(firstn (length s - k) (rev s)) =
+        (firstn (length (rev (firstn (length s - i) (rev s))) - j) 
+                            (rev (rev (firstn (length s - i) (rev s)))))"
+  proof  -
+    have "(firstn (length s - k) (rev s)) =
+            (firstn (length (rev (firstn (length s - i) (rev s))) - j) 
+                                           (firstn (length s - i) (rev s)))"
+    proof -
+      have " (length (rev (firstn (length s - i) (rev s))) - j) = length s - k"
+      proof -
+        have "(length (rev (firstn (length s - i) (rev s))) - j) = (length s - i) - j"
+        proof -
+          have "(length (rev (firstn (length s - i) (rev s))) - j) = 
+                                         length ((firstn (length s - i) (rev s))) - j"
+            by simp
+          also have "\<dots> = length ((firstn (length (rev s) - i) (rev s))) - j" by simp
+          also have "\<dots> = (length (rev s) - i) - j" 
+          proof -
+            have "length ((firstn (length (rev s) - i) (rev s))) = (length (rev s) - i)"
+              by (rule length_firstn_le, simp)
+            thus ?thesis by simp
+          qed
+          also have "\<dots> = (length s - i) - j" by simp
+          finally show ?thesis .
+        qed
+        with eq_k show ?thesis by auto
+      qed
+      moreover have "(firstn (length s - k) (rev s)) =
+                             (firstn (length s - k) (firstn (length s - i) (rev s)))"
+      proof(rule firstn_conc)
+        from eq_k show "length s - k \<le> length s - i" by simp
+      qed
+      ultimately show ?thesis by simp
+    qed
+    thus ?thesis by simp
+  qed
+  thus ?thesis by (simp only:restn.simps)
+qed
+
+(*
+value "down_to 2 0 [5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0]"
+value "moment 2 [5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0]"
+*)
+
+lemma from_to_firstn: "from_to 0 k s = firstn k s"
+by (simp add:from_to_def restn.simps)
+
+lemma moment_app [simp]:
+  assumes 
+  ile: "i \<le> length s"
+  shows "moment i (s'@s) = moment i s"
+proof -
+  have "moment i (s'@s) = rev (firstn i (rev (s'@s)))" by (simp add:moment_def)
+  moreover have "firstn i (rev (s'@s)) = firstn i (rev s @ rev s')" by simp
+  moreover have "\<dots> = firstn i (rev s)"
+  proof(rule firstn_le)
+    have "length (rev s) = length s" by simp
+    with ile show "i \<le> length (rev s)" by simp
+  qed
+  ultimately show ?thesis by (simp add:moment_def)
+qed
+
+lemma moment_eq [simp]: "moment (length s) (s'@s) = s"
+proof -
+  have "length s \<le> length s" by simp
+  from moment_app [OF this, of s'] 
+  have " moment (length s) (s' @ s) = moment (length s) s" .
+  moreover have "\<dots> = s" by (simp add:moment_def)
+  ultimately show ?thesis by simp
+qed
+
+lemma moment_ge [simp]: "length s \<le> n \<Longrightarrow> moment n s = s"
+  by (unfold moment_def, simp)
+
+lemma moment_zero [simp]: "moment 0 s = []"
+  by (simp add:moment_def firstn.simps)
+
+lemma p_split_gen: 
+  "\<lbrakk>Q s; \<not> Q (moment k s)\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow>
+  (\<exists> i. i < length s \<and> k \<le> i \<and> \<not> Q (moment i s) \<and> (\<forall> i' > i. Q (moment i' s)))"
+proof (induct s, simp)
+  fix a s
+  assume ih: "\<lbrakk>Q s; \<not> Q (moment k s)\<rbrakk>
+           \<Longrightarrow> \<exists>i<length s. k \<le> i \<and> \<not> Q (moment i s) \<and> (\<forall>i'>i. Q (moment i' s))"
+    and nq: "\<not> Q (moment k (a # s))" and qa: "Q (a # s)"
+  have le_k: "k \<le> length s"
+  proof -
+    { assume "length s < k"
+      hence "length (a#s) \<le> k" by simp
+      from moment_ge [OF this] and nq and qa
+      have "False" by auto
+    } thus ?thesis by arith
+  qed
+  have nq_k: "\<not> Q (moment k s)"
+  proof -
+    have "moment k (a#s) = moment k s"
+    proof -
+      from moment_app [OF le_k, of "[a]"] show ?thesis by simp
