pep-material: comparison progs/lecture2.scala

equal deleted inserted replaced

-:607ceabeeffc
+:029e2862bb4e
 // String Interpolations
 //=======================
+def cube(n: Int) : Int = n * n * n
 val n = 3
-println("The square of " + n + " is " + square(n) + ".")
+println("The cube of " + n + " is " + cube(n) + ".")
-println(s"The square of ${n} is ${square(n)}.")
+println(s"The cube of ${n} is ${cube(n)}.")
+// or even
+println(s"The cube of ${n} is ${n * n * n}.")
 // helpful for debugging purposes
 //
 //         "The most effective debugging tool is still careful thought,
 //          coupled with judiciously placed print statements."
 List(7,2,3,4,5,6).find(_ < 4)
 List(5,6,7,8,9).find(_ < 4)
 // better error handling with Options (no exceptions)
 //
 //  Try(something).getOrElse(what_to_do_in_case_of_an_exception)
 //
 get_contents("text.txt")
 get_contents("test.txt")
 // operations on options
 val lst = List(None, Some(1), Some(2), None, Some(3))
 lst.flatten
 Some(1).isDefined
 None.isDefined
-val ps = List((3, 0), (3, 2), (4, 2), (2, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1))
+val ps = List((3, 0), (4, 2), (6, 2), (2, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1))
 // division where possible
 for ((x, y) <- ps) yield {
 if (y == 0) None else Some(x / y)
 val lst = List(None, Some(1), Some(2), None, Some(3))
 for (x <- lst) yield x.getOrElse(0)
+// a function that turns strings into numbers (similar to .toInt)
+Integer.parseInt("1234")
+def get_me_an_int(s: String) : Option[Int] =
+Try(Some(Integer.parseInt(s))).getOrElse(None)
 // This may not look any better than working with null in Java, but to
 // see the value, you have to put yourself in the shoes of the
 // consumer of the get_me_an_int function, and imagine you didn't
 // write that function.
 //
 // In Java, if you didn't write this function, you'd have to depend on
 // the Javadoc of the get_me_an_int. If you didn't look at the Javadoc,
-// you might not know that get_me_an_int could return a null, and your
+// you might not know that get_me_an_int could return null, and your
 // code could potentially throw a NullPointerException.
 // even Scala is not immune to problems like this:
 List(5,6,7,8,9).indexOf(7)
 def even(x: Int) : Boolean = x % 2 == 0
 def odd(x: Int) : Boolean = x % 2 == 1
 val lst = (1 to 10).toList
-lst.filter(x => even(x))
-lst.filter(even(_))
 lst.filter(even)
 lst.count(even)
 lst.find(even)
-val ps = List((3, 0), (3, 2), (4, 2), (2, 2), (2, 0), (1, 1), (1, 0))
+lst.filter(x => x % 2 == 0)
+lst.filter(_ % 2 == 0)
 lst.sortWith(_ > _)
 lst.sortWith(_ < _)
+// but this only works when the arguments are clear, but
+// not with multiple occurences
+lst.find(n => odd(n) && n > 2)
+val ps = List((3, 0), (3, 2), (4, 2), (2, 2), (2, 0), (1, 1), (1, 0))
 def lex(x: (Int, Int), y: (Int, Int)) : Boolean =
 if (x._1 == y._1) x._2 < y._2 else x._1 < y._1
 ps.sortWith(lex)
 ps.maxBy(_._1)
 ps.maxBy(_._2)
 // maps (lower-case)
 //===================
 def double(x: Int): Int = x + x
 def square(x: Int): Int = x * x
 lst.map(square).filter(_ > 4)
 lst.map(square).filter(_ > 4).map(square)
-// lets define our own functions
+// lets define our own higher-order functions
-// type of functions, for example f: Int => Int
+// type of functions is for example Int => Int
-lst.tail
 def my_map_int(lst: List[Int], f: Int => Int) : List[Int] = {
 if (lst == Nil) Nil
 else f(lst.head) :: my_map_int(lst.tail, f)
 }
 def sum_cubes(lst: List[Int])   = sumOf(x => x * x * x, lst)
 sum_squares(lst)
 sum_cubes(lst)
-// lets try it factorial
+// lets try a factorial
 def fact(n: Int) : Int =
 if (n == 0) 1 else n * fact(n - 1)
 def sum_fact(lst: List[Int]) = sumOf(fact, lst)
 sum_fact(lst)
-// if you like verbosity, you can full-specify the literal.
+// sometimes it is needed that you specify the type.
