(*<*)

theory Paper

imports 

   "../Lexer"

   "../Simplifying" 

   "../Positions"

   "../SizeBound4" 

   "HOL-Library.LaTeXsugar"

begin

declare [[show_question_marks = false]]

notation (latex output)

  If  ("(\<^latex>\<open>\\textrm{\<close>if\<^latex>\<open>}\<close> (_)/ \<^latex>\<open>\\textrm{\<close>then\<^latex>\<open>}\<close> (_)/ \<^latex>\<open>\\textrm{\<close>else\<^latex>\<open>}\<close> (_))" 10) and

  Cons ("_\<^latex>\<open>\\mbox{$\\,$}\<close>::\<^latex>\<open>\\mbox{$\\,$}\<close>_" [75,73] 73) 

abbreviation 

  "der_syn r c \<equiv> der c r"

notation (latex output)

  der_syn ("_\\_" [79, 1000] 76) and

  ZERO ("\<^bold>0" 81) and 

  ONE ("\<^bold>1" 81) and 

  CH ("_" [1000] 80) and

  ALT ("_ + _" [77,77] 78) and

  SEQ ("_ \<cdot> _" [77,77] 78) and

  STAR ("_\<^sup>\<star>" [79] 78) and

  val.Void ("Empty" 78) and

  val.Char ("Char _" [1000] 78) and

  val.Left ("Left _" [79] 78) and

  val.Right ("Right _" [1000] 78) and

  val.Seq ("Seq _ _" [79,79] 78) and

  val.Stars ("Stars _" [79] 78) and

  Posix ("'(_, _') \<rightarrow> _" [63,75,75] 75) and

  flat ("|_|" [75] 74) and

  flats ("|_|" [72] 74) and

  injval ("inj _ _ _" [79,77,79] 76) and 

  mkeps ("mkeps _" [79] 76) and 

  length ("len _" [73] 73) and

  set ("_" [73] 73) and

  AZERO ("ZERO" 81) and 

  AONE ("ONE _" [79] 78) and 

  ACHAR ("CHAR _ _" [79, 79] 80) and

  AALTs ("ALTs _ _" [77,77] 78) and

  ASEQ ("SEQ _ _ _" [79, 79,79] 78) and

  ASTAR ("STAR _ _" [79, 79] 78) and

  code ("code _" [79] 74) and

  intern ("_\<^latex>\<open>\\mbox{$^\\uparrow$}\<close>" [900] 80) and

  erase ("_\<^latex>\<open>\\mbox{$^\\downarrow$}\<close>" [1000] 74) and

  bnullable ("nullable\<^latex>\<open>\\mbox{$_b$}\<close> _" [1000] 80) and

  bmkeps ("mkeps\<^latex>\<open>\\mbox{$_b$}\<close> _" [1000] 80) and

  srewrite ("_\<^latex>\<open>\\mbox{$\\,\\stackrel{s}{\\leadsto}$}\<close> _" [71, 71] 80) 

lemma better_retrieve:

   shows "rs \<noteq> Nil ==> retrieve (AALTs bs (r#rs)) (Left v) = bs @ retrieve r v"

   and   "rs \<noteq> Nil ==> retrieve (AALTs bs (r#rs)) (Right v) = bs @ retrieve (AALTs [] rs) v"

  apply (metis list.exhaust retrieve.simps(4))

  by (metis list.exhaust retrieve.simps(5))

(*>*)

section {* Introduction *}

text {*

In the last fifteen or so years, Brzozowski's derivatives of regular

expressions have sparked quite a bit of interest in the functional

programming and theorem prover communities.  The beauty of

Brzozowski's derivatives \cite{Brzozowski1964} is that they are neatly

expressible in any functional language, and easily definable and

reasoned about in theorem provers---the definitions just consist of

inductive datatypes and simple recursive functions. A mechanised

correctness proof of Brzozowski's matcher in for example HOL4 has been

mentioned by Owens and Slind~\cite{Owens2008}. Another one in

Isabelle/HOL is part of the work by Krauss and Nipkow

\cite{Krauss2011}.  And another one in Coq is given by Coquand and

Siles \cite{Coquand2012}.

The notion of derivatives

\cite{Brzozowski1964}, written @{term "der c r"}, of a regular

expression give a simple solution to the problem of matching a string

@{term s} with a regular expression @{term r}: if the derivative of

@{term r} w.r.t.\ (in succession) all the characters of the string

matches the empty string, then @{term r} matches @{term s} (and {\em

vice versa}). The derivative has the property (which may almost be

regarded as its specification) that, for every string @{term s} and

regular expression @{term r} and character @{term c}, one has @{term

"cs \<in> L(r)"} if and only if \mbox{@{term "s \<in> L(der c r)"}}.