+    qed
+    with nq show ?thesis by simp
+  qed
+  show "\<exists>i<length (a # s). k \<le> i \<and> \<not> Q (moment i (a # s)) \<and> (\<forall>i'>i. Q (moment i' (a # s)))"
+  proof -
+    { assume "Q s"
+      from ih [OF this nq_k]
+      obtain i where lti: "i < length s" 
+        and nq: "\<not> Q (moment i s)" 
+        and rst: "\<forall>i'>i. Q (moment i' s)" 
+        and lki: "k \<le> i" by auto
+      have ?thesis 
+      proof -
+        from lti have "i < length (a # s)" by auto
+        moreover have " \<not> Q (moment i (a # s))"
+        proof -
+          from lti have "i \<le> (length s)" by simp
+          from moment_app [OF this, of "[a]"]
+          have "moment i (a # s) = moment i s" by simp
+          with nq show ?thesis by auto
+        qed
+        moreover have " (\<forall>i'>i. Q (moment i' (a # s)))"
+        proof -
+          {
+            fix i'
+            assume lti': "i < i'"
+            have "Q (moment i' (a # s))"
+            proof(cases "length (a#s) \<le> i'")
+              case True
+              from True have "moment i' (a#s) = a#s" by simp
+              with qa show ?thesis by simp
+            next
+              case False
+              from False have "i' \<le> length s" by simp
+              from moment_app [OF this, of "[a]"]
+              have "moment i' (a#s) = moment i' s" by simp
+              with rst lti' show ?thesis by auto
+            qed
+          } thus ?thesis by auto
+        qed
+        moreover note lki
+        ultimately show ?thesis by auto
+      qed
+    } moreover {
+      assume ns: "\<not> Q s"
+      have ?thesis
+      proof -
+        let ?i = "length s"
+        have "\<not> Q (moment ?i (a#s))"
+        proof -
+          have "?i \<le> length s" by simp
+          from moment_app [OF this, of "[a]"]
+          have "moment ?i (a#s) = moment ?i s" by simp
+          moreover have "\<dots> = s" by simp
+          ultimately show ?thesis using ns by auto
+        qed
+        moreover have "\<forall> i' > ?i. Q (moment i' (a#s))" 
+        proof -
+          { fix i'
+            assume "i' > ?i"
+            hence "length (a#s) \<le> i'" by simp
+            from moment_ge [OF this] 
+            have " moment i' (a # s) = a # s" .
+            with qa have "Q (moment i' (a#s))" by simp
+          } thus ?thesis by auto
+        qed
+        moreover have "?i < length (a#s)" by simp
+        moreover note le_k
+        ultimately show ?thesis by auto
+      qed
+    } ultimately show ?thesis by auto
+  qed
+qed
+
+lemma p_split: 
+  "\<And> s Q. \<lbrakk>Q s; \<not> Q []\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> 
+       (\<exists> i. i < length s \<and> \<not> Q (moment i s) \<and> (\<forall> i' > i. Q (moment i' s)))"
+proof -
+  fix s Q
+  assume qs: "Q s" and nq: "\<not> Q []"
+  from nq have "\<not> Q (moment 0 s)" by simp
+  from p_split_gen [of Q s 0, OF qs this]
+  show "(\<exists> i. i < length s \<and> \<not> Q (moment i s) \<and> (\<forall> i' > i. Q (moment i' s)))"
+    by auto
+qed
+
+lemma moment_plus: 
+  "Suc i \<le> length s \<Longrightarrow> moment (Suc i) s = (hd (moment (Suc i) s)) # (moment i s)"
+proof(induct s, simp+)
+  fix a s
+  assume ih: "Suc i \<le> length s \<Longrightarrow> moment (Suc i) s = hd (moment (Suc i) s) # moment i s"
+    and le_i: "i \<le> length s"
+  show "moment (Suc i) (a # s) = hd (moment (Suc i) (a # s)) # moment i (a # s)"
+  proof(cases "i= length s")
+    case True
+    hence "Suc i = length (a#s)" by simp
+    with moment_eq have "moment (Suc i) (a#s) = a#s" by auto
+    moreover have "moment i (a#s) = s"
+    proof -
+      from moment_app [OF le_i, of "[a]"]
+      and True show ?thesis by simp
+    qed
+    ultimately show ?thesis by auto
+  next
+    case False
