// regular expressions including NOT
abstract class Rexp

case object NULL extends Rexp
case object EMPTY extends Rexp
case object ALLC extends Rexp            // recognises any character
case class CHAR(c: Char) extends Rexp
case class ALT(r1: Rexp, r2: Rexp) extends Rexp
case class SEQ(r1: Rexp, r2: Rexp) extends Rexp
case class STAR(r: Rexp) extends Rexp
case class NOT(r: Rexp) extends Rexp     // negation of a regular expression


// nullable function: tests whether the regular 
// expression can recognise the empty string
def nullable (r: Rexp) : Boolean = r match {
  case NULL => false
  case EMPTY => true
  case ALLC => false
  case CHAR(_) => false
  case ALT(r1, r2) => nullable(r1) || nullable(r2)
  case SEQ(r1, r2) => nullable(r1) && nullable(r2)
  case STAR(_) => true
  case NOT(r) => !(nullable(r))
}

// tests whether a regular expression 
// cannot recognise more
def no_more (r: Rexp) : Boolean = r match {
  case NULL => true
  case EMPTY => false
  case ALLC => false
  case CHAR(_) => false
  case ALT(r1, r2) => no_more(r1) && no_more(r2)
  case SEQ(r1, r2) => if (nullable(r1)) (no_more(r1) && no_more(r2)) else no_more(r1)
  case STAR(_) => false
  case NOT(r) => !(no_more(r))
}


// derivative of a regular expression w.r.t. a character
def der (c: Char, r: Rexp) : Rexp = r match {
  case NULL => NULL
  case EMPTY => NULL  
  case ALLC => EMPTY
  case CHAR(d) => if (c == d) EMPTY else NULL
  case ALT(r1, r2) => ALT(der(c, r1), der(c, r2))
  case SEQ(r1, r2) => 
    if (nullable(r1)) ALT(SEQ(der(c, r1), r2), der(c, r2))
    else SEQ(der(c, r1), r2)
  case STAR(r) => SEQ(der(c, r), STAR(r))
  case NOT(r) => NOT(der (c, r))
}

// regular expression for specifying 
// ranges of characters
def Range(s : List[Char]) : Rexp = s match {
  case Nil => NULL
  case c::Nil => CHAR(c)
  case c::s => ALT(CHAR(c), Range(s))
}
def RANGE(s: String) = Range(s.toList)


// one or more
def PLUS(r: Rexp) = SEQ(r, STAR(r))

// many alternatives
def Alts(rs: List[Rexp]) : Rexp = rs match {
  case Nil => NULL
  case r::Nil => r
  case r::rs => ALT(r, Alts(rs))
}
def ALTS(rs: Rexp*) = Alts(rs.toList)

// repetitions
def Seqs(rs: List[Rexp]) : Rexp = rs match {
  case Nil => NULL
  case r::Nil => r
  case r::rs => SEQ(r, Seqs(rs))
}
def SEQS(rs: Rexp*) = Seqs(rs.toList)

// some convenience for typing in regular expressions
def charlist2rexp(s : List[Char]) : Rexp = s match {
  case Nil => EMPTY
  case c::Nil => CHAR(c)
  case c::s => SEQ(CHAR(c), charlist2rexp(s))
}
implicit def string2rexp(s : String) : Rexp = charlist2rexp(s.toList)


type Rule[T] = (Rexp, List[Char] => T)

case class Tokenizer[T](rules: List[Rule[T]], excl: List[T] = Nil) {

  def munch(r: Rexp, action: List[Char] => T, s: List[Char], t: List[Char]) : Option[(List[Char], T)] = 
    s match {
      case Nil if (nullable(r)) => Some(Nil, action(t))
      case Nil => None
      case c::s if (no_more(der (c, r)) && nullable(r)) => Some(c::s, action(t))
      case c::s if (no_more(der (c, r))) => None
      case c::s => munch(der (c, r), action, s, t ::: List(c))
    }

  def one_token(s: List[Char]) : Either[(List[Char], T), String] = {
    val somes = rules.map { (r) => munch(r._1, r._2, s, Nil) }.flatten
    if (somes == Nil) Right(s.mkString) 
    else Left(somes sortBy (_._1.length) head)
  }

  def tokenize(cs: List[Char]) : List[T] = cs match {
    case Nil => Nil
    case _ => one_token(cs) match {
      case Left((rest, token)) => token :: tokenize(rest)
      case Right(s) => { println("Cannot tokenize: \"" + s + "\""); Nil } 
    }
  }

  def fromString(s: String) : List[T] = 
    tokenize(s.toList).filterNot(excl.contains(_))

  def fromFile(name: String) : List[T] = 
    fromString(io.Source.fromFile(name).mkString)

