ExtGG.thy
changeset 63 b620a2a0806a
parent 62 031d2ae9c9b8
--- a/ExtGG.thy	Tue Dec 22 23:13:31 2015 +0800
+++ b/ExtGG.thy	Wed Jan 06 20:46:14 2016 +0800
@@ -2,67 +2,93 @@
 imports PrioG CpsG
 begin
 
-lemma birth_time_lt:  "s \<noteq> [] \<Longrightarrow> last_set th s < length s"
-  apply (induct s, simp)
-proof -
-  fix a s
-  assume ih: "s \<noteq> [] \<Longrightarrow> last_set th s < length s"
-    and eq_as: "a # s \<noteq> []"
-  show "last_set th (a # s) < length (a # s)"
-  proof(cases "s \<noteq> []")
-    case False
-    from False show ?thesis
-      by (cases a, auto simp:last_set.simps)
-  next
-    case True
-    from ih [OF True] show ?thesis
-      by (cases a, auto simp:last_set.simps)
-  qed
+text {* 
+  The following two auxiliary lemmas are used to reason about @{term Max}.
+*}
+lemma image_Max_eqI: 
+  assumes "finite B"
+  and "b \<in> B"
+  and "\<forall> x \<in> B. f x \<le> f b"
+  shows "Max (f ` B) = f b"
+  using assms
+  using Max_eqI by blast 
+
+lemma image_Max_subset:
+  assumes "finite A"
+  and "B \<subseteq> A"
+  and "a \<in> B"
+  and "Max (f ` A) = f a"
+  shows "Max (f ` B) = f a"
+proof(rule image_Max_eqI)
+  show "finite B"
+    using assms(1) assms(2) finite_subset by auto 
+next
+  show "a \<in> B" using assms by simp
+next
+  show "\<forall>x\<in>B. f x \<le> f a"
+    by (metis Max_ge assms(1) assms(2) assms(4) 
+            finite_imageI image_eqI subsetCE) 
 qed
 
-lemma th_in_ne: "th \<in> threads s \<Longrightarrow> s \<noteq> []"
-  by (induct s, auto simp:threads.simps)
-
-lemma preced_tm_lt: "th \<in> threads s \<Longrightarrow> preced th s = Prc x y \<Longrightarrow> y < length s"
-  apply (drule_tac th_in_ne)
-  by (unfold preced_def, auto intro: birth_time_lt)
-
+text {*
+  The following locale @{text "highest_gen"} sets the basic context for our
+  investigation: supposing thread @{text th} holds the highest @{term cp}-value
+  in state @{text s}, which means the task for @{text th} is the 
+  most urgent. We want to show that  
+  @{text th} is treated correctly by PIP, which means
+  @{text th} will not be blocked unreasonably by other less urgent
+  threads. 
+*}
 locale highest_gen =
   fixes s th prio tm
   assumes vt_s: "vt s"
   and threads_s: "th \<in> threads s"
   and highest: "preced th s = Max ((cp s)`threads s)"
-  and preced_th: "preced th s = Prc prio tm"
+  -- {* The internal structure of @{term th}'s precedence is exposed:*}
+  and preced_th: "preced th s = Prc prio tm" 
 
+-- {* @{term s} is a valid trace, so it will inherit all results derived for
+      a valid trace: *}
 sublocale highest_gen < vat_s: valid_trace "s"
   by (unfold_locales, insert vt_s, simp)
 
 context highest_gen
 begin
 
+text {*
+  @{term tm} is the time when the precedence of @{term th} is set, so 
+  @{term tm} must be a valid moment index into @{term s}.
+*}
 lemma lt_tm: "tm < length s"
   by (insert preced_tm_lt[OF threads_s preced_th], simp)
 
+text {*
+  Since @{term th} holds the highest precedence and @{text "cp"}
+  is the highest precedence of all threads in the sub-tree of 
+  @{text "th"} and @{text th} is among these threads, 
+  its @{term cp} must equal to its precedence:
+*}
 lemma eq_cp_s_th: "cp s th = preced th s" (is "?L = ?R")
 proof -
   have "?L \<le> ?R"
   by (unfold highest, rule Max_ge, 
-        auto simp:threads_s finite_threads[OF vt_s])
+        auto simp:threads_s finite_threads)
   moreover have "?R \<le> ?L"
     by (unfold vat_s.cp_rec, rule Max_ge, 
         auto simp:the_preced_def vat_s.fsbttRAGs.finite_children)
   ultimately show ?thesis by auto
 qed
 
+(* ccc *)
 lemma highest_cp_preced: "cp s th = Max ((\<lambda> th'. preced th' s) ` threads s)"
-  by (fold max_cp_eq[OF vt_s], unfold eq_cp_s_th, insert highest, simp)
+  by (fold max_cp_eq, unfold eq_cp_s_th, insert highest, simp)
 
 lemma highest_preced_thread: "preced th s = Max ((\<lambda> th'. preced th' s) ` threads s)"
   by (fold eq_cp_s_th, unfold highest_cp_preced, simp)
 
 lemma highest': "cp s th = Max (cp s ` threads s)"
 proof -
-  from highest_cp_preced max_cp_eq[OF vt_s, symmetric]
+  from highest_cp_preced max_cp_eq[symmetric]
   show ?thesis by simp
 qed
 
@@ -75,6 +101,9 @@
   and set_diff_low: "Set th' prio' \<in> set t \<Longrightarrow> th' \<noteq> th \<and> prio' \<le> prio"
   and exit_diff: "Exit th' \<in> set t \<Longrightarrow> th' \<noteq> th"
 
+sublocale extend_highest_gen < vat_t: valid_trace "t@s"
+  by (unfold_locales, insert vt_t, simp)
+
 lemma step_back_vt_app: 
   assumes vt_ts: "vt (t@s)" 
   shows "vt s"
@@ -110,14 +139,6 @@
 context extend_highest_gen
 begin
 
-(*
- lemma red_moment:
-  "extend_highest_gen s th prio tm (moment i t)"
-  apply (insert extend_highest_gen_axioms, subst (asm) (1) moment_restm_s [of i t, symmetric])
-  apply (unfold extend_highest_gen_def extend_highest_gen_axioms_def, clarsimp)
-  by (unfold highest_gen_def, auto dest:step_back_vt_app) 
-*)
-
  lemma ind [consumes 0, case_names Nil Cons, induct type]:
   assumes 
     h0: "R []"
@@ -218,48 +239,21 @@
   qed
 qed
 
-lemma Max_remove_less:
-  assumes "finite A"
-  and "a \<in> A"
-  and "b \<in> A"
-  and "a \<noteq> b"
-  and "inj_on f A"
-  and "f a = Max (f ` A)" 
-  shows "Max (f ` (A - {b})) = (Max (f ` A))"
-proof -
-  have "Max (f ` (A - {b})) = Max (f`A - {f b})"
-  proof -
-    have "f ` (A - {b}) = f ` A - f ` {b}"
-    by (rule inj_on_image_set_diff[OF assms(5)], insert assms(3), auto)
-    thus ?thesis by simp
-  qed
-  also have "... =  
-       (if f ` A - {f b} - {f a} = {} then f a else max (f a) (Max (f ` A - {f b} - {f a})))" 
-  proof(subst Max.remove)
-    from assms show "f a \<in> f ` A - {f b}"
-      by (meson DiffI empty_iff imageI inj_on_eq_iff insert_iff) 
-  next
-    from assms(1) show "finite (f ` A - {f b})" by auto
-  qed auto
-  also have "... = Max (f ` A)" (is "?L = ?R")
-  proof(cases "f ` A - {f b} - {f a} = {}")
-    case True
-    with assms show ?thesis by auto
-  next
-    case False
-    hence "?L =  max (f a) (Max (f ` A - {f b} - {f a}))" 
-      by simp
-    also have "... = ?R" 
-    proof -
-      from assms False
-      have "(Max (f ` A - {f b} - {f a})) \<le> f a" by auto
-      thus ?thesis by (simp add: assms(6) max_def) 
-    qed
-    finally show ?thesis .
-  qed
-  finally show ?thesis .
-qed
+text {*
+  According to @{thm th_kept}, thread @{text "th"} has its living status
+  and precedence kept along the way of @{text "t"}. The following lemma
+  shows that this preserved precedence of @{text "th"} remains as the highest
+  along the way of @{text "t"}.
 
