
diff -r e85600529ca5 -r 4794759139ea slides01.tex
--- a/slides01.tex	Sat Jun 15 09:11:11 2013 -0400
+++ /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,483 +0,0 @@
-\documentclass[dvipsnames,14pt,t]{beamer}
-\usepackage{beamerthemeplainculight}
-\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
-\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
-\usepackage{mathpartir}
-\usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos}
-\usepackage{ifthen}
-\usepackage{tikz}
-\usepackage{pgf}
-\usepackage{calc} 
-\usepackage{ulem}
-\usepackage{courier}
-\usepackage{listings}
-\renewcommand{\uline}[1]{#1}
-\usetikzlibrary{arrows}
-\usetikzlibrary{automata}
-\usetikzlibrary{shapes}
-\usetikzlibrary{shadows}
-\usetikzlibrary{positioning}
-\usetikzlibrary{calc}
-\usepackage{graphicx} 
-
-\definecolor{javared}{rgb}{0.6,0,0} % for strings
-\definecolor{javagreen}{rgb}{0.25,0.5,0.35} % comments
-\definecolor{javapurple}{rgb}{0.5,0,0.35} % keywords
-\definecolor{javadocblue}{rgb}{0.25,0.35,0.75} % javadoc
-
-\lstset{language=Java,
-	basicstyle=\ttfamily,
-	keywordstyle=\color{javapurple}\bfseries,
-	stringstyle=\color{javagreen},
-	commentstyle=\color{javagreen},
-	morecomment=[s][\color{javadocblue}]{/**}{*/},
-	numbers=left,
-	numberstyle=\tiny\color{black},
-	stepnumber=1,
-	numbersep=10pt,
-	tabsize=2,
-	showspaces=false,
-	showstringspaces=false}
-
-\lstdefinelanguage{scala}{
-  morekeywords={abstract,case,catch,class,def,%
-    do,else,extends,false,final,finally,%
-    for,if,implicit,import,match,mixin,%
-    new,null,object,override,package,%
-    private,protected,requires,return,sealed,%
-    super,this,throw,trait,true,try,%
-    type,val,var,while,with,yield},
-  otherkeywords={=>,<-,<\%,<:,>:,\#,@},
-  sensitive=true,
-  morecomment=[l]{//},
-  morecomment=[n]{/*}{*/},
-  morestring=[b]",
-  morestring=[b]',
-  morestring=[b]"""
-}
-
-\lstset{language=Scala,
-	basicstyle=\ttfamily,
-	keywordstyle=\color{javapurple}\bfseries,
-	stringstyle=\color{javagreen},
-	commentstyle=\color{javagreen},
-	morecomment=[s][\color{javadocblue}]{/**}{*/},
-	numbers=left,
-	numberstyle=\tiny\color{black},
-	stepnumber=1,
-	numbersep=10pt,
-	tabsize=2,
-	showspaces=false,
-	showstringspaces=false}
-
-% beamer stuff 
-\renewcommand{\slidecaption}{AFL 01, King's College London, 26.~September 2012}
-
-
-\begin{document}
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\mode<presentation>{
-\begin{frame}<1>[t]
-\frametitle{%
-  \begin{tabular}{@ {}c@ {}}
-  \\[-3mm]
-  \LARGE Automata and \\[-2mm] 
-  \LARGE Formal Languages (1)\\[-3mm] 
-  \end{tabular}}
-
-  \begin{center}
-  \includegraphics[scale=0.3]{pics/ante1.jpg}\hspace{5mm}
-  \includegraphics[scale=0.31]{pics/ante2.jpg}\\
-  \footnotesize\textcolor{gray}{Antikythera automaton, 100 BC (Archimedes?)}
-  \end{center}
-
-\normalsize
-  \begin{center}
-  \begin{tabular}{ll}
-  Email:  & christian.urban at kcl.ac.uk\\
-  Of$\!$fice: & S1.27 (1st floor Strand Building)\\
-  Slides: & KEATS
-  \end{tabular}
-  \end{center}
-
-
-\end{frame}}
- %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%     
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\mode<presentation>{
-\begin{frame}[c]
-
-\begin{textblock}{1}(2,5)
-\begin{tabular}{c}
-\includegraphics[scale=0.15]{pics/servers.png}\\[-2mm]
-\small Server
-\end{tabular}
-\end{textblock}
-
-\begin{textblock}{1}(5.6,4)
-  \begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1.1]
-  \draw[white] (0,1) node (X) {};
-  \draw[white] (2,1) node (Y) {};
-   \draw[white] (0,0) node (X1) {};
