theory Tactical
imports Base FirstSteps
begin

chapter {* Tactical Reasoning\label{chp:tactical} *}

text {*
  The main reason for descending to the ML-level of Isabelle is to be able to
  implement automatic proof procedures. Such proof procedures usually lessen
  considerably the burden of manual reasoning, for example, when introducing
  new definitions. These proof procedures are centred around refining a goal
  state using tactics. This is similar to the \isacommand{apply}-style
  reasoning at the user level, where goals are modified in a sequence of proof
  steps until all of them are solved. However, there are also more structured
  operations available on the ML-level that help with the handling of
  variables and assumptions.

*}

section {* Basics of Reasoning with Tactics*}

text {*
  To see how tactics work, let us first transcribe a simple \isacommand{apply}-style proof 
  into ML. Consider the following proof.
*}

lemma disj_swap: "P \<or> Q \<Longrightarrow> Q \<or> P"
apply(erule disjE)
apply(rule disjI2)
apply(assumption)
apply(rule disjI1)
apply(assumption)
done

text {*
  This proof translates to the following ML-code.
  
@{ML_response_fake [display,gray]
"let
  val ctxt = @{context}
  val goal = @{prop \"P \<or> Q \<Longrightarrow> Q \<or> P\"}
in
  Goal.prove ctxt [\"P\", \"Q\"] [] goal 
   (fn _ => 
      etac @{thm disjE} 1
      THEN rtac @{thm disjI2} 1
      THEN atac 1
      THEN rtac @{thm disjI1} 1
      THEN atac 1)
end" "?P \<or> ?Q \<Longrightarrow> ?Q \<or> ?P"}
  
  To start the proof, the function @{ML "Goal.prove"}~@{text "ctxt xs As C
  tac"} sets up a goal state for proving the goal @{text C} 
  (that is @{prop "P \<or> Q \<Longrightarrow> Q \<or> P"} in the proof at hand) under the
  assumptions @{text As} (happens to be empty) with the variables
  @{text xs} that will be generalised once the goal is proved (in our case
  @{text P} and @{text Q}). The @{text "tac"} is the tactic that proves the goal;
  it can make use of the local assumptions (there are none in this example). 
  The functions @{ML etac}, @{ML rtac} and @{ML atac} correspond to 
  @{text erule}, @{text rule} and @{text assumption}, respectively. 
  The operator @{ML THEN} strings the tactics together. 

  \begin{readmore}
  To learn more about the function @{ML Goal.prove} see \isccite{sec:results}
  and the file @{ML_file "Pure/goal.ML"}. For more information about the
  internals of goals see \isccite{sec:tactical-goals}.  See @{ML_file
  "Pure/tactic.ML"} and @{ML_file "Pure/tctical.ML"} for the code of basic
  tactics and tactic combinators; see also Chapters 3 and 4 in the old
  Isabelle Reference Manual.
  \end{readmore}

  Note that we used antiquotations for referencing the theorems. Many theorems
  also have ML-bindings with the same name. Therefore, we could also just have
  written @{ML "etac disjE 1"}, or in case there are no ML-binding obtained
  the theorem dynamically using the function @{ML thm}; for example 
  @{ML "etac (thm \"disjE\") 1"}. Both ways however are considered bad style. 
  The reason
  is that the binding for @{ML disjE} can be re-assigned by the user and thus
  one does not have complete control over which theorem is actually
  applied. This problem is nicely prevented by using antiquotations, because
  then the theorems are fixed statically at compile-time.

  During the development of automatic proof procedures, you will often find it 
  necessary to test a tactic on examples. This can be conveniently 
  done with the command \isacommand{apply}@{text "(tactic \<verbopen> \<dots> \<verbclose>)"}. 
  Consider the following sequence of tactics
*}

ML{*val foo_tac = 
      (etac @{thm disjE} 1
       THEN rtac @{thm disjI2} 1
       THEN atac 1
       THEN rtac @{thm disjI1} 1
       THEN atac 1)*}

text {* and the Isabelle proof: *}

lemma "P \<or> Q \<Longrightarrow> Q \<or> P"
apply(tactic {* foo_tac *})
done

text {*
  By using @{text "tactic \<verbopen> \<dots> \<verbclose>"} you can call from the 
  user level of Isabelle the tactic @{ML foo_tac} or 
  any other function that returns a tactic.