+  The proof goes by induction over @{text "t"} using the specialized
+  induction rule @{thm ind}, followed by case analysis of each possible 
+  operations of PIP. All cases follow the same pattern rendered by the 
+  generalized introduction rule @{thm "image_Max_eqI"}. 
+
+  The very essence is to show that precedences, no matter whether they are newly introduced 
+  or modified, are always lower than the one held by @{term "th"},
+  which by @{thm th_kept} is preserved along the way.
+*}
 lemma max_kept: "Max (the_preced (t @ s) ` (threads (t@s))) = preced th s"
 proof(induct rule:ind)
   case Nil
@@ -273,62 +267,74 @@
   show ?case
   proof(cases e)
     case (Create thread prio')
-    from Cons(2)[unfolded this] 
-    have thread_not_in: "thread \<notin> threads (t@s)" by (cases, simp)
     show ?thesis (is "Max (?f ` ?A) = ?t")
     proof -
-      have "Max (?f ` ?A) = Max (insert (?f thread) (?f ` (threads (t@s))))"
-        by (unfold Create, simp)
-      moreover have "\<dots> = max (?f thread) (Max (?f ` (threads (t@s))))"
-      proof(rule Max.insert)
-        from finite_threads[OF Cons(1)]
-        show "finite (?f ` (threads (t@s)))" by simp
-      qed (insert h_t.th_kept, auto)
-      moreover have "(Max (?f ` (threads (t@s)))) = ?t" 
-      proof -
-        have "(\<lambda>th'. preced th' ((e # t) @ s)) ` threads (t @ s) = 
-                (\<lambda>th'. preced th' (t @ s)) ` threads (t @ s)" 
-        by (intro f_image_eq, insert thread_not_in, auto simp:Create preced_def)
-        with Cons show ?thesis by (auto simp:the_preced_def)
+      -- {* The following is the common pattern of each branch of the case analysis. *}
+      -- {* The major part is to show that @{text "th"} holds the highest precedence: *}
+      have "Max (?f ` ?A) = ?f th"
+      proof(rule image_Max_eqI)
+        show "finite ?A" using h_e.finite_threads by auto 
+      next
+        show "th \<in> ?A" using h_e.th_kept by auto 
+      next
+        show "\<forall>x\<in>?A. ?f x \<le> ?f th"
+        proof 
+          fix x
+          assume "x \<in> ?A"
+          hence "x = thread \<or> x \<in> threads (t@s)" by (auto simp:Create)
+          thus "?f x \<le> ?f th"
+          proof
+            assume "x = thread"
+            thus ?thesis 
+              apply (simp add:Create the_preced_def preced_def, fold preced_def)
+              using Create h_e.create_low h_t.th_kept lt_tm preced_leI2 preced_th by force
+          next
+            assume h: "x \<in> threads (t @ s)"
+            from Cons(2)[unfolded Create] 
+            have "x \<noteq> thread" using h by (cases, auto)
+            hence "?f x = the_preced (t@s) x" 
+              by (simp add:Create the_preced_def preced_def)
+            hence "?f x \<le> Max (the_preced (t@s) ` threads (t@s))"
+              by (simp add: h_t.finite_threads h)
+            also have "... = ?f th"
+              by (metis Cons.hyps(5) h_e.th_kept the_preced_def) 
+            finally show ?thesis .
+          qed
+        qed
       qed
-      moreover have "?f thread < ?t"
-      proof -
-        from h_e.create_low and Create
-        have "prio' \<le> prio" by auto
-        thus ?thesis
-        by (unfold preced_th, unfold Create, insert lt_tm, 
-          auto simp:preced_def precedence_less_def preced_th the_preced_def)
-     qed
-     ultimately show ?thesis by (auto simp:max_def)
-    qed
+     -- {* The minor part is to show that the precedence of @{text "th"} 
+           equals to preserved one, given by the foregoing lemma @{thm th_kept} *}
+      also have "... = ?t" using h_e.th_kept the_preced_def by auto
+      -- {* Then it follows trivially that the precedence preserved
+            for @{term "th"} remains the maximum of all living threads along the way. *}
+      finally show ?thesis .
+    qed 
   next 
     case (Exit thread)
-    show ?thesis
+    show ?thesis (is "Max (?f ` ?A) = ?t")
     proof -
-      have "Max (the_preced (t @ s) ` (threads (t @ s) - {thread})) = 
-            Max (the_preced (t @ s) ` (threads (t @ s)))"
-      proof(rule Max_remove_less)
-        show "th \<noteq> thread" using Exit h_e.exit_diff by auto 
+      have "Max (?f ` ?A) = ?f th"
+      proof(rule image_Max_eqI)
+        show "finite ?A" using h_e.finite_threads by auto 
       next
-        from Cons(2)[unfolded Exit]
-        show "thread \<in> threads (t @ s)" 
-          by (cases, simp add: readys_def runing_def)
-      next
-        show "finite (threads (t @ s))" by (simp add: finite_threads h_t.vt_t) 
+        show "th \<in> ?A" using h_e.th_kept by auto 
       next
-        show "th \<in> threads (t @ s)" by (simp add: h_t.th_kept) 
-      next
-        show "inj_on (the_preced (t @ s)) (threads (t @ s))" by (simp add: inj_the_preced) 
-      next
-        show "the_preced (t @ s) th = Max (the_preced (t @ s) ` threads (t @ s))"
-            by (simp add: Cons.hyps(5) h_t.th_kept the_preced_def)
+        show "\<forall>x\<in>?A. ?f x \<le> ?f th"
+        proof 
+          fix x
+          assume "x \<in> ?A"
+          hence "x \<in> threads (t@s)" by (simp add: Exit) 
+          hence "?f x \<le> Max (?f ` threads (t@s))" 
+            by (simp add: h_t.finite_threads) 
+          also have "... \<le> ?f th" 
+            apply (simp add:Exit the_preced_def preced_def, fold preced_def)
+            using Cons.hyps(5) h_t.th_kept the_preced_def by auto
+          finally show "?f x \<le> ?f th" .
+        qed
       qed
-      from this[unfolded Cons(5)]
-      have "Max (the_preced (t @ s) ` (threads (t @ s) - {thread})) = preced th s" .
-      moreover have "the_preced ((e # t) @ s) = the_preced (t@s)"
-                             by (auto simp:Exit the_preced_def preced_def)
-      ultimately show ?thesis by (simp add:Exit)
-    qed
+      also have "... = ?t" using h_e.th_kept the_preced_def by auto
+      finally show ?thesis .
+    qed 
   next
     case (P thread cs)
     with Cons
@@ -337,202 +343,158 @@
     case (V thread cs)
     with Cons
     show ?thesis by (auto simp:preced_def the_preced_def)
-  next (* ccc *)
+  next 
     case (Set thread prio')
-    show ?thesis
-    apply (unfold Set, simp, insert Cons(5)) (* ccc *)
-    find_theorems priority Set
-    find_theorems preced Set
+    show ?thesis (is "Max (?f ` ?A) = ?t")
     proof -
-      let ?B = "threads (t@s)"
-      from Cons have "extend_highest_gen s th prio tm (e # t)" by auto
-      from extend_highest_gen.set_diff_low[OF this] and Set
-      have neq_thread: "thread \<noteq> th" and le_p: "prio' \<le> prio" by auto
-      from Set have "Max (?f ` ?A) = Max (?f ` ?B)" by simp
-      also have "\<dots> = ?t"
-      proof(rule Max_eqI)
-        fix y
-        assume y_in: "y \<in> ?f ` ?B"
-        then obtain th1 where 
-          th1_in: "th1 \<in> ?B" and eq_y: "y = ?f th1" by auto
-        show "y \<le> ?t"
-        proof(cases "th1 = thread")
-          case True
-          with neq_thread le_p eq_y Set
-          show ?thesis
-            apply (subst preced_th, insert lt_tm)
-            by (auto simp:preced_def precedence_le_def)
-        next
-          case False
-          with Set eq_y
-          have "y  = preced th1 (t@s)"
-            by (simp add:preced_def)
-          moreover have "\<dots> \<le> ?t"
-          proof -
-            from Cons
-            have "?t = Max ((\<lambda> th'. preced th' (t@s)) ` (threads (t@s)))"
-              by auto
-            moreover have "preced th1 (t@s) \<le> \<dots>"
-            proof(rule Max_ge)
-              from th1_in 
-              show "preced th1 (t @ s) \<in> (\<lambda>th'. preced th' (t @ s)) ` threads (t @ s)"
-                by simp
-            next
-              show "finite ((\<lambda>th'. preced th' (t @ s)) ` threads (t @ s))"
-              proof -
-                from Cons have "vt (t @ s)" by auto
-                from finite_threads[OF this] show ?thesis by auto
-              qed
+      have "Max (?f ` ?A) = ?f th"
+      proof(rule image_Max_eqI)
+        show "finite ?A" using h_e.finite_threads by auto 
+      next
+        show "th \<in> ?A" using h_e.th_kept by auto 
+      next
+        show "\<forall>x\<in>?A. ?f x \<le> ?f th"
+        proof 
+          fix x
+          assume h: "x \<in> ?A"
+          show "?f x \<le> ?f th"
+          proof(cases "x = thread")
+            case True
+            moreover have "the_preced (Set thread prio' # t @ s) thread \<le> the_preced (t @ s) th"
+            proof -
+              have "the_preced (t @ s) th = Prc prio tm"  
+                using h_t.th_kept preced_th by (simp add:the_preced_def)
+              moreover have "prio' \<le> prio" using Set h_e.set_diff_low by auto
+              ultimately show ?thesis by (insert lt_tm, auto simp:the_preced_def preced_def)
             qed
-            ultimately show ?thesis by auto
+            ultimately show ?thesis
+              by (unfold Set, simp add:the_preced_def preced_def)
+          next
+            case False
+            then have "?f x  = the_preced (t@s) x"
+              by (simp add:the_preced_def preced_def Set)
+            also have "... \<le> Max (the_preced (t@s) ` threads (t@s))"
+              using Set h h_t.finite_threads by auto 
+            also have "... = ?f th" by (metis Cons.hyps(5) h_e.th_kept the_preced_def) 
+            finally show ?thesis .
           qed
-          ultimately show ?thesis by auto
-        qed
-      next
-        from Cons and finite_threads
-        show "finite (?f ` ?B)" by auto
-      next
-        from Cons have "extend_highest_gen s th prio tm t" by auto
-        from extend_highest_gen.th_kept [OF this]
-        have h: "th \<in> threads (t @ s) \<and> preced th (t @ s) = preced th s" .
-        show "?t \<in> (?f ` ?B)" 
-        proof -
-          from neq_thread Set h
-          have "?t = ?f th" by (auto simp:preced_def)
-          with h show ?thesis by auto
         qed
       qed
+      also have "... = ?t" using h_e.th_kept the_preced_def by auto
       finally show ?thesis .
-    qed
+    qed 
   qed
 qed
 