If a regular expression matches a string, then in general there is more

than one way of how the string is matched. There are two commonly used

disambiguation strategies to generate a unique answer: one is called

GREEDY matching \cite{Frisch2004} and the other is POSIX

matching~\cite{POSIX,Kuklewicz,OkuiSuzuki2010,Sulzmann2014,Vansummeren2006}.

For example consider the string @{term xy} and the regular expression

\mbox{@{term "STAR (ALT (ALT x y) xy)"}}. Either the string can be

matched in two `iterations' by the single letter-regular expressions

@{term x} and @{term y}, or directly in one iteration by @{term xy}. The

first case corresponds to GREEDY matching, which first matches with the

left-most symbol and only matches the next symbol in case of a mismatch

(this is greedy in the sense of preferring instant gratification to

delayed repletion). The second case is POSIX matching, which prefers the

longest match.

\begin{center}

\begin{tabular}{cc}

  \begin{tabular}{r@ {\hspace{2mm}}c@ {\hspace{2mm}}l}

  @{thm (lhs) der.simps(1)} & $\dn$ & @{thm (rhs) der.simps(1)}\\

  @{thm (lhs) der.simps(2)} & $\dn$ & @{thm (rhs) der.simps(2)}\\

  @{thm (lhs) der.simps(3)} & $\dn$ & @{thm (rhs) der.simps(3)}\\

  @{thm (lhs) der.simps(4)[of c "r\<^sub>1" "r\<^sub>2"]} & $\dn$ & @{thm (rhs) der.simps(4)[of c "r\<^sub>1" "r\<^sub>2"]}\\

  @{thm (lhs) der.simps(5)[of c "r\<^sub>1" "r\<^sub>2"]} & $\dn$ & @{text "if"} @{term "nullable(r\<^sub>1)"}\\

  & & @{text "then"} @{term "ALT (SEQ (der c r\<^sub>1) r\<^sub>2) (der c r\<^sub>2)"}\\

  & & @{text "else"} @{term "SEQ (der c r\<^sub>1) r\<^sub>2"}\\

  % & & @{thm (rhs) der.simps(5)[of c "r\<^sub>1" "r\<^sub>2"]}\\

  @{thm (lhs) der.simps(6)} & $\dn$ & @{thm (rhs) der.simps(6)}

  \end{tabular}

  &

  \begin{tabular}{l@ {\hspace{1mm}}c@ {\hspace{1mm}}l}

  @{thm (lhs) nullable.simps(1)} & $\dn$ & @{thm (rhs) nullable.simps(1)}\\

  @{thm (lhs) nullable.simps(2)} & $\dn$ & @{thm (rhs) nullable.simps(2)}\\

  @{thm (lhs) nullable.simps(3)} & $\dn$ & @{thm (rhs) nullable.simps(3)}\\

  @{thm (lhs) nullable.simps(4)[of "r\<^sub>1" "r\<^sub>2"]} & $\dn$ & @{thm (rhs) nullable.simps(4)[of "r\<^sub>1" "r\<^sub>2"]}\\

  @{thm (lhs) nullable.simps(5)[of "r\<^sub>1" "r\<^sub>2"]} & $\dn$ & @{thm (rhs) nullable.simps(5)[of "r\<^sub>1" "r\<^sub>2"]}\\

  @{thm (lhs) nullable.simps(6)} & $\dn$ & @{thm (rhs) nullable.simps(6)}\medskip\\

  \end{tabular}  

\end{tabular}  

\end{center}

\begin{figure}[t]

\begin{center}

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=2,node distance=1.3cm,

                    every node/.style={minimum size=6mm}]

\node (r1)  {@{term "r\<^sub>1"}};

\node (r2) [right=of r1]{@{term "r\<^sub>2"}};

\draw[->,line width=1mm](r1)--(r2) node[above,midway] {@{term "der a DUMMY"}};

\node (r3) [right=of r2]{@{term "r\<^sub>3"}};

\draw[->,line width=1mm](r2)--(r3) node[above,midway] {@{term "der b DUMMY"}};

\node (r4) [right=of r3]{@{term "r\<^sub>4"}};

\draw[->,line width=1mm](r3)--(r4) node[above,midway] {@{term "der c DUMMY"}};

\draw (r4) node[anchor=west] {\;\raisebox{3mm}{@{term nullable}}};