  The tactic @{ML foo_tac} is just a sequence of simple tactics stringed
  together by @{ML THEN}. As can be seen, each simple tactic in @{ML foo_tac}
  has a hard-coded number that stands for the subgoal analysed by the
  tactic (@{text "1"} stands for the first, or top-most, subgoal). This hard-coding
  of goals is sometimes wanted, but usually it is not. To avoid the explicit numbering, 
  you can write\label{tac:footacprime}
*}

ML{*val foo_tac' = 
      (etac @{thm disjE} 
       THEN' rtac @{thm disjI2} 
       THEN' atac 
       THEN' rtac @{thm disjI1} 
       THEN' atac)*}

text {* 
  and then give the number for the subgoal explicitly when the tactic is
  called. So in the next proof you can first discharge the second subgoal, and
  after that the first.
*}

lemma "P1 \<or> Q1 \<Longrightarrow> Q1 \<or> P1"
   and "P2 \<or> Q2 \<Longrightarrow> Q2 \<or> P2"
apply(tactic {* foo_tac' 2 *})
apply(tactic {* foo_tac' 1 *})
done

text {*
  This kind of addressing is more difficult to achieve when the goal is 
  hard-coded inside the tactic. For every operator that combines tactics 
  (@{ML THEN} is only one such operator) a ``primed'' version exists.

  The tactics @{ML foo_tac} and @{ML foo_tac'} are very specific for
  analysing goals being only of the form @{prop "P \<or> Q \<Longrightarrow> Q \<or> P"}. If the goal is not
  of this form, then they throw the error message:

  \begin{isabelle}
  @{text "*** empty result sequence -- proof command failed"}\\
  @{text "*** At command \"apply\"."}
  \end{isabelle}

  Meaning the tactics failed. The reason for this error message is that tactics 
  are functions that map a goal state to a (lazy) sequence of successor states, 
  hence the type of a tactic is:
  
  @{text [display, gray] "type tactic = thm -> thm Seq.seq"}

  It is custom that if a tactic fails, it should return the empty sequence: 
  therefore your own tactics should not raise exceptions willy-nilly. Only
  in very grave failure situations should a tactic raise the exception 
  @{text THM}.

  The simplest tactics are @{ML no_tac} and @{ML all_tac}. The first returns
  the empty sequence and is defined as
*}

ML{*fun no_tac thm = Seq.empty*}

text {*
  which means @{ML no_tac} always fails. The second returns the given theorem wrapped 
  as a single member sequence; @{ML all_tac} is defined as
*}

ML{*fun all_tac thm = Seq.single thm*}

text {*
  which means it always succeeds (but also does not make any progress 
  with the proof).

  The lazy list of possible successor states shows through at the user-level 
  of Isabelle when using the command \isacommand{back}. For instance in the 
  following proof, there are two possibilities for how to apply 
  @{ML foo_tac'}: either using the first assumption or the second.
*}

lemma "\<lbrakk>P \<or> Q; P \<or> Q\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> Q \<or> P"
apply(tactic {* foo_tac' 1 *})
back
done


text {*
  By using \isacommand{back}, we construct the proof that uses the
  second assumption. In more interesting situations, only by exploring 
  different possibilities one might be able to find a proof.
  
  \begin{readmore}
  See @{ML_file "Pure/General/seq.ML"} for the implementation of lazy
  sequences. However in day-to-day Isabelle programming, one rarely 
  constructs sequences explicitly, but uses the predefined functions
  instead.
  \end{readmore}

  It might be surprising that tactics, which transform
  one proof state to the next, are functions from theorems to theorem 
  (sequences). The surprise resolves by knowing that every 
  goal state is indeed a theorem. To shed more light on this,
  let us modify the code of @{ML all_tac} to obtain the following
  tactic
*}