+    from False and le_i have lti: "i < length s" by arith
+    hence les_i: "Suc i \<le> length s" by arith
+    show ?thesis 
+    proof -
+      from moment_app [OF les_i, of "[a]"]
+      have "moment (Suc i) (a # s) = moment (Suc i) s" by simp
+      moreover have "moment i (a#s) = moment i s" 
+      proof -
+        from lti have "i \<le> length s" by simp
+        from moment_app [OF this, of "[a]"] show ?thesis by simp
+      qed
+      moreover note ih [OF les_i]
+      ultimately show ?thesis by auto
+    qed
+  qed
+qed
+
+lemma from_to_conc:
+  fixes i j k s
+  assumes le_ij: "i \<le> j"
+  and le_jk: "j \<le> k"
+  shows "from_to i j s @ from_to j k s = from_to i k s"
+proof -
+  let ?ris = "restn i s"
+  have "firstn (j - i) (restn i s) @ firstn (k - j) (restn j s) =
+         firstn (k - i) (restn i s)" (is "?x @ ?y = ?z")
+  proof -
+    let "firstn (k-j) ?u" = "?y"
+    let ?rst = " restn (k - j) (restn (j - i) ?ris)"
+    let ?rst' = "restn (k - i) ?ris"
+    have "?u = restn (j-i) ?ris"
+    proof(rule restn_conc)
+      from le_ij show "j - i + i = j" by simp
+    qed
+    hence "?x @ ?y = ?x @ firstn (k-j) (restn (j-i) ?ris)" by simp
+    moreover have "firstn (k - j) (restn (j - i) (restn i s)) @ ?rst = 
+                      restn (j-i) ?ris" by (simp add:firstn_restn_s)
+    ultimately have "?x @ ?y @ ?rst = ?x @ (restn (j-i) ?ris)" by simp
+    also have "\<dots> = ?ris" by (simp add:firstn_restn_s)
+    finally have "?x @ ?y @ ?rst = ?ris" .
+    moreover have "?z @ ?rst = ?ris"
+    proof -
+      have "?z @ ?rst' = ?ris" by (simp add:firstn_restn_s)
+      moreover have "?rst' = ?rst"
+      proof(rule restn_conc)
+        from le_ij le_jk show "k - j + (j - i) = k - i" by auto
+      qed
+      ultimately show ?thesis by simp
+    qed
+    ultimately have "?x @ ?y @ ?rst = ?z @ ?rst" by simp
+    thus ?thesis by auto    
+  qed
+  thus ?thesis by (simp only:from_to_def)
+qed
+
+lemma down_to_conc:
+  fixes i j k s
+  assumes le_ij: "i \<le> j"
+  and le_jk: "j \<le> k"
+  shows "down_to k j s @ down_to j i s = down_to k i s"
+proof -
+  have "rev (from_to j k (rev s)) @ rev (from_to i j (rev s)) = rev (from_to i k (rev s))"
+    (is "?L = ?R")
+  proof -
+    have "?L = rev (from_to i j (rev s) @ from_to j k (rev s))" by simp
+    also have "\<dots> = ?R" (is "rev ?x = rev ?y")
+    proof -
+      have "?x = ?y" by (rule from_to_conc[OF le_ij le_jk])
+      thus ?thesis by simp
+    qed
+    finally show ?thesis .
+  qed
+  thus ?thesis by (simp add:down_to_def)
+qed
+
+lemma restn_ge:
+  fixes s k
+  assumes le_k: "length s \<le> k"
+  shows "restn k s = []"
+proof -
+  from firstn_restn_s [of k s, symmetric] have "s = (firstn k s) @ (restn k s)" .
+  hence "length s = length \<dots>" by simp
+  also have "\<dots> = length (firstn k s) + length (restn k s)" by simp
+  finally have "length s = ..." by simp
+  moreover from length_firstn_ge and le_k 
+  have "length (firstn k s) = length s" by simp
+  ultimately have "length (restn k s) = 0" by auto
+  thus ?thesis by auto
+qed
+
+lemma from_to_ge: "length s \<le> k \<Longrightarrow> from_to k j s = []"
+proof(simp only:from_to_def)
+  assume "length s \<le> k"
+  from restn_ge [OF this] 
+  show "firstn (j - k) (restn k s) = []" by simp
+qed
+
+(*
+value "from_to 2 5 [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]"
+value "restn 2  [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]"
+*)
+
+lemma from_to_restn: 
+  fixes k j s
+  assumes le_j: "length s \<le> j"
+  shows "from_to k j s = restn k s"
+proof -
+  have "from_to 0 k s @ from_to k j s = from_to 0 j s"
+  proof(cases "k \<le> j")
+    case True
+    from from_to_conc True show ?thesis by auto
+  next
+    case False
+    from False le_j have lek: "length s \<le>  k" by auto
+    from from_to_ge [OF this] have "from_to k j s = []" .