\node (v4) [below=of r4]{@{term "v\<^sub>4"}};

\draw[->,line width=1mm](r4) -- (v4);

\node (v3) [left=of v4] {@{term "v\<^sub>3"}};

\draw[->,line width=1mm](v4)--(v3) node[below,midway] {\<open>inj r\<^sub>3 c\<close>};

\node (v2) [left=of v3]{@{term "v\<^sub>2"}};

\draw[->,line width=1mm](v3)--(v2) node[below,midway] {\<open>inj r\<^sub>2 b\<close>};

\node (v1) [left=of v2] {@{term "v\<^sub>1"}};

\draw[->,line width=1mm](v2)--(v1) node[below,midway] {\<open>inj r\<^sub>1 a\<close>};

\draw (r4) node[anchor=north west] {\;\raisebox{-8mm}{@{term "mkeps"}}};

\end{tikzpicture}

\end{center}

\mbox{}\\[-13mm]

\caption{The two phases of the algorithm by Sulzmann \& Lu \cite{Sulzmann2014},

matching the string @{term "[a,b,c]"}. The first phase (the arrows from 

left to right) is \Brz's matcher building successive derivatives. If the 

last regular expression is @{term nullable}, then the functions of the 

second phase are called (the top-down and right-to-left arrows): first 

@{term mkeps} calculates a value @{term "v\<^sub>4"} witnessing

how the empty string has been recognised by @{term "r\<^sub>4"}. After

that the function @{term inj} ``injects back'' the characters of the string into

the values.

\label{Sulz}}

\end{figure} 

*}

section {* Background *}

text {*

  Sulzmann-Lu algorithm with inj. State that POSIX rules.

  metion slg is correct.

  \begin{figure}[t]

  \begin{center}

  \begin{tabular}{c}

  @{thm[mode=Axiom] Posix.intros(1)}\<open>P\<close>@{term "ONE"} \qquad

  @{thm[mode=Axiom] Posix.intros(2)}\<open>P\<close>@{term "c"}\medskip\\

  @{thm[mode=Rule] Posix.intros(3)[of "s" "r\<^sub>1" "v" "r\<^sub>2"]}\<open>P+L\<close>\qquad

  @{thm[mode=Rule] Posix.intros(4)[of "s" "r\<^sub>2" "v" "r\<^sub>1"]}\<open>P+R\<close>\medskip\\

  $\mprset{flushleft}

   \inferrule

   {@{thm (prem 1) Posix.intros(5)[of "s\<^sub>1" "r\<^sub>1" "v\<^sub>1" "s\<^sub>2" "r\<^sub>2" "v\<^sub>2"]} \qquad

    @{thm (prem 2) Posix.intros(5)[of "s\<^sub>1" "r\<^sub>1" "v\<^sub>1" "s\<^sub>2" "r\<^sub>2" "v\<^sub>2"]} \\\\

    @{thm (prem 3) Posix.intros(5)[of "s\<^sub>1" "r\<^sub>1" "v\<^sub>1" "s\<^sub>2" "r\<^sub>2" "v\<^sub>2"]}}

   {@{thm (concl) Posix.intros(5)[of "s\<^sub>1" "r\<^sub>1" "v\<^sub>1" "s\<^sub>2" "r\<^sub>2" "v\<^sub>2"]}}$\<open>PS\<close>\\

  @{thm[mode=Axiom] Posix.intros(7)}\<open>P[]\<close>\medskip\\

  $\mprset{flushleft}

   \inferrule

   {@{thm (prem 1) Posix.intros(6)[of "s\<^sub>1" "r" "v" "s\<^sub>2" "vs"]} \qquad

    @{thm (prem 2) Posix.intros(6)[of "s\<^sub>1" "r" "v" "s\<^sub>2" "vs"]} \qquad

    @{thm (prem 3) Posix.intros(6)[of "s\<^sub>1" "r" "v" "s\<^sub>2" "vs"]} \\\\

    @{thm (prem 4) Posix.intros(6)[of "s\<^sub>1" "r" "v" "s\<^sub>2" "vs"]}}

   {@{thm (concl) Posix.intros(6)[of "s\<^sub>1" "r" "v" "s\<^sub>2" "vs"]}}$\<open>P\<star>\<close>

  \end{tabular}

  \end{center}

  \caption{Our inductive definition of POSIX values.}\label{POSIXrules}

  \end{figure}

  \begin{center}

  \begin{tabular}{lcl}

  @{thm (lhs) mkeps.simps(1)} & $\dn$ & @{thm (rhs) mkeps.simps(1)}\\

  @{thm (lhs) mkeps.simps(2)[of "r\<^sub>1" "r\<^sub>2"]} & $\dn$ & @{thm (rhs) mkeps.simps(2)[of "r\<^sub>1" "r\<^sub>2"]}\\