ML{*fun my_print_tac ctxt thm =
 let
   val _ = warning (str_of_thm ctxt thm)
 in 
   Seq.single thm
 end*}

text {*
  which prints out the given theorem (using the string-function defined 
  in Section~\ref{sec:printing}) and then behaves like @{ML all_tac}. We
  are now in the position to inspect every proof state in a proof. Consider 
  the proof below: on the left-hand side we show the goal state as shown 
  by Isabelle, on the right-hand side the print out from @{ML my_print_tac}.
*}

lemma shows "\<lbrakk>A; B\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> A \<and> B" 
apply(tactic {* my_print_tac @{context} *})

txt{* \small 
      \begin{tabular}{@ {}l@ {}p{0.7\textwidth}@ {}}
      \begin{minipage}[t]{0.3\textwidth}
      @{subgoals [display]} 
      \end{minipage} &
      \hfill@{text "(\<lbrakk>A; B\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> A \<and> B) \<Longrightarrow> (\<lbrakk>A; B\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> A \<and> B)"}
      \end{tabular}
*}

apply(rule conjI)
apply(tactic {* my_print_tac @{context} *})

txt{* \small 
      \begin{tabular}{@ {}l@ {}p{0.76\textwidth}@ {}}
      \begin{minipage}[t]{0.26\textwidth}
      @{subgoals [display]} 
      \end{minipage} &
      \hfill@{text "(\<lbrakk>A; B\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> A) \<Longrightarrow> (\<lbrakk>A; B\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> B) \<Longrightarrow> (\<lbrakk>A; B\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> A \<and> B)"}
      \end{tabular}
*}

apply(assumption)
apply(tactic {* my_print_tac @{context} *})

txt{* \small 
      \begin{tabular}{@ {}l@ {}p{0.7\textwidth}@ {}}
      \begin{minipage}[t]{0.3\textwidth}
      @{subgoals [display]} 
      \end{minipage} &
      \hfill@{text "(\<lbrakk>A; B\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> B) \<Longrightarrow> (\<lbrakk>A; B\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> A \<and> B)"}
      \end{tabular}
*}

apply(assumption)
apply(tactic {* my_print_tac @{context} *})

txt{* \small 
      \begin{tabular}{@ {}l@ {}p{0.7\textwidth}@ {}}
      \begin{minipage}[t]{0.3\textwidth}
      @{subgoals [display]} 
      \end{minipage} &
      \hfill@{text "\<lbrakk>A; B\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> A \<and> B"}
      \end{tabular}
*}

done

text {*
  As can be seen, internally every goal state is an implication of the form

  @{text[display] "A\<^isub>1 \<Longrightarrow> \<dots> \<Longrightarrow> A\<^isub>n \<Longrightarrow> (C)"}

  where @{term C} is the goal to be proved and the @{term "A\<^isub>i"} are the  
  subgoals. So after setting up the lemma, the goal state is always of the form
  @{text "C \<Longrightarrow> (C)"}, and when the proof is finished we are left with @{text "(C)"}. 
  Since the goal @{term C} can potentially be an implication, 
  there is a ``protector'' wrapped around it (in from of an outermost constant 
  @{text "Const (\"prop\", bool \<Rightarrow> bool)"} applied to each goal;
  however this constant is invisible in the print out above). This 
  prevents that premises of @{text C} are mis-interpreted as open subgoals. 
  While tactics can operate on the subgoals (the @{text "A\<^isub>i"} above), they 
  are expected to leave the conclusion @{term C} intact, with the 
  exception of possibly instantiating schematic variables. 
 
*}

section {* Simple Tactics *}

text {*
  A simple tactic is @{ML print_tac}, which is quite useful for low-level debugging of tactics.
  It just prints out a message and the current goal state.
*}
 
lemma shows "False \<Longrightarrow> True"
apply(tactic {* print_tac "foo message" *})
txt{*\begin{minipage}{\textwidth}\small
     @{text "foo message"}\\[3mm] 
     @{prop "False \<Longrightarrow> True"}\\
     @{text " 1. False \<Longrightarrow> True"}\\
     \end{minipage}
   *}
(*<*)oops(*>*)

text {*
  Another simple tactic is the function @{ML atac}, which, as shown in the previous
  section, corresponds to the assumption command.
*}

lemma shows "P \<Longrightarrow> P"
apply(tactic {* atac 1 *})
done

text {*
  Similarly, @{ML rtac}, @{ML dtac}, @{ML etac} and @{ML ftac} correspond
  to @{text rule}, @{text drule}, @{text erule} and @{text frule}, 
  respectively. Each of them takes a theorem as argument. Below are three 
  examples with the resulting goal state. How
  they work should be self-explanatory.  
*}

lemma shows "P \<and> Q"
apply(tactic {* rtac @{thm conjI} 1 *})
txt{*\begin{minipage}{\textwidth}
     @{subgoals [display]}
     \end{minipage}*}
(*<*)oops(*>*)