-lemma max_preced: "preced th (t@s) = Max ((\<lambda> th'. preced th' (t @ s)) ` (threads (t@s)))"
+lemma max_preced: "preced th (t@s) = Max (the_preced (t@s) ` (threads (t@s)))"
   by (insert th_kept max_kept, auto)
 
-lemma th_cp_max_preced: "cp (t@s) th = Max ((\<lambda> th'. preced th' (t @ s)) ` (threads (t@s)))" 
-  (is "?L = ?R")
+text {*
+  The reason behind the following lemma is that:
+  Since @{term "cp"} is defined as the maximum precedence 
+  of those threads contained in the sub-tree of node @{term "Th th"} 
+  in @{term "RAG (t@s)"}, and all these threads are living threads, and 
+  @{term "th"} is also among them, the maximum precedence of 
+  them all must be the one for @{text "th"}.
+*}
+lemma th_cp_max_preced: 
+  "cp (t@s) th = Max (the_preced (t@s) ` (threads (t@s)))" (is "?L = ?R") 
 proof -
-  have "?L = cpreced (wq (t@s)) (t@s) th" 
-    by (unfold cp_eq_cpreced, simp)
-  also have "\<dots> = ?R"
-  proof(unfold cpreced_def)
-    show "Max ((\<lambda>th. preced th (t @ s)) ` ({th} \<union> dependants (wq (t @ s)) th)) =
-          Max ((\<lambda>th'. preced th' (t @ s)) ` threads (t @ s))"
-      (is "Max (?f ` ({th} \<union> ?A)) = Max (?f ` ?B)")
-    proof(cases "?A = {}")
-      case False
-      have "Max (?f ` ({th} \<union> ?A)) = Max (insert (?f th) (?f ` ?A))" by simp
-      moreover have "\<dots> = max (?f th) (Max (?f ` ?A))"
-      proof(rule Max_insert)
-        show "finite (?f ` ?A)"
-        proof -
-          from dependants_threads[OF vt_t]
-          have "?A \<subseteq> threads (t@s)" .
-          moreover from finite_threads[OF vt_t] have "finite \<dots>" .
-          ultimately show ?thesis 
-            by (auto simp:finite_subset)
-        qed
+  let ?f = "the_preced (t@s)"
+  have "?L = ?f th"
+  proof(unfold cp_alt_def, rule image_Max_eqI)
+    show "finite {th'. Th th' \<in> subtree (RAG (t @ s)) (Th th)}"
+    proof -
+      have "{th'. Th th' \<in> subtree (RAG (t @ s)) (Th th)} = 
+            the_thread ` {n . n \<in> subtree (RAG (t @ s)) (Th th) \<and>
+                            (\<exists> th'. n = Th th')}"
+      by (smt Collect_cong Setcompr_eq_image mem_Collect_eq the_thread.simps)
+      moreover have "finite ..." by (simp add: vat_t.fsbtRAGs.finite_subtree) 
+      ultimately show ?thesis by simp
+    qed
+  next
+    show "th \<in> {th'. Th th' \<in> subtree (RAG (t @ s)) (Th th)}"
+      by (auto simp:subtree_def)
+  next
+    show "\<forall>x\<in>{th'. Th th' \<in> subtree (RAG (t @ s)) (Th th)}.
+               the_preced (t @ s) x \<le> the_preced (t @ s) th"
+    proof
+      fix th'
+      assume "th' \<in> {th'. Th th' \<in> subtree (RAG (t @ s)) (Th th)}"
+      hence "Th th' \<in> subtree (RAG (t @ s)) (Th th)" by auto
+      moreover have "... \<subseteq> Field (RAG (t @ s)) \<union> {Th th}"
+        by (meson subtree_Field)
+      ultimately have "Th th' \<in> ..." by auto
+      hence "th' \<in> threads (t@s)" 
+      proof
+        assume "Th th' \<in> {Th th}"
+        thus ?thesis using th_kept by auto 
       next
-        from False show "(?f ` ?A) \<noteq> {}" by simp
+        assume "Th th' \<in> Field (RAG (t @ s))"
+        thus ?thesis using vat_t.not_in_thread_isolated by blast 
       qed
-      moreover have "\<dots> = Max (?f ` ?B)"
-      proof -
-        from max_preced have "?f th = Max (?f ` ?B)" .
-        moreover have "Max (?f ` ?A) \<le> \<dots>" 
-        proof(rule Max_mono)
-          from False show "(?f ` ?A) \<noteq> {}" by simp
-        next
-          show "?f ` ?A \<subseteq> ?f ` ?B" 
-          proof -
-            have "?A \<subseteq> ?B" by (rule dependants_threads[OF vt_t])
-            thus ?thesis by auto
-          qed
-        next
-          from finite_threads[OF vt_t] 
-          show "finite (?f ` ?B)" by simp
-        qed
-        ultimately show ?thesis
-          by (auto simp:max_def)
-      qed
-      ultimately show ?thesis by auto
-    next
-      case True
-      with max_preced show ?thesis by auto
+      thus "the_preced (t @ s) th' \<le> the_preced (t @ s) th"
+        by (metis Max_ge finite_imageI finite_threads image_eqI 
+               max_kept th_kept the_preced_def)
     qed
   qed
+  also have "... = ?R" by (simp add: max_preced the_preced_def) 
   finally show ?thesis .
 qed
 