+    hence "from_to 0 k s @ from_to k j s = from_to 0 k s" by simp
+    also have "\<dots> = s"
+    proof -
+      from from_to_firstn [of k s]
+      have "\<dots> = firstn k s" .
+      also have "\<dots> = s" by (rule firstn_ge [OF lek])
+      finally show ?thesis .
+    qed
+    finally have "from_to 0 k s @ from_to k j s = s" .
+    moreover have "from_to 0 j s = s"
+    proof -
+      have "from_to 0 j s = firstn j s" by (simp add:from_to_firstn)
+      also have "\<dots> = s"
+      proof(rule firstn_ge)
+        from le_j show "length s \<le> j " by simp
+      qed
+      finally show ?thesis .
+    qed
+    ultimately show ?thesis by auto
+  qed
+  also have "\<dots> = s" 
+  proof -
+    from from_to_firstn have "\<dots> = firstn j s" .
+    also have "\<dots> = s"
+    proof(rule firstn_ge)
+      from le_j show "length s \<le> j" by simp
+    qed
+    finally show ?thesis .
+  qed
+  finally have "from_to 0 k s @ from_to k j s = s" .
+  moreover have "from_to 0 k s @ restn k s = s"
+  proof -
+    from from_to_firstn [of k s]
+    have "from_to 0 k s = firstn k s" .
+    thus ?thesis by (simp add:firstn_restn_s)
+  qed
+  ultimately have "from_to 0 k s @ from_to k j s  = 
+                    from_to 0 k s @ restn k s" by simp
+  thus ?thesis by auto
+qed
+
+lemma down_to_moment: "down_to k 0 s = moment k s"
+proof -
+  have "rev (from_to 0 k (rev s)) = rev (firstn k (rev s))" 
+    using from_to_firstn by metis
+  thus ?thesis by (simp add:down_to_def moment_def)
+qed
+
+lemma down_to_restm:
+  assumes le_s: "length s \<le> j"
+  shows "down_to j k s = restm k s"
+proof -
+  have "rev (from_to k j (rev s)) = rev (restn k (rev s))" (is "?L = ?R")
+  proof -
+    from le_s have "length (rev s) \<le> j" by simp
+    from from_to_restn [OF this, of k] show ?thesis by simp
+  qed
+  thus ?thesis by (simp add:down_to_def restm_def)
+qed
+
+lemma moment_split: "moment (m+i) s = down_to (m+i) i s @down_to i 0 s"
+proof -
+  have "moment (m + i) s = down_to (m+i) 0 s" using down_to_moment by metis
+  also have "\<dots> = (down_to (m+i) i s) @ (down_to i 0 s)" 
+    by(rule down_to_conc[symmetric], auto)
+  finally show ?thesis .
+qed
+
+lemma length_restn: "length (restn i s) = length s - i"
+proof(cases "i \<le> length s")
+  case True
+  from length_firstn_le [OF this] have "length (firstn i s) = i" .
+  moreover have "length s = length (firstn i s) + length (restn i s)"
+  proof -
+    have "s = firstn i s @ restn i s" using firstn_restn_s by metis
+    hence "length s = length \<dots>" by simp
+    thus ?thesis by simp
+  qed
+  ultimately show ?thesis by simp
+next 
+  case False
+  hence "length s \<le> i" by simp
+  from restn_ge [OF this] have "restn i s = []" .
+  with False show ?thesis by simp
+qed
+
+lemma length_from_to_in:
+  fixes i j s
+  assumes le_ij: "i \<le> j"
+  and le_j: "j \<le> length s"
+  shows "length (from_to i j s) = j - i"
+proof -
+  have "from_to 0 j s = from_to 0 i s @ from_to i j s"
+    by (rule from_to_conc[symmetric, OF _ le_ij], simp)
+  moreover have "length (from_to 0 j s) = j"
+  proof -
+    have "from_to 0 j s = firstn j s" using from_to_firstn by metis
+    moreover have "length \<dots> = j" by (rule length_firstn_le [OF le_j])
+    ultimately show ?thesis by simp
+  qed
+  moreover have "length (from_to 0 i s) = i"
+  proof -
+    have "from_to 0 i s = firstn i s" using from_to_firstn by metis
+    moreover have "length \<dots> = i" 
+    proof (rule length_firstn_le)
+      from le_ij le_j show "i \<le> length s" by simp
+    qed
+    ultimately show ?thesis by simp
+  qed
+  ultimately show ?thesis by auto
+qed
+
+lemma firstn_restn_from_to: "from_to i (m + i) s = firstn m (restn i s)"
+proof(cases "m+i \<le> length s")
+  case True
+  have "restn i s = from_to i (m+i) s @ from_to (m+i) (length s) s"
+  proof -
+    have "restn i s = from_to i (length s) s"
+      by(rule from_to_restn[symmetric], simp)
+    also have "\<dots> = from_to i (m+i) s @ from_to (m+i) (length s) s"
+      by(rule from_to_conc[symmetric, OF _ True], simp)
+    finally show ?thesis .