lemma shows "P \<and> Q \<Longrightarrow> False"
apply(tactic {* etac @{thm conjE} 1 *})
txt{*\begin{minipage}{\textwidth}
     @{subgoals [display]}
     \end{minipage}*}
(*<*)oops(*>*)

lemma shows "False \<and> True \<Longrightarrow> False"
apply(tactic {* dtac @{thm conjunct2} 1 *})
txt{*\begin{minipage}{\textwidth}
     @{subgoals [display]}
     \end{minipage}*}
(*<*)oops(*>*)

text {*
  As mentioned in the previous section, most basic tactics take a number as 
  argument, which addresses the subgoal they are analysing. In the proof below,
  we first analyse the second subgoal by focusing on this subgoal first.
*}

lemma shows "Foo" and "P \<and> Q"
apply(tactic {* rtac @{thm conjI} 2 *})
txt {*\begin{minipage}{\textwidth}
      @{subgoals [display]}
      \end{minipage}*}
(*<*)oops(*>*)

text {* 
  The function @{ML resolve_tac} is similar to @{ML rtac}, except that it
  expects a list of theorems as arguments. From this list it will apply the
  first applicable theorem (later theorems that are also applicable can be
  explored via the lazy sequences mechanism). Given the code
*}

ML{*val resolve_tac_xmp = resolve_tac [@{thm impI}, @{thm conjI}]*}

text {*
  an example for @{ML resolve_tac} is the following proof where first an outermost 
  implication is analysed and then an outermost conjunction.
*}

lemma shows "C \<longrightarrow> (A \<and> B)" and "(A \<longrightarrow> B) \<and> C"
apply(tactic {* resolve_tac_xmp 1 *})
apply(tactic {* resolve_tac_xmp 2 *})
txt{*\begin{minipage}{\textwidth}
     @{subgoals [display]} 
     \end{minipage}*}
(*<*)oops(*>*)

text {* 
  Similarly versions exists for @{ML atac} (@{ML assume_tac}), @{ML etac} 
  (@{ML eresolve_tac}) and so on. 

  Another simple tactic is @{ML cut_facts_tac}. It inserts a list of theorems
  into the assumptions of the current goal state. For example:
*}

lemma shows "True \<noteq> False"
apply(tactic {* cut_facts_tac [@{thm True_def}, @{thm False_def}] 1 *})
txt{*\begin{minipage}{\textwidth}
     @{subgoals [display]} 
     \end{minipage}*}
(*<*)oops(*>*)

text {*
  Since rules are applied using higher-order unification, an automatic proof
  procedure might become too fragile, if it just applies inference rules shown
  in the fashion above.  More constraints can be introduced by
  pre-instantiating theorems with other theorems. You can do this using the
  function @{ML RS}. For example
  
  @{ML_response_fake [display,gray]
  "@{thm disjI1} RS @{thm conjI}" "\<lbrakk>?P1; ?Q\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> (?P1 \<or> ?Q1) \<and> ?Q"}

  instantiates the first premise of the @{text conjI}-rule with the
  rule @{text disjI1}. If this is impossible, as in the case of

  @{ML_response_fake_both [display,gray]
  "@{thm conjI} RS @{thm mp}" 
"*** Exception- THM (\"RSN: no unifiers\", 1, 
[\"\<lbrakk>?P; ?Q\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> ?P \<and> ?Q\", \"\<lbrakk>?P \<longrightarrow> ?Q; ?P\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> ?Q\"]) raised"}

  the function raises an exception. The function @{ML RSN} is similar, but 
  takes a number as argument and thus you can make explicit which premise 
  should be instantiated. 

  To improve readability of the theorems we produce below, we shall use 
  the following function
*}

ML{*fun no_vars ctxt thm =
let 
  val ((_, [thm']), _) = Variable.import_thms true [thm] ctxt
in
  thm'
end*}

text {*
  that transform the schematic variables of a theorem into free variables. 
  This means for the first @{ML RS}-expression above:

  @{ML_response_fake [display,gray]
  "no_vars @{context} (@{thm disjI1} RS @{thm conjI})" "\<lbrakk>P; Q\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> (P \<or> Qa) \<and> Q"}

  If you want to instantiate more than one premise of a theorem, you can use 
  the function @{ML MRS}:

  @{ML_response_fake [display,gray]
  "no_vars @{context} ([@{thm disjI1}, @{thm disjI2}] MRS @{thm conjI})" 
  "\<lbrakk>P; Q\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> (P \<or> Qa) \<and> (Pa \<or> Q)"}

  If you need to instantiate lists of theorems, you can use the
  functions @{ML RL} and @{ML MRL}. For example in the code below
  every theorem in the first list is instantiated against every 
  theorem in the second.