-  \draw[white] (2,0) node (Y1) {};
-   \draw[white] (0,-1) node (X2) {};
-  \draw[white] (2,-1) node (Y2) {};
-  \draw[red, <-, line width = 2mm] (X) -- (Y);
-  \node [inner sep=5pt,label=above:\textcolor{black}{GET request}] at ($ (X)!.5!(Y) $) {};
-  \draw[red, ->, line width = 2mm] (X1) -- (Y1);
-  \node [inner sep=5pt,label=above:\textcolor{black}{webpage}] at ($ (X1)!.5!(Y1) $) {};
-  \draw[red, <-, line width = 2mm] (X2) -- (Y2);
-  \node [inner sep=7pt,label=above:\textcolor{black}{POST data}] at ($ (X2)!.5!(Y2) $) {};
-  \end{tikzpicture}
-\end{textblock}
-
-
-\begin{textblock}{1}(9,5.5)
-\begin{tabular}{c}
-\includegraphics[scale=0.15]{pics/laptop.png}\\[-2mm]
-\small Browser
-\end{tabular}
-\end{textblock}
-  
-\only<2>{  
-\begin{textblock}{10}(2,13.5)
-\begin{itemize}
-\item programming languages, compilers
-\end{itemize}
-\end{textblock}}
-  
-  
-\end{frame}}
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%   
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\mode<presentation>{
-\begin{frame}[c]
-
-transforming strings into structured data\\[10mm]
-
-{\LARGE\bf Lexing}\medskip\\
-\hspace{5mm}(recognising ``words'')\\[6mm]
-
-{\LARGE\bf Parsing}\medskip\\
-\hspace{5mm}(recognising ``sentences'')
-
-\end{frame}}
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%     
-
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\mode<presentation>{
-\begin{frame}[c]
-
-The subject is quite old:
-
-\begin{itemize}
-\item Turing Machines, 1936
-\item first compiler for COBOL, 1957 (Grace Hopper)
-\item but surprisingly research papers are still published now
-\end{itemize}
-
-\begin{flushright}
-\includegraphics[scale=0.3]{pics/hopper.jpg}\\
-\footnotesize\textcolor{gray}{Grace Hopper}
-\end{flushright}
-
-{\footnotesize\textcolor{gray}{(she made it to David Letterman's Tonight Show, \url{http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aZOxtURhfEU})}}
-
-\end{frame}}
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%     
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\mode<presentation>{
-\begin{frame}[c]
-\frametitle{\begin{tabular}{c}This Course\end{tabular}}
-
-\begin{itemize}
-\item the ultimate goal is to implement a small web-browser (really small one)\bigskip
-\end{itemize}
-
-Let's start with:
-
-\begin{itemize}
-\item a web-crawler
-\item an email harvester
-\item a web-scraper
-\end{itemize}
-
-\end{frame}}
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%   
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\mode<presentation>{
-\begin{frame}[t]
-\frametitle{\begin{tabular}{c}A Web-Crawler\end{tabular}}
-
-\mbox{}\\[10mm]
-
-\begin{enumerate}
-\item given an URL, read the corresponding webpage
-\item extract all links from it
-\item call the web-crawler again for all these links
-\end{enumerate}
-
-\end{frame}}
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%   
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\mode<presentation>{
-\begin{frame}[t]
-\frametitle{\begin{tabular}{c}A Web-Crawler\end{tabular}}
-
-\mbox{}\\[10mm]
-
-
-\begin{enumerate}
-\item given an URL, read the corresponding webpage
-\item if not possible print, out a problem
-\item if possible, extract all links from it
-\item call the web-crawler again for all these links
-\end{enumerate}\bigskip\pause
-
-\small (we need a bound for the number of recursive calls)
-
-\small (the purpose is to check all links on my own webpage)
-\end{frame}}
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%   
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\mode<presentation>{
-\begin{frame}[c]