}


// parser combinators with input type I and return type T

abstract class Parser[I <% Seq[_], T] {
  def parse(ts: I): Set[(T, I)]

  def parse_all(ts: I) : Set[T] =
    for ((head, tail) <- parse(ts); if (tail.isEmpty)) yield head

  def parse_single(ts: I) : T = parse_all(ts).toList match {
    case t::Nil => t
    case _ => { println ("Parse Error") ; sys.exit(-1) }
  }
    
  def || (right : => Parser[I, T]) : Parser[I, T] = new AltParser(this, right)
  def ==>[S] (f: => T => S) : Parser [I, S] = new FunParser(this, f)
  def ~[S] (right : => Parser[I, S]) : Parser[I, (T, S)] = new SeqParser(this, right)
  def ~>[S] (right : => Parser[I, S]) : Parser[I, S] = this ~ right ==> (_._2)
  def <~[S] (right : => Parser[I, S]) : Parser[I, T] = this ~ right ==> (_._1)
}

class SeqParser[I <% Seq[_], T, S](p: => Parser[I, T], q: => Parser[I, S]) extends Parser[I, (T, S)] {
  def parse(sb: I) = 
    for ((head1, tail1) <- p.parse(sb); 
         (head2, tail2) <- q.parse(tail1)) yield ((head1, head2), tail2)
}

class AltParser[I <% Seq[_], T](p: => Parser[I, T], q: => Parser[I, T]) extends Parser[I, T] {
  def parse(sb: I) = p.parse(sb) ++ q.parse(sb)   
}

class FunParser[I <% Seq[_], T, S](p: => Parser[I, T], f: T => S) extends Parser[I, S] {
  def parse(sb: I) = 
    for ((head, tail) <- p.parse(sb)) yield (f(head), tail)
}


// A parser and evaluator for teh while language
// 
//:load matcher.scala
//:load parser3.scala

// some regular expressions
val SYM = RANGE("ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz_")
val DIGIT = RANGE("0123456789")
val ID = SEQ(SYM, STAR(ALT(SYM, DIGIT))) 
val NUM = PLUS(DIGIT)
val KEYWORD = ALTS("skip", "while", "do", "if", "then", "else", "true", "false", "write") 
val SEMI: Rexp = ";"
val OP: Rexp = ALTS(":=", "=", "-", "+", "*", "!=", "<", ">")
val WHITESPACE = PLUS(RANGE(" \n"))
val RPAREN: Rexp = ")"
val LPAREN: Rexp = "("
val BEGIN: Rexp = "{"
val END: Rexp = "}"
val COMMENT = SEQS("/*", NOT(SEQS(STAR(ALLC), "*/", STAR(ALLC))), "*/")

// tokens for classifying the strings that have been recognised
abstract class Token
case object T_WHITESPACE extends Token
case object T_COMMENT extends Token
case object T_SEMI extends Token
case object T_LPAREN extends Token
case object T_RPAREN extends Token
case object T_BEGIN extends Token
case object T_END extends Token
case class T_ID(s: String) extends Token
case class T_OP(s: String) extends Token
case class T_NUM(s: String) extends Token
case class T_KWD(s: String) extends Token

val lexing_rules: List[Rule[Token]] = 
  List((KEYWORD, (s) => T_KWD(s.mkString)),
       (ID, (s) => T_ID(s.mkString)),
       (OP, (s) => T_OP(s.mkString)),
       (NUM, (s) => T_NUM(s.mkString)),
       (SEMI, (s) => T_SEMI),
       (LPAREN, (s) => T_LPAREN),
       (RPAREN, (s) => T_RPAREN),
       (BEGIN, (s) => T_BEGIN),
       (END, (s) => T_END),
       (WHITESPACE, (s) => T_WHITESPACE),
       (COMMENT, (s) => T_COMMENT))