 lemma th_cp_max: "cp (t@s) th = Max (cp (t@s) ` threads (t@s))"
-  by (unfold max_cp_eq[OF vt_t] th_cp_max_preced, simp)
+  using max_cp_eq th_cp_max_preced the_preced_def vt_t by presburger
 
 lemma th_cp_preced: "cp (t@s) th = preced th s"
   by (fold max_kept, unfold th_cp_max_preced, simp)
 
 lemma preced_less:
-  fixes th'
   assumes th'_in: "th' \<in> threads s"
   and neq_th': "th' \<noteq> th"
   shows "preced th' s < preced th s"
-proof -
-  have "preced th' s \<le> Max ((\<lambda>th'. preced th' s) ` threads s)"
-  proof(rule Max_ge)
-    from finite_threads [OF vt_s]
-    show "finite ((\<lambda>th'. preced th' s) ` threads s)" by simp
-  next
-    from th'_in show "preced th' s \<in> (\<lambda>th'. preced th' s) ` threads s"
-      by simp
-  qed
-  moreover have "preced th' s \<noteq> preced th s"
-  proof
-    assume "preced th' s = preced th s"
-    from preced_unique[OF this th'_in] neq_th' threads_s
-    show "False" by  (auto simp:readys_def)
-  qed
-  ultimately show ?thesis using highest_preced_thread
-    by auto
-qed
+  using assms
+by (metis Max.coboundedI finite_imageI highest not_le order.trans 
+    preced_linorder rev_image_eqI threads_s vat_s.finite_threads 
+    vat_s.le_cp)
+
+text {*
+  Counting of the number of @{term "P"} and @{term "V"} operations 
+  is the cornerstone of a large number of the following proofs. 
+  The reason is that this counting is quite easy to calculate and 
+  convenient to use in the reasoning. 
+
+  The following lemma shows that the counting controls whether 
+  a thread is running or not.
+*}
 
 lemma pv_blocked_pre:
-  fixes th'
   assumes th'_in: "th' \<in> threads (t@s)"
   and neq_th': "th' \<noteq> th"
   and eq_pv: "cntP (t@s) th' = cntV (t@s) th'"
   shows "th' \<notin> runing (t@s)"
 proof
-  assume "th' \<in> runing (t@s)"
-  hence "cp (t@s) th' = Max (cp (t@s) ` readys (t@s))" 
-    by (auto simp:runing_def)
-  with max_cp_readys_threads [OF vt_t]
-  have "cp (t @ s) th' = Max (cp (t@s) ` threads (t@s))"
-    by auto
-  moreover from th_cp_max have "cp (t @ s) th = \<dots>" by simp
-  ultimately have "cp (t @ s) th' = cp (t @ s) th" by simp
-  moreover from th_cp_preced and th_kept have "\<dots> = preced th (t @ s)"
-    by simp
-  finally have h: "cp (t @ s) th' = preced th (t @ s)" .
+  assume otherwise: "th' \<in> runing (t@s)"
   show False
   proof -
-    have "dependants (wq (t @ s)) th' = {}" 
-      by (rule count_eq_dependants [OF vt_t eq_pv])
-    moreover have "preced th' (t @ s) \<noteq> preced th (t @ s)"
-    proof
-      assume "preced th' (t @ s) = preced th (t @ s)"
-      hence "th' = th"
-      proof(rule preced_unique)
-        from th_kept show "th \<in> threads (t @ s)" by simp
-      next
-        from th'_in show "th' \<in> threads (t @ s)" by simp
+    have "th' = th"
+    proof(rule preced_unique)
+      show "preced th' (t @ s) = preced th (t @ s)" (is "?L = ?R")
+      proof -
+        have "?L = cp (t@s) th'"
+          by (unfold cp_eq_cpreced cpreced_def count_eq_dependants[OF eq_pv], simp)
+        also have "... = cp (t @ s) th" using otherwise 
+          by (metis (mono_tags, lifting) mem_Collect_eq 
+                    runing_def th_cp_max vat_t.max_cp_readys_threads)
+        also have "... = ?R" by (metis th_cp_preced th_kept) 
+        finally show ?thesis .
       qed
-      with assms show False by simp
-    qed
-    ultimately show ?thesis
-      by (insert h, unfold cp_eq_cpreced cpreced_def, simp)
-  qed
+    qed (auto simp: th'_in th_kept)
+    moreover have "th' \<noteq> th" using neq_th' .
+    ultimately show ?thesis by simp
+ qed
 qed
 
-lemmas pv_blocked = pv_blocked_pre[folded detached_eq [OF vt_t]]
+lemmas pv_blocked = pv_blocked_pre[folded detached_eq]
 
 lemma runing_precond_pre:
   fixes th'
@@ -541,113 +503,102 @@
   and neq_th': "th' \<noteq> th"
   shows "th' \<in> threads (t@s) \<and>
          cntP (t@s) th' = cntV (t@s) th'"
-proof -
-  show ?thesis
-  proof(induct rule:ind)
-    case (Cons e t)
-    from Cons
-    have in_thread: "th' \<in> threads (t @ s)"
-      and not_holding: "cntP (t @ s) th' = cntV (t @ s) th'" by auto
-    from Cons have "extend_highest_gen s th prio tm t" by auto
-    then have not_runing: "th' \<notin> runing (t @ s)" 
-      apply(rule extend_highest_gen.pv_blocked) 
-      using Cons(1) in_thread neq_th' not_holding
-      apply(simp_all add: detached_eq)
-      done
+proof(induct rule:ind)
+  case (Cons e t)
+    interpret vat_t: extend_highest_gen s th prio tm t using Cons by simp
+    interpret vat_e: extend_highest_gen s th prio tm "(e # t)" using Cons by simp
     show ?case
     proof(cases e)
-      case (V thread cs)
-      from Cons and V have vt_v: "vt (V thread cs#(t@s))" by auto
-
+      case (P thread cs)
       show ?thesis
       proof -
-        from Cons and V have "step (t@s) (V thread cs)" by auto
-        hence neq_th': "thread \<noteq> th'"
-        proof(cases)
-          assume "thread \<in> runing (t@s)"
-          moreover have "th' \<notin> runing (t@s)" by fact
-          ultimately show ?thesis by auto
+        have "cntP ((e # t) @ s) th' = cntV ((e # t) @ s) th'"
+        proof -
+          have "thread \<noteq> th'"
+          proof -
+            have "step (t@s) (P thread cs)" using Cons P by auto
+            thus ?thesis
+            proof(cases)
+              assume "thread \<in> runing (t@s)"
+              moreover have "th' \<notin> runing (t@s)" using Cons(5)
+                by (metis neq_th' vat_t.pv_blocked_pre) 
+              ultimately show ?thesis by auto
+            qed
+          qed with Cons show ?thesis
+            by (unfold P, simp add:cntP_def cntV_def count_def)
         qed
-        with not_holding have cnt_eq: "cntP ((e # t) @ s) th' = cntV ((e # t) @ s) th'" 
-          by (unfold V, simp add:cntP_def cntV_def count_def)
-        moreover from in_thread
-        have in_thread': "th' \<in> threads ((e # t) @ s)" by (unfold V, simp)
+        moreover have "th' \<in> threads ((e # t) @ s)" using Cons by (unfold P, simp)
         ultimately show ?thesis by auto
       qed
     next
-      case (P thread cs)
-      from Cons and P have "step (t@s) (P thread cs)" by auto
-      hence neq_th': "thread \<noteq> th'"
-      proof(cases)
-        assume "thread \<in> runing (t@s)"
-        moreover note not_runing
-        ultimately show ?thesis by auto
-      qed
-      with Cons and P have eq_cnt: "cntP ((e # t) @ s) th' = cntV ((e # t) @ s) th'"
-        by (auto simp:cntP_def cntV_def count_def)
-      moreover from Cons and P have in_thread': "th' \<in> threads ((e # t) @ s)"
-        by auto
-      ultimately show ?thesis by auto
-    next
-      case (Create thread prio')
-      from Cons and Create have "step (t@s) (Create thread prio')" by auto
-      hence neq_th': "thread \<noteq> th'"
-      proof(cases)
-        assume "thread \<notin> threads (t @ s)"
-        moreover have "th' \<in> threads (t@s)" by fact
+      case (V thread cs)
+      show ?thesis
+      proof -
+        have "cntP ((e # t) @ s) th' = cntV ((e # t) @ s) th'"
+        proof -
+          have "thread \<noteq> th'"
+          proof -
+            have "step (t@s) (V thread cs)" using Cons V by auto
+            thus ?thesis
+            proof(cases)
+              assume "thread \<in> runing (t@s)"
+              moreover have "th' \<notin> runing (t@s)" using Cons(5)
+                by (metis neq_th' vat_t.pv_blocked_pre) 
+              ultimately show ?thesis by auto
+            qed
+          qed with Cons show ?thesis
+            by (unfold V, simp add:cntP_def cntV_def count_def)
+        qed
+        moreover have "th' \<in> threads ((e # t) @ s)" using Cons by (unfold V, simp)
         ultimately show ?thesis by auto
       qed
-      with Cons and Create 
-      have eq_cnt: "cntP ((e # t) @ s) th' = cntV ((e # t) @ s) th'"
-        by (auto simp:cntP_def cntV_def count_def)
-      moreover from Cons and Create 
-      have in_thread': "th' \<in> threads ((e # t) @ s)" by auto
-      ultimately show ?thesis by auto
+    next
+      case (Create thread prio')
+      show ?thesis
+      proof -
+        have "cntP ((e # t) @ s) th' = cntV ((e # t) @ s) th'"
+        proof -
+          have "thread \<noteq> th'"
+          proof -
+            have "step (t@s) (Create thread prio')" using Cons Create by auto
+            thus ?thesis using Cons(5) by (cases, auto)
+          qed with Cons show ?thesis
+            by (unfold Create, simp add:cntP_def cntV_def count_def)
+        qed
+        moreover have "th' \<in> threads ((e # t) @ s)" using Cons by (unfold Create, simp)
+        ultimately show ?thesis by auto
+      qed
     next
       case (Exit thread)
-      from Cons and Exit have "step (t@s) (Exit thread)" by auto
-      hence neq_th': "thread \<noteq> th'"
-      proof(cases)
-        assume "thread \<in> runing (t @ s)"
-        moreover note not_runing
+      show ?thesis
+      proof -
+        have neq_thread: "thread \<noteq> th'"
+        proof -
+          have "step (t@s) (Exit thread)" using Cons Exit by auto
+          thus ?thesis apply (cases) using Cons(5)
+                by (metis neq_th' vat_t.pv_blocked_pre) 
+        qed 
+        hence "cntP ((e # t) @ s) th' = cntV ((e # t) @ s) th'" using Cons
+            by (unfold Exit, simp add:cntP_def cntV_def count_def)
+        moreover have "th' \<in> threads ((e # t) @ s)" using Cons neq_thread 
+          by (unfold Exit, simp) 
         ultimately show ?thesis by auto
       qed
-      with Cons and Exit 
-      have eq_cnt: "cntP ((e # t) @ s) th' = cntV ((e # t) @ s) th'"
-        by (auto simp:cntP_def cntV_def count_def)
-      moreover from Cons and Exit and neq_th' 
-      have in_thread': "th' \<in> threads ((e # t) @ s)"
-        by auto
-      ultimately show ?thesis by auto
     next
       case (Set thread prio')
       with Cons
       show ?thesis 
         by (auto simp:cntP_def cntV_def count_def)
     qed
-  next
-    case Nil
-    with assms
-    show ?case by auto
-  qed
+next
+  case Nil
+  with assms
+  show ?case by auto
 qed
 