-\frametitle{\begin{tabular}{c}Scala\end{tabular}}
-
-\footnotesize a simple Scala function for reading webpages\\[-3mm]
-
-{\lstset{language=Scala}\fontsize{8}{10}\selectfont
-\texttt{\lstinputlisting{app0.scala}}}\pause
-{\lstset{language=Scala}\fontsize{8}{10}\selectfont
-\texttt{\lstinline{get_page("""http://www.inf.kcl.ac.uk/staff/urbanc/""")}}}\pause\bigskip
-
-
-\footnotesize slightly more complicated for handling errors properly:\\[-3mm]
-
-\footnotesize
-{\lstset{language=Scala}\fontsize{8}{10}\selectfont
-\texttt{\lstinputlisting{app1.scala}}}
-
-
-\end{frame}}
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%   
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\mode<presentation>{
-\begin{frame}[t]
-\frametitle{\begin{tabular}{c}A Regular Expression\end{tabular}}
-
-\begin{itemize}
-\item \ldots{} is a pattern or template for specifying strings
-\end{itemize}\bigskip
-  
-\begin{center}  
-\only<1>{{\lstset{language=Scala}\fontsize{18}{19}\selectfont\bf
-\texttt{"https?://[$\hat{\hspace{2mm}}$"]*"}}}%
-\only<2>{{\lstset{language=Scala}\fontsize{18}{19}\selectfont\bf
-\texttt{"""\textbackslash{}"https?://[$\hat{\hspace{2mm}}$\textbackslash{}"]*\textbackslash{}"""".r}}}
-\end{center}\bigskip\bigskip
-
-matches for example\\  
-\;{\lstset{language=Scala}\fontsize{12}{14}\selectfont\bf
-\texttt{"http://www.foobar.com"}}\\
-\;{\lstset{language=Scala}\fontsize{12}{14}\selectfont\bf
-\texttt{"https://www.tls.org"}}\\
-
-\end{frame}}
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%   
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\mode<presentation>{
-\begin{frame}[c]
-
-{\lstset{language=Scala}\fontsize{18}{19}\selectfont\bf
-\texttt{rexp.findAllIn(string)}}\medskip
-  
-returns a list of all (sub)strings that match the regular expression\bigskip\bigskip  
-  
-{\lstset{language=Scala}\fontsize{18}{19}\selectfont\bf
-\texttt{rexp.findFirstIn(string)}}\medskip
-  
-returns either {\bf\texttt{None}} if no (sub)string matches 
-or {\bf\texttt{Some(s)}} with the first (sub)string
-  
-\end{frame}}
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%   
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\mode<presentation>{
-\begin{frame}[c]
-
-{\lstset{language=Scala}\fontsize{8}{10}\selectfont
-\texttt{\lstinputlisting{app2.scala}}}\medskip
-
-{\lstset{language=Scala}\fontsize{8}{10}\selectfont
-\texttt{crawl(some\_start\_URL, 2)}}\
-
-\end{frame}}
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%   
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\mode<presentation>{
-\begin{frame}[c]
-
-\footnotesize
-a version that only ``crawls'' links in my domain:
-
-{\lstset{language=Scala}\fontsize{8}{10}\selectfont
-\texttt{\lstinputlisting{app3.scala}}}
-
-
-\end{frame}}
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%   
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\mode<presentation>{
-\begin{frame}[c]
-
-\footnotesize
-a little email ``harvester'':
-
-{\lstset{language=Scala}\fontsize{8}{10}\selectfont
-\texttt{\lstinputlisting{app4.scala}}}\bigskip
-
-\tiny
-\textcolor{gray}{\url{http://net.tutsplus.com/tutorials/other/8-regular-expressions-you-should-know/}}
-
-\end{frame}}
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%   
-
-\newcommand{\bl}[1]{\textcolor{blue}{#1}}       
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\mode<presentation>{
-\begin{frame}[t]
-\frametitle{\begin{tabular}{c}Regular Expressions\end{tabular}}
-
-Their inductive definition:\medskip
-
-\begin{textblock}{6}(2,5)
-  \begin{tabular}{@ {}rrl@ {\hspace{13mm}}l}