  @{ML_response_fake [display,gray]
   "[@{thm impI}, @{thm disjI2}] RL [@{thm conjI}, @{thm disjI1}]" 
"[\<lbrakk>P \<Longrightarrow> Q; Qa\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> (P \<longrightarrow> Q) \<and> Qa,
 \<lbrakk>Q; Qa\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> (P \<or> Q) \<and> Qa,
 (P \<Longrightarrow> Q) \<Longrightarrow> (P \<longrightarrow> Q) \<or> Qa,
 Q \<Longrightarrow> (P \<or> Q) \<or> Qa]"}

  \begin{readmore}
  The combinators for instantiating theorems are defined in @{ML_file "Pure/drule.ML"}.
  \end{readmore}

  Often proofs involve elaborate operations on assumptions and 
  @{text "\<And>"}-quantified variables. To do such operations on the ML-level 
  using the basic tactics is very unwieldy and brittle. Some convenience and
  safety is provided by the tactic @{ML SUBPROOF}. This tactic fixes the parameters 
  and binds the various components of a proof state into a record. 
  To see what happens, assume the function defined in Figure~\ref{fig:sptac}, which
  takes a record as argument and just prints out the content of this record (using the 
  string transformation functions defined in Section~\ref{sec:printing}). Consider
  now the proof
*}

text_raw{*
\begin{figure}
\begin{isabelle}
*}
ML{*fun sp_tac {prems, params, asms, concl, context, schematics} = 
  let 
    val str_of_params = str_of_cterms context params
    val str_of_asms = str_of_cterms context asms
    val str_of_concl = str_of_cterm context concl
    val str_of_prems = str_of_thms context prems   
    val str_of_schms = str_of_cterms context (snd schematics)    
 
    val _ = (warning ("params: " ^ str_of_params);
             warning ("schematics: " ^ str_of_schms);
             warning ("assumptions: " ^ str_of_asms);
             warning ("conclusion: " ^ str_of_concl);
             warning ("premises: " ^ str_of_prems))
  in
    no_tac 
  end*}
text_raw{*
\end{isabelle}
\caption{A function that prints out the various parameters provided by the tactic
 @{ML SUBPROOF}. It uses the functions defined in Section~\ref{sec:printing} for
  extracting strings from @{ML_type cterm}s and @{ML_type thm}s.\label{fig:sptac}}
\end{figure}
*}


lemma shows "\<And>x y. A x y \<Longrightarrow> B y x \<longrightarrow> C (?z y) x"
apply(tactic {* SUBPROOF sp_tac @{context} 1 *})?

txt {*
  which gives the printout:

  \begin{quote}\small
  \begin{tabular}{ll}
  params:      & @{term x}, @{term y}\\
  schematics:  & @{term z}\\
  assumptions: & @{term "A x y"}\\
  conclusion:  & @{term "B y x \<longrightarrow> C (z y) x"}\\
  premises:    & @{term "A x y"}
  \end{tabular}
  \end{quote}

  Note in the actual output the brown colour of the variables @{term x} and 
  @{term y}. Although they are parameters in the original goal, they are fixed inside
  the subproof. Similarly the schematic variable @{term z}. The assumption 
  @{prop "A x y"} is bound as @{ML_type cterm} to the record-variable 
  @{text asms} but also as @{ML_type thm} to @{text prems}.

  Notice also that we had to append @{text "?"} to \isacommand{apply}. The 
  reason is that @{ML SUBPROOF} normally expects that the subgoal is solved completely.
  Since in the function @{ML sp_tac} we returned the tactic @{ML no_tac}, the subproof
  obviously fails. The question-mark allows us to recover from this failure
  in a graceful manner so that the warning messages are not overwritten
  by an error message.