-(*
-lemma runing_precond:
-  fixes th'
-  assumes th'_in: "th' \<in> threads s"
-  and eq_pv: "cntP s th' = cntV s th'"
-  and neq_th': "th' \<noteq> th"
-  shows "th' \<notin> runing (t@s)"
-proof -
-  from runing_precond_pre[OF th'_in eq_pv neq_th']
-  have h1: "th' \<in> threads (t @ s)"  and h2: "cntP (t @ s) th' = cntV (t @ s) th'" by auto
-  from pv_blocked[OF h1 neq_th' h2] 
-  show ?thesis .
-qed
-*)
-
-lemmas runing_precond_pre_dtc = runing_precond_pre[folded detached_eq[OF vt_t] detached_eq[OF vt_s]]
+text {* Changing counting balance to detachedness *}
+lemmas runing_precond_pre_dtc = runing_precond_pre
+         [folded vat_t.detached_eq vat_s.detached_eq]
 
 lemma runing_precond:
   fixes th'
@@ -655,18 +606,11 @@
   and neq_th': "th' \<noteq> th"
   and is_runing: "th' \<in> runing (t@s)"
   shows "cntP s th' > cntV s th'"
+  using assms
 proof -
   have "cntP s th' \<noteq> cntV s th'"
-  proof
-    assume eq_pv: "cntP s th' = cntV s th'"
-    from runing_precond_pre[OF th'_in eq_pv neq_th']
-    have h1: "th' \<in> threads (t @ s)"  
-      and h2: "cntP (t @ s) th' = cntV (t @ s) th'" by auto
-    from pv_blocked_pre[OF h1 neq_th' h2] have " th' \<notin> runing (t @ s)" .
-    with is_runing show "False" by simp
-  qed
-  moreover from cnp_cnv_cncs[OF vt_s, of th'] 
-  have "cntV s th' \<le> cntP s th'" by auto
+    by (metis is_runing neq_th' pv_blocked_pre runing_precond_pre th'_in)
+  moreover have "cntV s th' \<le> cntP s th'" using vat_s.cnp_cnv_cncs by auto
   ultimately show ?thesis by auto
 qed
 