-// Don't go telling that to people, though
 (1 to 100).filter((x: Int) => x % 2 == 0).sum
-// As x is known to be an Int anyway, you can omit that part
+// in this case it is clear that x mist be an Int
 (1 to 100).filter(x => x % 2 == 0).sum
 // As each parameter (only x in this case) is passed only once
 // you can use the wizardy placeholder syntax
 (1 to 100).filter(_ % 2 == 0).sum
-// But if you want to re-use your literal, you can also put it in a value
-// In this case, explicit types are required because there's nothing to infer from
-val isEven = (x: Int) => x % 2 == 0
+// Option Type and maps
-(1 to 100).filter(isEven).sum
+//======================
-// Option Type again
-//===================
 // a function that turns strings into numbers (similar to .toInt)
 Integer.parseInt("12u34")
+import scala.util._
 def get_me_an_int(s: String) : Option[Int] =
 Try(Some(Integer.parseInt(s))).getOrElse(None)
 val lst = List("12345", "foo", "5432", "bar", "x21", "456")
 lst.map(get_me_an_int).flatten.sum
 lst.map(get_me_an_int).flatten.sum
 lst.flatMap(get_me_an_int).sum
+// maps on Options
+get_me_an_int("1234").map(even)
+get_me_an_int("12u34").map(even)
 // Map type (upper-case)
 //=======================
 // Note the difference between map and Map
 def factors(n: Int) : List[Int] =
-((1 until n).filter { divisor =>
+(2 until n).toList.filter(n % _ == 0)
-n % divisor == 0
-}).toList
 var ls = (1 to 10).toList
 val facs = ls.map(n => (n, factors(n)))
 facs.find(_._1 == 4)
 // works for lists of pairs
 facs.toMap.getOrElse(42, Nil)
 val facsMap = facs.toMap
 val facsMap0 = facsMap + (0 -> List(1,2,3,4,5))
-facsMap0.get(1)
+facsMap0.get(0)
-val facsMap4 = facsMap + (1 -> List(1,2,3,4,5))
+val facsMap2 = facsMap + (1 -> List(1,2,3,4,5))
 facsMap.get(1)
-facsMap4.get(1)
+facsMap2.get(1)
+// groupBy function on maps
 val ls = List("one", "two", "three", "four", "five")
 ls.groupBy(_.length)
-ls.groupBy(_.length).get(2)
+ls.groupBy(_.length).get(3)
 // Pattern Matching
 def my_flatten(xs: List[Option[Int]]): List[Int] = xs match {
 case Nil => Nil
 case None::rest => my_flatten(rest)
-case Some(v)::foo => {
+case Some(v)::rest => v :: my_flatten(rest)
-v :: my_flatten(foo)
+}
-}
-}
+// another example with a default case
-// another example
 def get_me_a_string(n: Int): String = n match {
 case 0 | 1 | 2 => "small"
 case _ => "big"
 }
 // What happens if no case matches?
 println(season("foobar"))
-// Days of the months
+// days of some months
 def days(month: String) : Int = month match {
 case "March" | "April" | "May" => 31
 case "June" | "July" | "August" => 30
 }
 // Silly: fizz buzz
 def fizz_buzz(n: Int) : String = (n % 3, n % 5) match {
 case (0, 0) => "fizz buzz"
 for (n <- 0 to 20)
 println(fizz_buzz(n))
-// User-defined Datatypes
-//========================
-abstract class Colour
-case object Red extends Colour
-case object Green extends Colour
-case object Blue extends Colour
-def fav_colour(c: Colour) : Boolean = c match {
-case Red   => false
-case Green => true
-case Blue  => false
-}
-fav_colour(Green)
-// ... a tiny bit more useful: Roman Numerals
-abstract class RomanDigit
-case object I extends RomanDigit
-case object V extends RomanDigit
-case object X extends RomanDigit
-case object L extends RomanDigit
-case object C extends RomanDigit
-case object D extends RomanDigit
-case object M extends RomanDigit
-type RomanNumeral = List[RomanDigit]
-List(X,I)
-/*
-I -> 1
-II -> 2
-III  -> 3
-IV -> 4
-V -> 5
-VI -> 6
-VII -> 7
-VIII -> 8
-IX -> 9
-X -> X
-*/
-def RomanNumeral2Int(rs: RomanNumeral): Int = rs match {
-case Nil => 0
-case M::r    => 1000 + RomanNumeral2Int(r)
-case C::M::r => 900 + RomanNumeral2Int(r)
-case D::r    => 500 + RomanNumeral2Int(r)
-case C::D::r => 400 + RomanNumeral2Int(r)
-case C::r    => 100 + RomanNumeral2Int(r)
-case X::C::r => 90 + RomanNumeral2Int(r)
-case L::r    => 50 + RomanNumeral2Int(r)
-case X::L::r => 40 + RomanNumeral2Int(r)
-case X::r    => 10 + RomanNumeral2Int(r)
-case I::X::r => 9 + RomanNumeral2Int(r)
-case V::r    => 5 + RomanNumeral2Int(r)
-case I::V::r => 4 + RomanNumeral2Int(r)
-case I::r    => 1 + RomanNumeral2Int(r)
-}
-RomanNumeral2Int(List(I,V))             // 4
-RomanNumeral2Int(List(I,I,I,I))         // 4 (invalid Roman number)
-RomanNumeral2Int(List(V,I))             // 6
-RomanNumeral2Int(List(I,X))             // 9
-RomanNumeral2Int(List(M,C,M,L,X,X,I,X)) // 1979
-RomanNumeral2Int(List(M,M,X,V,I,I))     // 2017
-// another example
-//=================
-// Once upon a time, in a complete fictional
-// country there were Persons...