  If we continue the proof script by applying the @{text impI}-rule
*}

apply(rule impI)
apply(tactic {* SUBPROOF sp_tac @{context} 1 *})?

txt {*
  then @{ML sp_tac} prints out 

  \begin{quote}\small
  \begin{tabular}{ll}
  params:      & @{term x}, @{term y}\\
  schematics:  & @{term z}\\
  assumptions: & @{term "A x y"}, @{term "B y x"}\\
  conclusion:  & @{term "C (z y) x"}\\
  premises:    & @{term "A x y"}, @{term "B y x"}
  \end{tabular}
  \end{quote}
*}
(*<*)oops(*>*)

text {*
  where we now also have @{term "B y x"} as an assumption.

  One convenience of @{ML SUBPROOF} is that we can apply the assumptions
  using the usual tactics, because the parameter @{text prems} 
  contains them as theorems. With this we can easily 
  implement a tactic that almost behaves like @{ML atac}, namely:
*}

ML{*val atac' = SUBPROOF (fn {prems, ...} => resolve_tac prems 1)*}

text {*
  If we apply it to the next lemma
*}

lemma shows "\<And>x y. \<lbrakk>B x y; A x y; C x y\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> A x y"
apply(tactic {* atac' @{context} 1 *})
txt{* we get
      @{subgoals [display]} *}
(*<*)oops(*>*)

text {*
  The restriction in this tactic is that it cannot instantiate any
  schematic variable. This might be seen as a defect, but it is actually
  an advantage in the situations for which @{ML SUBPROOF} was designed: 
  the reason is that instantiation of schematic variables can affect 
  several goals and can render them unprovable. @{ML SUBPROOF} is meant 
  to avoid this.

  Notice that @{ML atac'} calls @{ML resolve_tac} with the subgoal
  number @{text "1"} and also the ``outer'' call to @{ML SUBPROOF} in 
  the \isacommand{apply}-step uses @{text "1"}. Another advantage 
  of @{ML SUBGOAL} is that the addressing  inside it is completely 
  local to the subproof inside. It is therefore possible to also apply 
  @{ML atac'} to the second goal by just writing:
*}

lemma shows "True" and "\<And>x y. \<lbrakk>B x y; A x y; C x y\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> A x y"
apply(tactic {* atac' @{context} 2 *})
apply(rule TrueI)
done


text {*
  \begin{readmore}
  The function @{ML SUBPROOF} is defined in @{ML_file "Pure/subgoal.ML"} and
  also described in \isccite{sec:results}. 
  \end{readmore}

  A similar but less powerful function than @{ML SUBPROOF} is @{ML SUBGOAL}. 
  It allows you to inspect a given  subgoal. With this you can implement 
  a tactic that applies a rule according to the topmost connective in the 
  subgoal (to illustrate this we only analyse a few connectives). The code
  of this tactic is as follows.\label{tac:selecttac}
*}

ML %linenumbers{*fun select_tac (t,i) =
  case t of
     @{term "Trueprop"} $ t' => select_tac (t',i)
   | @{term "op \<and>"} $ _ $ _ => rtac @{thm conjI} i
   | @{term "op \<longrightarrow>"} $ _ $ _ => rtac @{thm impI} i
   | @{term "Not"} $ _ => rtac @{thm notI} i
   | Const (@{const_name "All"}, _) $ _ => rtac @{thm allI} i
   | _ => all_tac*}

text {*
  In line 3 you need to decend under the outermost @{term "Trueprop"} in order
  to get to the connective you like to analyse. Otherwise goals like @{prop "A \<and> B"} 
  are not properly analysed. While for the first four pattern we can use the 
  @{text "@term"}-antiquotation, the pattern in Line 7 cannot be constructed
  in this way. The reason is that an antiquotation would fix the type of the 
  quantified variable. So you really have to construct the pattern
  using the term-constructors. This is not necessary in  other cases, because 
  their type is always something involving @{typ bool}. The final patter is 
  for the case where the goal does not fall into any of the categorories before.
  In this case we chose to just return @{ML all_tac} (i.e., @{ML select_tac} 
  never fails). 