@@ -676,95 +620,44 @@
   and eq_pv: "cntP ((moment i t)@s) th' = cntV ((moment i t)@s) th'"
   shows "cntP ((moment (i+j) t)@s) th' = cntV ((moment (i+j) t)@s) th' \<and>
          th' \<in> threads ((moment (i+j) t)@s)"
-proof(induct j)
-  case (Suc k)
-  show ?case
-  proof -
-    { assume True: "Suc (i+k) \<le> length t"
-      from moment_head [OF this] 
-      obtain e where
-        eq_me: "moment (Suc(i+k)) t = e#(moment (i+k) t)"
-        by blast
-      from red_moment[of "Suc(i+k)"]
-      and eq_me have "extend_highest_gen s th prio tm (e # moment (i + k) t)" by simp
-      hence vt_e: "vt (e#(moment (i + k) t)@s)"
-        by (unfold extend_highest_gen_def extend_highest_gen_axioms_def 
-                          highest_gen_def, auto)
-      have not_runing': "th' \<notin>  runing (moment (i + k) t @ s)"
-      proof -
-        show "th' \<notin> runing (moment (i + k) t @ s)"
-        proof(rule extend_highest_gen.pv_blocked)
-          from Suc show "th' \<in> threads (moment (i + k) t @ s)"
-            by simp
-        next
-          from neq_th' show "th' \<noteq> th" .
-        next
-          from red_moment show "extend_highest_gen s th prio tm (moment (i + k) t)" .
-        next
-          from Suc vt_e show "detached (moment (i + k) t @ s) th'"
-            apply(subst detached_eq)
-            apply(auto intro: vt_e evt_cons)
-            done
-        qed
-      qed
-      from step_back_step[OF vt_e]
-      have "step ((moment (i + k) t)@s) e" .
-      hence "cntP (e#(moment (i + k) t)@s) th' = cntV (e#(moment (i + k) t)@s) th' \<and>
-        th' \<in> threads (e#(moment (i + k) t)@s)"
-      proof(cases)
-        case (thread_create thread prio)
-        with Suc show ?thesis by (auto simp:cntP_def cntV_def count_def)
-      next
-        case (thread_exit thread)
-        moreover have "thread \<noteq> th'"
-        proof -
-          have "thread \<in> runing (moment (i + k) t @ s)" by fact
-          moreover note not_runing'
-          ultimately show ?thesis by auto
-        qed
-        moreover note Suc 
-        ultimately show ?thesis by (auto simp:cntP_def cntV_def count_def)
-      next
-        case (thread_P thread cs)
-        moreover have "thread \<noteq> th'"
-        proof -
-          have "thread \<in> runing (moment (i + k) t @ s)" by fact
-          moreover note not_runing'
-          ultimately show ?thesis by auto
-        qed
-        moreover note Suc 
-        ultimately show ?thesis by (auto simp:cntP_def cntV_def count_def)
-      next
-        case (thread_V thread cs)
-        moreover have "thread \<noteq> th'"
-        proof -
-          have "thread \<in> runing (moment (i + k) t @ s)" by fact
-          moreover note not_runing'
-          ultimately show ?thesis by auto
-        qed
-        moreover note Suc 
-        ultimately show ?thesis by (auto simp:cntP_def cntV_def count_def)
-      next
-        case (thread_set thread prio')
-        with Suc show ?thesis
-          by (auto simp:cntP_def cntV_def count_def)
-      qed
-      with eq_me have ?thesis using eq_me by auto 
-    } note h = this
-    show ?thesis
-    proof(cases "Suc (i+k) \<le> length t")
-      case True
-      from h [OF this] show ?thesis .
-    next
-      case False
-      with moment_ge
-      have eq_m: "moment (i + Suc k) t = moment (i+k) t" by auto
-      with Suc show ?thesis by auto
-    qed
+proof -
+  interpret h_i: red_extend_highest_gen _ _ _ _ _ i
+      by (unfold_locales)
+  interpret h_j: red_extend_highest_gen _ _ _ _ _ "i+j"
+      by (unfold_locales)
+  interpret h:  extend_highest_gen "((moment i t)@s)" th prio tm "moment j (restm i t)"
+  proof(unfold_locales)
+    show "vt (moment i t @ s)" by (metis h_i.vt_t) 
+  next
+    show "th \<in> threads (moment i t @ s)" by (metis h_i.th_kept)
+  next
+    show "preced th (moment i t @ s) = 
+            Max (cp (moment i t @ s) ` threads (moment i t @ s))"
+              by (metis h_i.th_cp_max h_i.th_cp_preced h_i.th_kept)
+  next
+    show "preced th (moment i t @ s) = Prc prio tm" by (metis h_i.th_kept preced_th) 
+  next
+    show "vt (moment j (restm i t) @ moment i t @ s)"
+      using moment_plus_split by (metis add.commute append_assoc h_j.vt_t)
+  next
+    fix th' prio'
+    assume "Create th' prio' \<in> set (moment j (restm i t))"
+    thus "prio' \<le> prio" using assms
+       by (metis Un_iff add.commute h_j.create_low moment_plus_split set_append)
+  next
+    fix th' prio'
+    assume "Set th' prio' \<in> set (moment j (restm i t))"
+    thus "th' \<noteq> th \<and> prio' \<le> prio"
+    by (metis Un_iff add.commute h_j.set_diff_low moment_plus_split set_append)
+  next
+    fix th'
+    assume "Exit th' \<in> set (moment j (restm i t))"
+    thus "th' \<noteq> th"
+      by (metis Un_iff add.commute h_j.exit_diff moment_plus_split set_append)
   qed
-next
-  case 0
-  from assms show ?case by auto
+  show ?thesis 
+    by (metis add.commute append_assoc eq_pv h.runing_precond_pre
+          moment_plus_split neq_th' th'_in)
 qed
 
 lemma moment_blocked_eqpv:
@@ -778,14 +671,19 @@
 proof -
   from moment_blocked_pre [OF neq_th' th'_in eq_pv, of "j-i"] and le_ij
   have h1: "cntP ((moment j t)@s) th' = cntV ((moment j t)@s) th'"
-    and h2: "th' \<in> threads ((moment j t)@s)" by auto
-  with extend_highest_gen.pv_blocked 
-  show ?thesis 
-    using  red_moment [of j] h2 neq_th' h1
-    apply(auto)
-    by (metis extend_highest_gen.pv_blocked_pre)
+   and h2: "th' \<in> threads ((moment j t)@s)" by auto
+  moreover have "th' \<notin> runing ((moment j t)@s)"
+  proof -
+    interpret h: red_extend_highest_gen _ _ _ _ _ j by (unfold_locales)
+    show ?thesis
+      using h.pv_blocked_pre h1 h2 neq_th' by auto 
+  qed
+  ultimately show ?thesis by auto
 qed
 
+(* The foregoing two lemmas are preparation for this one, but
+   in long run can be combined. Maybe I am wrong.
+*)
 lemma moment_blocked:
   assumes neq_th': "th' \<noteq> th"
   and th'_in: "th' \<in> threads ((moment i t)@s)"
@@ -795,71 +693,119 @@
          th' \<in> threads ((moment j t)@s) \<and>
          th' \<notin> runing ((moment j t)@s)"
 proof -
-  from vt_moment[OF vt_t, of "i+length s"] moment_prefix[of i t s]
-  have vt_i: "vt (moment i t @ s)" by auto
-  from vt_moment[OF vt_t, of "j+length s"] moment_prefix[of j t s]
-  have vt_j: "vt  (moment j t @ s)" by auto
-  from moment_blocked_eqpv [OF neq_th' th'_in detached_elim [OF vt_i dtc] le_ij, 
-  folded detached_eq[OF vt_j]]
-  show ?thesis .
+  interpret h_i: red_extend_highest_gen _ _ _ _ _ i by (unfold_locales)
+  interpret h_j: red_extend_highest_gen _ _ _ _ _ j by (unfold_locales) 
+  have cnt_i: "cntP (moment i t @ s) th' = cntV (moment i t @ s) th'"
+                by (metis dtc h_i.detached_elim)
+  from moment_blocked_eqpv[OF neq_th' th'_in cnt_i le_ij]
+  show ?thesis by (metis h_j.detached_intro) 
 qed
 