-abstract class Person
-case object King extends Person
-case class Peer(deg: String, terr: String, succ: Int) extends Person
-case class Knight(name: String) extends Person
-case class Peasant(name: String) extends Person
-def title(p: Person): String = p match {
-case King => "His Majesty the King"
-case Peer(deg, terr, _) => s"The ${deg} of ${terr}"
-case Knight(name) => s"Sir ${name}"
-case Peasant(name) => name
-}
-def superior(p1: Person, p2: Person): Boolean = (p1, p2) match {
-case (King, _) => true
-case (Peer(_,_,_), Knight(_)) => true
-case (Peer(_,_,_), Peasant(_)) => true
-case (Peer(_,_,_), Clown) => true
-case (Knight(_), Peasant(_)) => true
-case (Knight(_), Clown) => true
-case (Clown, Peasant(_)) => true
-case _ => false
-}
-val people = List(Knight("David"),
-Peer("Duke", "Norfolk", 84),
-Peasant("Christian"),
-King,
-Clown)
-println(people.sortWith(superior).mkString("\n"))
-// String interpolations as patterns
-val date = "2000-01-01"
-val s"$year-$month-$day" = date
-def parse_date(date: String) = date match {
-case s"$year-$month-$day" => Some((year.toInt, month.toInt, day.toInt))
-case s"$day/$month/$year" => Some((year.toInt, month.toInt, day.toInt))
-case _ => None
-}
 // Recursion
 //===========
-/* a, b, c
+// well-known example
-aa         aaa
+def fib(n: Int) : Int = {
-ab         baa
+if (n == 0 || n == 1) 1
-ac         caa
+else fib(n - 1) + fib(n - 2)
-ba  =>     ......
+}
-bb
-bc
-ca
+/* Say you have characters a, b, c.
-cb
+What are all the combinations of a certain length?
-cc
+All combinations of length 2:
+aa, ab, ac, ba, bb, bc, ca, cb, cc
+Combinations of length 3:
+aaa, baa, caa, and so on......
 */
-def perms(cs: List[Char], l: Int) : List[String] = {
+def combs(cs: List[Char], l: Int) : List[String] = {
 if (l == 0) List("")
-else for (c <- cs; s <- perms(cs, l - 1)) yield s"$c$s"
+else for (c <- cs; s <- combs(cs, l - 1)) yield s"$c$s"
 }
-perms("abc".toList, 2)
+combs("abc".toList, 2)
+// another well-known example
 def move(from: Char, to: Char) =
 println(s"Move disc from $from to $to!")
 def hanoi(n: Int, from: Char, via: Char, to: Char) : Unit = {
 move(from, to)
 hanoi(n - 1, via, from, to)
 }
 }
-hanoi(40, 'A', 'B', 'C')
+hanoi(4, 'A', 'B', 'C')
-// Tail Recursion
+// A Recursive Web Crawler / Email Harvester
-//================
+//===========================================
-def fact(n: Long): Long =
-if (n == 0) 1 else n * fact(n - 1)
-fact(10)              //ok
-fact(10000)           // produces a stackoverflow
-def factT(n: BigInt, acc: BigInt): BigInt =
-if (n == 0) acc else factT(n - 1, n * acc)
-factT(10, 1)
-factT(100000, 1)
-// there is a flag for ensuring a function is tail recursive
-import scala.annotation.tailrec
-@tailrec
-def factT(n: BigInt, acc: BigInt): BigInt =
-if (n == 0) acc else factT(n - 1, n * acc)
-// for tail-recursive functions the Scala compiler
-// generates loop-like code, which does not need
-// to allocate stack-space in each recursive
-// call; Scala can do this only for tail-recursive
-// functions
-// A Web Crawler / Email Harvester
-//=================================
 //
 // the idea is to look for links using the
 // regular expression "https?://[^"]*" and for
 // email addresses using another regex.