  Let us now see how to apply this tactic. Consider the four goals:
*}


lemma shows "A \<and> B" and "A \<longrightarrow> B \<longrightarrow>C" and "\<forall>x. D x" and "E \<Longrightarrow> F"
apply(tactic {* SUBGOAL select_tac 4 *})
apply(tactic {* SUBGOAL select_tac 3 *})
apply(tactic {* SUBGOAL select_tac 2 *})
apply(tactic {* SUBGOAL select_tac 1 *})
txt{* \begin{minipage}{\textwidth}
      @{subgoals [display]}
      \end{minipage} *}
(*<*)oops(*>*)

text {*
  where in all but the last the tactic applied an introduction rule. 
  Note that we applied the tactic to subgoals in ``reverse'' order. 
  This is a trick in order to be independent from what subgoals are 
  that are produced by the rule. If we had it applied in the other order 
*}

lemma shows "A \<and> B" and "A \<longrightarrow> B \<longrightarrow>C" and "\<forall>x. D x" and "E \<Longrightarrow> F"
apply(tactic {* SUBGOAL select_tac 1 *})
apply(tactic {* SUBGOAL select_tac 3 *})
apply(tactic {* SUBGOAL select_tac 4 *})
apply(tactic {* SUBGOAL select_tac 5 *})
(*<*)oops(*>*)

text {*
  then we have to be careful to not apply the tactic to the two subgoals the
  first goal produced. To do this can result in quite messy code. In contrast, 
  the ``reverse application'' is easy to implement.

  However, this example is very contrived: there are much simpler methods to implement
  such a proof procedure analying a goal according to its topmost
  connective. These simpler methods use tactic combinators which will be explained 
  in the next section.
*}

section {* Tactic Combinators *}

text {* 
  The purpose of tactic combinators is to build powerful tactics out of
  smaller components. In the previous section we already used @{ML THEN} which
  strings two tactics together in sequence. For example:
*}

lemma shows "(Foo \<and> Bar) \<and> False"
apply(tactic {* rtac @{thm conjI} 1 THEN rtac @{thm conjI} 1 *})
txt {* \begin{minipage}{\textwidth}
       @{subgoals [display]} 
       \end{minipage} *}
(*<*)oops(*>*)

text {*
  If you want to avoid the hard-coded subgoal addressing, then you can use
  the ``primed'' version of @{ML THEN}, namely @{ML THEN'}. For example:
*}

lemma shows "(Foo \<and> Bar) \<and> False"
apply(tactic {* (rtac @{thm conjI} THEN' rtac @{thm conjI}) 1 *})
txt {* \begin{minipage}{\textwidth}
       @{subgoals [display]} 
       \end{minipage} *}
(*<*)oops(*>*)

text {* 
  For most tactic combinators such a ``primed'' version exists and
  in what follows we will usually prefer it over the ``unprimed'' one. 

  If there is a list of tactics that should all be tried out in 
  sequence, you can use the combinator @{ML EVERY'}. For example
  the function @{ML foo_tac'} from page~\ref{tac:footacprime} can also 
  be written as
*}

ML{*val foo_tac'' = EVERY' [etac @{thm disjE}, rtac @{thm disjI2}, 
                        atac, rtac @{thm disjI1}, atac]*}

text {*
  There is even another variant for @{ML foo_tac''}: in automatic proof
  procedures (in contrast to tactics that might be called by the user) 
  there are often long lists of tactics that are applied to the first
  subgoal. Instead of writing the code above and then calling 
  @{ML "foo_tac'' 1"}, you can also just write
*}

ML{*val foo_tac1 = EVERY1 [etac @{thm disjE}, rtac @{thm disjI2}, 
                         atac, rtac @{thm disjI1}, atac]*}

text {*
  With the combinators @{ML THEN'}, @{ML EVERY'} and @{ML EVERY1} it must be 
  guaranteed that  all component tactics sucessfully apply; otherwise the 
  whole tactic will fail. If you rather want to try out a number of tactics, 
  then you can use the combinator @{ML ORELSE'} for two tactics and @{ML FIRST'} 
  (or @{ML FIRST1}) for a list of tactics. For example, the tactic
*}

ML{*val orelse_xmp = (rtac @{thm disjI1} ORELSE' rtac @{thm conjI})*}

text {*
  will first try out whether rule @{text disjI} applies and after that 
  whether @{text conjI}. To see this consider the proof:
*}

lemma shows "True \<and> False" and "Foo \<or> Bar"
apply(tactic {* orelse_xmp 1 *})
apply(tactic {* orelse_xmp 3 *})
txt {* which results in the goal state

       \begin{minipage}{\textwidth}
       @{subgoals [display]} 
       \end{minipage}
*}
(*<*)oops(*>*)


text {*
  Using @{ML FIRST'} we can write our @{ML select_tac} from Page~\ref{tac:selecttac} 
  simply as follows:
*}