  @{thm (lhs) mkeps.simps(3)[of "r\<^sub>1" "r\<^sub>2"]} & $\dn$ & @{thm (rhs) mkeps.simps(3)[of "r\<^sub>1" "r\<^sub>2"]}\\

  @{thm (lhs) mkeps.simps(4)} & $\dn$ & @{thm (rhs) mkeps.simps(4)}\\

  \end{tabular}

  \end{center}

  \begin{center}

  \begin{tabular}{l@ {\hspace{5mm}}lcl}

  \textit{(1)} & @{thm (lhs) injval.simps(1)} & $\dn$ & @{thm (rhs) injval.simps(1)}\\

  \textit{(2)} & @{thm (lhs) injval.simps(2)[of "r\<^sub>1" "r\<^sub>2" "c" "v\<^sub>1"]} & $\dn$ & 

      @{thm (rhs) injval.simps(2)[of "r\<^sub>1" "r\<^sub>2" "c" "v\<^sub>1"]}\\

  \textit{(3)} & @{thm (lhs) injval.simps(3)[of "r\<^sub>1" "r\<^sub>2" "c" "v\<^sub>2"]} & $\dn$ & 

      @{thm (rhs) injval.simps(3)[of "r\<^sub>1" "r\<^sub>2" "c" "v\<^sub>2"]}\\

  \textit{(4)} & @{thm (lhs) injval.simps(4)[of "r\<^sub>1" "r\<^sub>2" "c" "v\<^sub>1" "v\<^sub>2"]} & $\dn$ 

      & @{thm (rhs) injval.simps(4)[of "r\<^sub>1" "r\<^sub>2" "c" "v\<^sub>1" "v\<^sub>2"]}\\

  \textit{(5)} & @{thm (lhs) injval.simps(5)[of "r\<^sub>1" "r\<^sub>2" "c" "v\<^sub>1" "v\<^sub>2"]} & $\dn$ 

      & @{thm (rhs) injval.simps(5)[of "r\<^sub>1" "r\<^sub>2" "c" "v\<^sub>1" "v\<^sub>2"]}\\

  \textit{(6)} & @{thm (lhs) injval.simps(6)[of "r\<^sub>1" "r\<^sub>2" "c" "v\<^sub>2"]} & $\dn$ 

      & @{thm (rhs) injval.simps(6)[of "r\<^sub>1" "r\<^sub>2" "c" "v\<^sub>2"]}\\

  \textit{(7)} & @{thm (lhs) injval.simps(7)[of "r" "c" "v" "vs"]} & $\dn$ 

      & @{thm (rhs) injval.simps(7)[of "r" "c" "v" "vs"]}\\

  \end{tabular}

  \end{center}

*}

section {* Bitcoded Regular Expressions and Derivatives *}

text {*

  Sulzmann and Lu describe another algorithm that generates POSIX

  values but dispences with the second phase where characters are

  injected ``back'' into values. For this they annotate bitcodes to

  regular expressions, which we define in Isabelle/HOL as the datatype

  \begin{center}

  \begin{tabular}{lcl}

               & $\mid$ & @{term "ACHAR bs c"}\\

               & $\mid$ & @{term "AALTs bs rs"}\\

               & $\mid$ & @{term "ASEQ bs r\<^sub>1 r\<^sub>2"}\\

               & $\mid$ & @{term "ASTAR bs r"}

  \end{tabular}

  \end{center}

  \noindent where @{text bs} stands for a bitsequences; @{text r},

  \begin{center}

  \begin{tabular}{lcl}

  @{thm (lhs) code.simps(1)} & $\dn$ & @{thm (rhs) code.simps(1)}\\

  @{thm (lhs) code.simps(2)} & $\dn$ & @{thm (rhs) code.simps(2)}\\

  @{thm (lhs) code.simps(3)} & $\dn$ & @{thm (rhs) code.simps(3)}\\

  @{thm (lhs) code.simps(5)[of "v\<^sub>1" "v\<^sub>2"]} & $\dn$ & @{thm (rhs) code.simps(5)[of "v\<^sub>1" "v\<^sub>2"]}\\

  @{thm (lhs) code.simps(6)} & $\dn$ & @{thm (rhs) code.simps(6)}\\

  \end{tabular}

  \end{center}