 def get_all_URLs(page: String): Set[String] =
 http_pattern.findAllIn(page).map(unquote).toSet
 // naive version of crawl - searches until a given depth,
 // visits pages potentially more than once
-def crawl(url: String, n: Int) : Set[String] = {
+def crawl(url: String, n: Int) : Unit = {
+if (n == 0) ()
+else {
+println(s"  Visiting: $n $url")
+for (u <- get_all_URLs(get_page(url))) crawl(u, n - 1)
+}
+}
+// some starting URLs for the crawler
+val startURL = """https://nms.kcl.ac.uk/christian.urban/"""
+crawl(startURL, 2)
+// a primitive email harvester
+def emails(url: String, n: Int) : Set[String] = {
 if (n == 0) Set()
 else {
 println(s"  Visiting: $n $url")
 val page = get_page(url)
 val new_emails = email_pattern.findAllIn(page).toSet
-new_emails ++ (for (u <- get_all_URLs(page)) yield crawl(u, n - 1)).flatten
+new_emails ++ (for (u <- get_all_URLs(page)) yield emails(u, n - 1)).flatten
 }
 }
-// some starting URLs for the crawler
+emails(startURL, 3)
-val startURL = """https://nms.kcl.ac.uk/christian.urban/"""
-crawl(startURL, 2)
+// if we want to explore the internet "deeper", then we
+// first have to parallelise the request of webpages:
+//
+// scala -cp scala-parallel-collections_2.13-0.2.0.jar
+// import scala.collection.parallel.CollectionConverters._
-// Sudoku
-//========
-// THE POINT OF THIS CODE IS NOT TO BE SUPER
-// EFFICIENT AND FAST, just explaining exhaustive
-// depth-first search
-val game0 = """.14.6.3..
-|62...4..9
-|.8..5.6..
-|.6.2....3
-|.7..1..5.
-|5....9.6.
-|..6.2..3.
-|1..5...92
-|..7.9.41.""".stripMargin.replaceAll("\\n", "")
-type Pos = (Int, Int)
-val emptyValue = '.'
-val maxValue = 9
-val allValues = "123456789".toList
-val indexes = (0 to 8).toList
-def empty(game: String) = game.indexOf(emptyValue)
-def isDone(game: String) = empty(game) == -1
-def emptyPosition(game: String) : Pos =
-(empty(game) % maxValue, empty(game) / maxValue)
-def get_row(game: String, y: Int) = indexes.map(col => game(y * maxValue + col))
-def get_col(game: String, x: Int) = indexes.map(row => game(x + row * maxValue))
-def get_box(game: String, pos: Pos): List[Char] = {
-def base(p: Int): Int = (p / 3) * 3
-val x0 = base(pos._1)
-val y0 = base(pos._2)
-for (x <- (x0 until x0 + 3).toList;
-y <- (y0 until y0 + 3).toList) yield game(x + y * maxValue)
-}
-//get_row(game0, 0)
-//get_row(game0, 1)
-//get_box(game0, (3,1))
-def update(game: String, pos: Int, value: Char): String =
-game.updated(pos, value)
-def toAvoid(game: String, pos: Pos): List[Char] =
-(get_col(game, pos._1) ++ get_row(game, pos._2) ++ get_box(game, pos))
-def candidates(game: String, pos: Pos): List[Char] =
-allValues.diff(toAvoid(game, pos))
-//candidates(game0, (0, 0))
-def pretty(game: String): String =
-"\n" ++ (game.sliding(maxValue, maxValue).mkString("\n"))
-def search(game: String): List[String] = {
-if (isDone(game)) List(game)
-else
-candidates(game, emptyPosition(game)).
-map(c => search(update(game, empty(game), c))).flatten
-}
-// an easy game
-val game1 = """23.915...
-|...2..54.
-|6.7......
-|..1.....9
-|89.5.3.17
-|5.....6..
-|......9.5
-|.16..7...
-|...329..1""".stripMargin.replaceAll("\\n", "")
-// a game that is in the sligtly harder category
-val game2 = """8........
-|..36.....
-|.7..9.2..
-|.5...7...
-|....457..
-|...1...3.
-|..1....68
-|..85...1.
-|.9....4..""".stripMargin.replaceAll("\\n", "")
-// a game with multiple solutions
-val game3 = """.8...9743
-|.5...8.1.
-|.1.......
-|8....5...
-|...8.4...
-|...3....6
-|.......7.
-|.3.5...8.
-|9724...5.""".stripMargin.replaceAll("\\n", "")
-search(game0).map(pretty)
-search(game1).map(pretty)
-// for measuring time
-def time_needed[T](i: Int, code: => T) = {
-val start = System.nanoTime()
-for (j <- 1 to i) code
-val end = System.nanoTime()
-s"${(end - start) / i / 1.0e9} secs"
-}
-search(game2).map(pretty)
-search(game3).distinct.length
-time_needed(3, search(game2))
-time_needed(3, search(game3))

changeset 318	029e2862bb4e
parent 317	607ceabeeffc
child 319	b84ea52bfd8f