ML{*val select_tac' = FIRST' [rtac @{thm conjI}, rtac @{thm impI}, 
                          rtac @{thm notI}, rtac @{thm allI}, K all_tac]*}

text {*
  Since we like to mimic the bahaviour of @{ML select_tac}, we must include
  @{ML all_tac} at the end (@{ML all_tac} must also be ``wrapped up'' using
  the @{ML K}-combinator as it does not take a subgoal number as argument). 
  We can test the tactic on the same proof:
*}

lemma shows "A \<and> B" and "A \<longrightarrow> B \<longrightarrow>C" and "\<forall>x. D x" and "E \<Longrightarrow> F"
apply(tactic {* select_tac' 4 *})
apply(tactic {* select_tac' 3 *})
apply(tactic {* select_tac' 2 *})
apply(tactic {* select_tac' 1 *})
txt{* \begin{minipage}{\textwidth}
      @{subgoals [display]}
      \end{minipage} *}
(*<*)oops(*>*)

text {* 
  and obtain the same subgoals. Since this repeated application of a tactic
  to the reverse order of \emph{all} subgoals is quite common, there is 
  the tactics combinator @{ML ALLGOALS} that simplifies this. Using this 
  combinator we can simply write: *}

lemma shows "A \<and> B" and "A \<longrightarrow> B \<longrightarrow>C" and "\<forall>x. D x" and "E \<Longrightarrow> F"
apply(tactic {* ALLGOALS select_tac' *})
txt{* \begin{minipage}{\textwidth}
      @{subgoals [display]}
      \end{minipage} *}
(*<*)oops(*>*)

text {*
  We chose to write @{ML select_tac'} in such a way that it always succeeds.
  This can be potetially very  confusing for the user in cases of goals 
  of the form
*}

lemma shows "E \<Longrightarrow> F"
apply(tactic {* select_tac' 1 *})
txt{* \begin{minipage}{\textwidth}
      @{subgoals [display]}
      \end{minipage} *}
(*<*)oops(*>*)

text {*
  where no rule applies. The reason is that the user has little chance 
  to see whether progress in the proof has been made or not. We could simply
  remove @{ML "K all_tac"} from the end of the list. Then the tactic would
  only apply in cases where it can make some progress. But for the sake of
  argument, let us assume that this is not an option. In such cases, you 
  can use the combinator @{ML CHANGED} to make sure the subgoal has been
  changed by the tactic. Because now
*}

lemma shows "E \<Longrightarrow> F"
apply(tactic {* CHANGED (select_tac' 1) *})(*<*)?(*>*)
txt{* results in the usual error message for empty result sequences. *}
(*<*)oops(*>*)


text {*

  @{ML REPEAT} @{ML DETERM}

  @{ML CHANGED}

*}

section {* Rewriting and Simplifier Tactics *}

text {*
  @{ML rewrite_goals_tac}
  @{ML ObjectLogic.full_atomize_tac}
  @{ML ObjectLogic.rulify_tac}
*}


section {* Structured Proofs *}

lemma True
proof

  {
    fix A B C
    assume r: "A & B \<Longrightarrow> C"
    assume A B
    then have "A & B" ..
    then have C by (rule r)
  }

  {
    fix A B C
    assume r: "A & B \<Longrightarrow> C"
    assume A B
    note conjI [OF this]
    note r [OF this]
  }
oops

ML {* fun prop ctxt s =
  Thm.cterm_of (ProofContext.theory_of ctxt) (Syntax.read_prop ctxt s) *}

ML {* 
  val ctxt0 = @{context};
  val ctxt = ctxt0;
  val (_, ctxt) = Variable.add_fixes ["A", "B", "C"] ctxt;
  val ([r], ctxt) = Assumption.add_assumes [prop ctxt "A & B \<Longrightarrow> C"] ctxt;
  val (this, ctxt) = Assumption.add_assumes [prop ctxt "A", prop ctxt "B"] ctxt;
  val this = [@{thm conjI} OF this]; 
  val this = r OF this;
  val this = Assumption.export false ctxt ctxt0 this 
  val this = Variable.export ctxt ctxt0 [this] 
*}



end