-lemma runing_inversion_1:
+lemma runing_preced_inversion:
+  assumes runing': "th' \<in> runing (t@s)"
+  shows "cp (t@s) th' = preced th s" (is "?L = ?R")
+proof -
+  have "?L = Max (cp (t @ s) ` readys (t @ s))" using assms
+      by (unfold runing_def, auto)
+  also have "\<dots> = ?R"
+      by (metis th_cp_max th_cp_preced vat_t.max_cp_readys_threads) 
+  finally show ?thesis .
+qed
+
+text {*
+  The situation when @{term "th"} is blocked is analyzed by the following lemmas.
+*}
+
+text {*
+  The following lemmas shows the running thread @{text "th'"}, if it is different from
+  @{term th}, must be live at the very beginning. By the term {\em the very beginning},
+  we mean the moment where the formal investigation starts, i.e. the moment (or state)
+  @{term s}. 
+*}
+
+lemma runing_inversion_0:
   assumes neq_th': "th' \<noteq> th"
   and runing': "th' \<in> runing (t@s)"
-  shows "th' \<in> threads s \<and> cntV s th' < cntP s th'"
-proof(cases "th' \<in> threads s")
-  case True
-  with runing_precond [OF this neq_th' runing'] show ?thesis by simp
-next
-  case False
-  let ?Q = "\<lambda> t. th' \<in> threads (t@s)"
-  let ?q = "moment 0 t"
-  from moment_eq and False have not_thread: "\<not> ?Q ?q" by simp
-  from runing' have "th' \<in> threads (t@s)" by (simp add:runing_def readys_def)
-  from p_split_gen [of ?Q, OF this not_thread]
-  obtain i where lt_its: "i < length t"
-    and le_i: "0 \<le> i"
-    and pre: " th' \<notin> threads (moment i t @ s)" (is "th' \<notin> threads ?pre")
-    and post: "(\<forall>i'>i. th' \<in> threads (moment i' t @ s))" by auto
-  from lt_its have "Suc i \<le> length t" by auto
-  from moment_head[OF this] obtain e where 
-   eq_me: "moment (Suc i) t = e # moment i t" by blast
-  from red_moment[of "Suc i"] and eq_me
-  have "extend_highest_gen s th prio tm (e # moment i t)" by simp
-  hence vt_e: "vt (e#(moment i t)@s)"
-    by (unfold extend_highest_gen_def extend_highest_gen_axioms_def 
-      highest_gen_def, auto)
-  from step_back_step[OF this] have stp_i: "step (moment i t @ s) e" .
-  from post[rule_format, of "Suc i"] and eq_me 
-  have not_in': "th' \<in> threads (e # moment i t@s)" by auto
-  from create_pre[OF stp_i pre this] 
-  obtain prio where eq_e: "e = Create th' prio" .
-  have "cntP (moment i t@s) th' = cntV (moment i t@s) th'"
-  proof(rule cnp_cnv_eq)
-    from step_back_vt [OF vt_e] 
-    show "vt (moment i t @ s)" .
-  next
-    from eq_e and stp_i 
-    have "step (moment i t @ s) (Create th' prio)" by simp
-    thus "th' \<notin> threads (moment i t @ s)" by (cases, simp)
-  qed
-  with eq_e
-  have "cntP ((e#moment i t)@s) th' = cntV ((e#moment i t)@s) th'" 
-    by (simp add:cntP_def cntV_def count_def)
-  with eq_me[symmetric]
-  have h1: "cntP (moment (Suc i) t @ s) th' = cntV (moment (Suc i) t@ s) th'"
-    by simp
-  from eq_e have "th' \<in> threads ((e#moment i t)@s)" by simp
-  with eq_me [symmetric]
-  have h2: "th' \<in> threads (moment (Suc i) t @ s)" by simp
-  from moment_blocked_eqpv [OF neq_th' h2 h1, of "length t"] and lt_its
-  and moment_ge
-  have "th' \<notin> runing (t @ s)" by auto
-  with runing'
-  show ?thesis by auto
+  shows "th' \<in> threads s"
+proof -
+    -- {* The proof is by contradiction: *}
+    { assume otherwise: "\<not> ?thesis"
+      have "th' \<notin> runing (t @ s)"
+      proof -
+        -- {* Since @{term "th'"} is running at time @{term "t@s"}, so it exists that time. *}
+        have th'_in: "th' \<in> threads (t@s)" using runing' by (simp add:runing_def readys_def)
+        -- {* However, @{text "th'"} does not exist at very beginning. *}
+        have th'_notin: "th' \<notin> threads (moment 0 t @ s)" using otherwise
+          by (metis append.simps(1) moment_zero)
+        -- {* Therefore, there must be a moment during @{text "t"}, when 
+              @{text "th'"} came into being. *}
+        -- {* Let us suppose the moment being @{text "i"}: *}
+        from p_split_gen[OF th'_in th'_notin]
+        obtain i where lt_its: "i < length t"
+                 and le_i: "0 \<le> i"
+                 and pre: " th' \<notin> threads (moment i t @ s)" (is "th' \<notin> threads ?pre")
+                 and post: "(\<forall>i'>i. th' \<in> threads (moment i' t @ s))" by (auto)
+        interpret h_i: red_extend_highest_gen _ _ _ _ _ i by (unfold_locales)
+        interpret h_i': red_extend_highest_gen _ _ _ _ _ "(Suc i)" by (unfold_locales)
+        from lt_its have "Suc i \<le> length t" by auto
+        -- {* Let us also suppose the event which makes this change is @{text e}: *}
+        from moment_head[OF this] obtain e where 
+          eq_me: "moment (Suc i) t = e # moment i t" by blast
+        hence "vt (e # (moment i t @ s))" by (metis append_Cons h_i'.vt_t) 
+        hence "PIP (moment i t @ s) e" by (cases, simp)
+        -- {* It can be derived that this event @{text "e"}, which 
+              gives birth to @{term "th'"} must be a @{term "Create"}: *}
+        from create_pre[OF this, of th']
+        obtain prio where eq_e: "e = Create th' prio"
+            by (metis append_Cons eq_me lessI post pre) 
+        have h1: "th' \<in> threads (moment (Suc i) t @ s)" using post by auto 
+        have h2: "cntP (moment (Suc i) t @ s) th' = cntV (moment (Suc i) t@ s) th'"
+        proof -
+          have "cntP (moment i t@s) th' = cntV (moment i t@s) th'"
+            by (metis h_i.cnp_cnv_eq pre)
+          thus ?thesis by (simp add:eq_me eq_e cntP_def cntV_def count_def)
+        qed
+        show ?thesis 
+          using moment_blocked_eqpv [OF neq_th' h1 h2, of "length t"] lt_its moment_ge
+            by auto
+      qed
+      with `th' \<in> runing (t@s)`
+      have False by simp
+    } thus ?thesis by auto
 qed
 
+text {* 
+  The second lemma says, if the running thread @{text th'} is different from 
+  @{term th}, then this @{text th'} must in the possession of some resources
+  at the very beginning. 
+
+  To ease the reasoning of resource possession of one particular thread, 
+  we used two auxiliary functions @{term cntV} and @{term cntP}, 
+  which are the counters of @{term P}-operations and 
+  @{term V}-operations respectively. 
+  If the number of @{term V}-operation is less than the number of 
+  @{term "P"}-operations, the thread must have some unreleased resource. 
+*}
+
+lemma runing_inversion_1: (* ddd *)
+  assumes neq_th': "th' \<noteq> th"
+  and runing': "th' \<in> runing (t@s)"
+  -- {* thread @{term "th'"} is a live on in state @{term "s"} and 
+        it has some unreleased resource. *}
+  shows "th' \<in> threads s \<and> cntV s th' < cntP s th'"
+proof -
+  -- {* The proof is a simple composition of @{thm runing_inversion_0} and 
+        @{thm runing_precond}: *}
+  -- {* By applying @{thm runing_inversion_0} to assumptions,
+        it can be shown that @{term th'} is live in state @{term s}: *}
+  have "th' \<in> threads s"  using runing_inversion_0[OF assms(1,2)] .
+  -- {* Then the thesis is derived easily by applying @{thm runing_precond}: *}
+  with runing_precond [OF this neq_th' runing'] show ?thesis by simp
+qed
+
+text {* 
+  The following lemma is just a rephrasing of @{thm runing_inversion_1}:
+*}
 lemma runing_inversion_2:
   assumes runing': "th' \<in> runing (t@s)"
   shows "th' = th \<or> (th' \<noteq> th \<and> th' \<in> threads s \<and> cntV s th' < cntP s th')"
@@ -868,37 +814,11 @@
   show ?thesis by auto
 qed
 
-lemma runing_preced_inversion:
-  assumes runing': "th' \<in> runing (t@s)"
-  shows "cp (t@s) th' = preced th s"
-proof -
-  from runing' have "cp (t@s) th' = Max (cp (t @ s) ` readys (t @ s))"
-    by (unfold runing_def, auto)
-  also have "\<dots> = preced th s"
-  proof -
-    from max_cp_readys_threads[OF vt_t]
-    have "\<dots> =  Max (cp (t @ s) ` threads (t @ s))" .
-    also have "\<dots> = preced th s"
-    proof -
-      from max_kept
-      and max_cp_eq [OF vt_t]
-      show ?thesis by auto
-    qed
-    finally show ?thesis .
-  qed
-  finally show ?thesis .
-qed
-
 lemma runing_inversion_3:
   assumes runing': "th' \<in> runing (t@s)"
   and neq_th: "th' \<noteq> th"
   shows "th' \<in> threads s \<and> (cntV s th' < cntP s th' \<and> cp (t@s) th' = preced th s)"
-proof -
-  from runing_inversion_2 [OF runing'] 
-    and neq_th 
-    and runing_preced_inversion[OF runing']
-  show ?thesis by auto
-qed
+  by (metis neq_th runing' runing_inversion_2 runing_preced_inversion)
 
 lemma runing_inversion_4:
   assumes runing': "th' \<in> runing (t@s)"
@@ -906,83 +826,93 @@
   shows "th' \<in> threads s"
   and    "\<not>detached s th'"
   and    "cp (t@s) th' = preced th s"
-using runing_inversion_3 [OF runing'] 
-  and neq_th 
-  and runing_preced_inversion[OF runing']
-apply(auto simp add: detached_eq[OF vt_s])
-done
+  apply (metis neq_th runing' runing_inversion_2)
+  apply (metis neq_th pv_blocked runing' runing_inversion_2 runing_precond_pre_dtc)
+  by (metis neq_th runing' runing_inversion_3)
+
+
+text {* 
+  Suppose @{term th} is not running, it is first shown that
+  there is a path in RAG leading from node @{term th} to another thread @{text "th'"} 
+  in the @{term readys}-set (So @{text "th'"} is an ancestor of @{term th}}).
 