-  \bl{r} & \bl{$::=$}  & \bl{$\varnothing$}  & null\\
-         & \bl{$\mid$} & \bl{$\epsilon$}        & empty string / "" / []\\
-         & \bl{$\mid$} & \bl{c}                         & character\\
-         & \bl{$\mid$} & \bl{r$_1$ $\cdot$ r$_2$} & sequence\\
-         & \bl{$\mid$} & \bl{r$_1$ + r$_2$}  & alternative / choice\\
-         & \bl{$\mid$} & \bl{r$^*$}                   & star (zero or more)\\
-  \end{tabular}
-  \end{textblock}
-  
-\end{frame}}
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%   
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\mode<presentation>{
-\begin{frame}[t]
-\frametitle{\begin{tabular}{c}Regular Expressions\end{tabular}}
-
-\small
-In Scala:
-
-
-{\lstset{language=Scala}\fontsize{8}{10}\selectfont
-\texttt{\lstinputlisting{app51.scala}}}
-
-  
-\end{frame}}
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%   
-
-\newcommand{\dn}{\stackrel{\mbox{\scriptsize def}}{=}}% for definitions
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\mode<presentation>{
-\begin{frame}[c]
-\frametitle{\begin{tabular}{c}The Meaning of a\\[-2mm] Regular Expression\end{tabular}}
-
-\begin{textblock}{15}(1,4)
- \begin{tabular}{@ {}rcl}
- \bl{$L$($\varnothing$)}  & \bl{$\dn$} & \bl{$\varnothing$}\\
- \bl{$L$($\epsilon$)}        & \bl{$\dn$} & \bl{$\{$""$\}$}\\
- \bl{$L$(c)}                         & \bl{$\dn$} & \bl{$\{$"c"$\}$}\\
- \bl{$L$(r$_1$ + r$_2$)} & \bl{$\dn$} & \bl{$L$(r$_1$) $\cup$ $L$(r$_2$)}\\
- \bl{$L$(r$_1$ $\cdot$ r$_2$)}  & \bl{$\dn$} & \bl{$\{$ s$_1$ @ s$_2$ $|$ s$_1$ $\in$ $L$(r$_1$) $\wedge$ s$_2$ $\in$ 
-     $L$(r$_2$) $\}$}\\
- \bl{$L$(r$^*$)}                   & \bl{$\dn$} & \onslide<4->{\bl{$\bigcup_{n \ge 0}$ $L$(r)$^n$}}\\
-  \end{tabular}\bigskip
-  
-\onslide<2->{
-\hspace{5mm}\bl{$L$(r)$^0$ $\;\dn\;$ $\{$""$\}$}\\
-\bl{$L$(r)$^{n+1}$ $\;\dn\;$ $L$(r) @ $L$(r)$^n$}\hspace{9mm}\onslide<3->{\small\textcolor{gray}{(append on sets)}\\
-\small\hspace{5cm}\textcolor{gray}{$\{$ s$_1$ @ s$_2$ $|$ s$_1$ $\in$ $L$(r) $\wedge$ s$_2$ $\in$ 
-     $L$(r)$^n$ $\}$}}
-}  
-    \end{textblock}
-
-\end{frame}}
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%   
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\mode<presentation>{
-\begin{frame}[c]
-\frametitle{\begin{tabular}{c}The Meaning of Matching\end{tabular}}
-
-\large
-a regular expression \bl{r} matches a string \bl{s} is defined as
-
-\begin{center}
-\bl{s $\in$ $L$(r)}\\ 
-\end{center}
-
-\end{frame}}
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%   
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\mode<presentation>{
-\begin{frame}[c]
-\frametitle{\begin{tabular}{c}This Course\end{tabular}}
-
-We will have a look at:
-
-\begin{itemize}
-\item regular expressions / regular expression matching
-\item automata
-\item the Myhill-Nerode theorem
-\item parsing
-\item grammars
-\item a small interpreter / web browser
-\end{itemize}
-
-\end{frame}}
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%   
-
-
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\mode<presentation>{
-\begin{frame}[c]
-\frametitle{\begin{tabular}{c}Exam\end{tabular}}
-
-\begin{itemize}
-\item The question ``Is this relevant for the exam?'' is not appreciated!\bigskip\\
-
-Whatever is in the homework sheets (and is not marked ``optional'') is relevant for the
-exam.\\ No code needs to be written in the exam.
-\end{itemize}
-
-\end{frame}}
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%   
-
-
-\end{document}
-
-%%% Local Variables:  
-%%% mode: latex
-%%% TeX-master: t
-%%% End: 
-