+  qed
+  hence "firstn m (restn i s) = firstn m \<dots>" by simp
+  moreover have "\<dots> = firstn (length (from_to i (m+i) s)) 
+                    (from_to i (m+i) s @ from_to (m+i) (length s) s)"
+  proof -
+    have "length (from_to i (m+i) s) = m"
+    proof -
+      have "length (from_to i (m+i) s) = (m+i) - i"
+        by(rule length_from_to_in [OF _ True], simp)
+      thus ?thesis by simp
+    qed
+    thus ?thesis by simp
+  qed
+  ultimately show ?thesis using app_firstn_restn by metis
+next
+  case False
+  hence "length s \<le> m + i" by simp
+  from from_to_restn [OF this]
+  have "from_to i (m + i) s = restn i s" .
+  moreover have "firstn m (restn i s) = restn i s" 
+  proof(rule firstn_ge)
+    show "length (restn i s) \<le> m"
+    proof -
+      have "length (restn i s) = length s - i" using length_restn by metis
+      with False show ?thesis by simp
+    qed
+  qed
+  ultimately show ?thesis by simp
+qed
+
+lemma down_to_moment_restm:
+  fixes m i s
+  shows "down_to (m + i) i s = moment m (restm i s)"
+  by (simp add:firstn_restn_from_to down_to_def moment_def restm_def)
+
+lemma moment_plus_split:
+  fixes m i s
+  shows "moment (m + i) s = moment m (restm i s) @ moment i s"
+proof -
+  from moment_split [of m i s]
+  have "moment (m + i) s = down_to (m + i) i s @ down_to i 0 s" .
+  also have "\<dots> = down_to (m+i) i s @ moment i s" using down_to_moment by simp
+  also from down_to_moment_restm have "\<dots> = moment m (restm i s) @ moment i s"
+    by simp
+  finally show ?thesis .
+qed
+
+lemma length_restm: "length (restm i s) = length s - i"
+proof -
+  have "length (rev (restn i (rev s))) = length s - i" (is "?L = ?R")
+  proof -
+    have "?L = length (restn i (rev s))" by simp
+    also have "\<dots>  = length (rev s) - i" using length_restn by metis
+    also have "\<dots> = ?R" by simp
+    finally show ?thesis .
+  qed
+  thus ?thesis by (simp add:restm_def)
+qed
+
+lemma moment_prefix: "(moment i t @ s) = moment (i + length s) (t @ s)"
+proof -
+  from moment_plus_split [of i "length s" "t@s"]
+  have " moment (i + length s) (t @ s) = moment i (restm (length s) (t @ s)) @ moment (length s) (t @ s)"
+    by auto
+  with app_moment_restm[of t s]
+  have "moment (i + length s) (t @ s) = moment i t @ moment (length s) (t @ s)" by simp
+  with moment_app show ?thesis by auto
+qed
+
+lemma length_down_to_in: 
+  assumes le_ij: "i \<le> j"
+    and le_js: "j \<le> length s"
+  shows "length (down_to j i s) = j - i"
+proof -
+  have "length (down_to j i s) = length (from_to i j (rev s))"
+    by (unfold down_to_def, auto)
+  also have "\<dots> = j - i"
+  proof(rule length_from_to_in[OF le_ij])
+    from le_js show "j \<le> length (rev s)" by simp
+  qed
+  finally show ?thesis .
+qed
+
+
+lemma moment_head: 
+  assumes le_it: "Suc i \<le> length t"
+  obtains e where "moment (Suc i) t = e#moment i t"
+proof -
+  have "i \<le> Suc i" by simp
+  from length_down_to_in [OF this le_it]
+  have "length (down_to (Suc i) i t) = 1" by auto
+  then obtain e where "down_to (Suc i) i t = [e]"
+    apply (cases "(down_to (Suc i) i t)") by auto
+  moreover have "down_to (Suc i) 0 t = down_to (Suc i) i t @ down_to i 0 t"
+    by (rule down_to_conc[symmetric], auto)
+  ultimately have eq_me: "moment (Suc i) t = e#(moment i t)"
+    by (auto simp:down_to_moment)
+  from that [OF this] show ?thesis .
+qed
+
+end