+  Now, since @{term readys}-set is non-empty, there must be
+  one in it which holds the highest @{term cp}-value, which, by definition, 
+  is the @{term runing}-thread. However, we are going to show more: this running thread
+  is exactly @{term "th'"}.
+     *}
+lemma th_blockedE: (* ddd *)
+  assumes "th \<notin> runing (t@s)"
+  obtains th' where "Th th' \<in> ancestors (RAG (t @ s)) (Th th)"
+                    "th' \<in> runing (t@s)"
+proof -
+  -- {* According to @{thm vat_t.th_chain_to_ready}, either 
+        @{term "th"} is in @{term "readys"} or there is path leading from it to 
+        one thread in @{term "readys"}. *}
+  have "th \<in> readys (t @ s) \<or> (\<exists>th'. th' \<in> readys (t @ s) \<and> (Th th, Th th') \<in> (RAG (t @ s))\<^sup>+)" 
+    using th_kept vat_t.th_chain_to_ready by auto
+  -- {* However, @{term th} can not be in @{term readys}, because otherwise, since 
+       @{term th} holds the highest @{term cp}-value, it must be @{term "runing"}. *}
+  moreover have "th \<notin> readys (t@s)" 
+    using assms runing_def th_cp_max vat_t.max_cp_readys_threads by auto 
+  -- {* So, there must be a path from @{term th} to another thread @{text "th'"} in 
+        term @{term readys}: *}
+  ultimately obtain th' where th'_in: "th' \<in> readys (t@s)"
+                          and dp: "(Th th, Th th') \<in> (RAG (t @ s))\<^sup>+" by auto
+  -- {* We are going to show that this @{term th'} is running. *}
+  have "th' \<in> runing (t@s)"
+  proof -
+    -- {* We only need to show that this @{term th'} holds the highest @{term cp}-value: *}
+    have "cp (t@s) th' = Max (cp (t@s) ` readys (t@s))" (is "?L = ?R")
+    proof -
+      have "?L =  Max ((the_preced (t @ s) \<circ> the_thread) ` subtree (tRAG (t @ s)) (Th th'))"
+        by (unfold cp_alt_def1, simp)
+      also have "... = (the_preced (t @ s) \<circ> the_thread) (Th th)"
+      proof(rule image_Max_subset)
+        show "finite (Th ` (threads (t@s)))" by (simp add: vat_t.finite_threads)
+      next
+        show "subtree (tRAG (t @ s)) (Th th') \<subseteq> Th ` threads (t @ s)"
+          by (metis Range.intros dp trancl_range vat_t.range_in vat_t.subtree_tRAG_thread) 
+      next
+        show "Th th \<in> subtree (tRAG (t @ s)) (Th th')" using dp
+                    by (unfold tRAG_subtree_eq, auto simp:subtree_def)
+      next
+        show "Max ((the_preced (t @ s) \<circ> the_thread) ` Th ` threads (t @ s)) =
+                      (the_preced (t @ s) \<circ> the_thread) (Th th)" (is "Max ?L = _")
+        proof -
+          have "?L = the_preced (t @ s) `  threads (t @ s)" 
+                     by (unfold image_comp, rule image_cong, auto)
+          thus ?thesis using max_preced the_preced_def by auto
+        qed
+      qed
+      also have "... = ?R"
+        using th_cp_max th_cp_preced th_kept 
+              the_preced_def vat_t.max_cp_readys_threads by auto
+      finally show ?thesis .
+    qed 
+    -- {* Now, since @{term th'} holds the highest @{term cp} 
+          and we have already show it is in @{term readys},
+          it is @{term runing} by definition. *}
+    with `th' \<in> readys (t@s)` show ?thesis by (simp add: runing_def) 
+  qed
+  -- {* It is easy to show @{term th'} is an ancestor of @{term th}: *}
+  moreover have "Th th' \<in> ancestors (RAG (t @ s)) (Th th)" 
+    using `(Th th, Th th') \<in> (RAG (t @ s))\<^sup>+` by (auto simp:ancestors_def)
+  ultimately show ?thesis using that by metis
+qed
+
+text {*
+  Now it is easy to see there is always a thread to run by case analysis
+  on whether thread @{term th} is running: if the answer is Yes, the 
+  the running thread is obviously @{term th} itself; otherwise, the running
+  thread is the @{text th'} given by lemma @{thm th_blockedE}.
+*}
 lemma live: "runing (t@s) \<noteq> {}"
-proof(cases "th \<in> runing (t@s)")
+proof(cases "th \<in> runing (t@s)") 
   case True thus ?thesis by auto
 next
   case False
-  then have not_ready: "th \<notin> readys (t@s)"
-    apply (unfold runing_def, 
-            insert th_cp_max max_cp_readys_threads[OF vt_t, symmetric])
-    by auto
-  from th_kept have "th \<in> threads (t@s)" by auto
-  from th_chain_to_ready[OF vt_t this] and not_ready
-  obtain th' where th'_in: "th' \<in> readys (t@s)"
-    and dp: "(Th th, Th th') \<in> (RAG (t @ s))\<^sup>+" by auto
-  have "th' \<in> runing (t@s)"
-  proof -
-    have "cp (t @ s) th' = Max (cp (t @ s) ` readys (t @ s))"
-    proof -
-      have " Max ((\<lambda>th. preced th (t @ s)) ` ({th'} \<union> dependants (wq (t @ s)) th')) = 
-               preced th (t@s)"
-      proof(rule Max_eqI)
-        fix y
-        assume "y \<in> (\<lambda>th. preced th (t @ s)) ` ({th'} \<union> dependants (wq (t @ s)) th')"
-        then obtain th1 where
-          h1: "th1 = th' \<or> th1 \<in>  dependants (wq (t @ s)) th'"
-          and eq_y: "y = preced th1 (t@s)" by auto
-        show "y \<le> preced th (t @ s)"
-        proof -
-          from max_preced
-          have "preced th (t @ s) = Max ((\<lambda>th'. preced th' (t @ s)) ` threads (t @ s))" .
-          moreover have "y \<le> \<dots>"
-          proof(rule Max_ge)
-            from h1
-            have "th1 \<in> threads (t@s)"
-            proof
-              assume "th1 = th'"
-              with th'_in show ?thesis by (simp add:readys_def)
-            next
-              assume "th1 \<in> dependants (wq (t @ s)) th'"
-              with dependants_threads [OF vt_t]
-              show "th1 \<in> threads (t @ s)" by auto
-            qed
-            with eq_y show " y \<in> (\<lambda>th'. preced th' (t @ s)) ` threads (t @ s)" by simp
-          next
-            from finite_threads[OF vt_t]
-            show "finite ((\<lambda>th'. preced th' (t @ s)) ` threads (t @ s))" by simp
-          qed
-          ultimately show ?thesis by auto
-        qed
-      next
-        from finite_threads[OF vt_t] dependants_threads [OF vt_t, of th']
-        show "finite ((\<lambda>th. preced th (t @ s)) ` ({th'} \<union> dependants (wq (t @ s)) th'))"
-          by (auto intro:finite_subset)
-      next
-        from dp
-        have "th \<in> dependants (wq (t @ s)) th'" 
-          by (unfold cs_dependants_def, auto simp:eq_RAG)
-        thus "preced th (t @ s) \<in> 
-                (\<lambda>th. preced th (t @ s)) ` ({th'} \<union> dependants (wq (t @ s)) th')"
-          by auto
-      qed
-      moreover have "\<dots> = Max (cp (t @ s) ` readys (t @ s))"
-      proof -
-        from max_preced and max_cp_eq[OF vt_t, symmetric]
-        have "preced th (t @ s) = Max (cp (t @ s) ` threads (t @ s))" by simp
-        with max_cp_readys_threads[OF vt_t] show ?thesis by simp
-      qed
-      ultimately show ?thesis by (unfold cp_eq_cpreced cpreced_def, simp)
-    qed
-    with th'_in show ?thesis by (auto simp:runing_def)
-  qed
-  thus ?thesis by auto
+  thus ?thesis using th_blockedE by auto
 qed
 
 end