// the tokenizer
val Tok = Tokenizer(lexing_rules, List(T_WHITESPACE, T_COMMENT))

// the abstract syntax trees
abstract class Stmt
abstract class AExp
abstract class BExp 
type Block = List[Stmt]
case object Skip extends Stmt
case class If(a: BExp, bl1: Block, bl2: Block) extends Stmt
case class While(b: BExp, bl: Block) extends Stmt
case class Assign(s: String, a: AExp) extends Stmt
case class Write(s: String) extends Stmt

case class Var(s: String) extends AExp
case class Num(i: Int) extends AExp
case class Aop(o: String, a1: AExp, a2: AExp) extends AExp

case object True extends BExp
case object False extends BExp
case class Relop(o: String, a1: AExp, a2: AExp) extends BExp

// atomic parsers
case class TokParser(tok: Token) extends Parser[List[Token], Token] {
  def parse(ts: List[Token]) = ts match {
    case t::ts if (t == tok) => Set((t, ts)) 
    case _ => Set ()
  }
}
implicit def token2tparser(t: Token) = TokParser(t)

case object NumParser extends Parser[List[Token], Int] {
  def parse(ts: List[Token]) = ts match {
    case T_NUM(s)::ts => Set((s.toInt, ts)) 
    case _ => Set ()
  }
}

case object IdParser extends Parser[List[Token], String] {
  def parse(ts: List[Token]) = ts match {
    case T_ID(s)::ts => Set((s, ts)) 
    case _ => Set ()
  }
}


// arithmetic expressions
lazy val AExp: Parser[List[Token], AExp] = 
  (T ~ T_OP("+") ~ AExp) ==> { case ((x, y), z) => Aop("+", x, z): AExp } ||
  (T ~ T_OP("-") ~ AExp) ==> { case ((x, y), z) => Aop("-", x, z): AExp } || T  
lazy val T: Parser[List[Token], AExp] = 
  (F ~ T_OP("*") ~ T) ==> { case ((x, y), z) => Aop("*", x, z): AExp } || F
lazy val F: Parser[List[Token], AExp] = 
  (T_LPAREN ~> AExp <~ T_RPAREN) || 
  IdParser ==> Var || 
  NumParser ==> Num

// boolean expressions
lazy val BExp: Parser[List[Token], BExp] = 
  (T_KWD("true") ==> ((_) => True: BExp)) || 
  (T_KWD("false") ==> ((_) => False: BExp)) ||
  (T_LPAREN ~> BExp <~ T_RPAREN) ||
  (AExp ~ T_OP("=") ~ AExp) ==> { case ((x, y), z) => Relop("=", x, z): BExp } || 
  (AExp ~ T_OP("!=") ~ AExp) ==> { case ((x, y), z) => Relop("!=", x, z): BExp } || 
  (AExp ~ T_OP("<") ~ AExp) ==> { case ((x, y), z) => Relop("<", x, z): BExp } || 
  (AExp ~ T_OP(">") ~ AExp) ==> { case ((x, y), z) => Relop("<", z, x): BExp } 

lazy val Stmt: Parser[List[Token], Stmt] =
  (T_KWD("skip") ==> ((_) => Skip: Stmt)) ||
  (IdParser ~ T_OP(":=") ~ AExp) ==> { case ((x, y), z) => Assign(x, z): Stmt } ||
  (T_KWD("if") ~ BExp ~ T_KWD("then") ~ Block ~ T_KWD("else") ~ Block) ==>
    { case (((((x,y),z),u),v),w) => If(y, u, w): Stmt } ||
  (T_KWD("while") ~ BExp ~ T_KWD("do") ~ Block) ==> { case (((x, y), z), w) => While(y, w) } || 
  (T_KWD("write") ~ IdParser) ==> { case (x, y) => Write(y) } 

lazy val Stmts: Parser[List[Token], Block] =
  (Stmt ~ T_SEMI ~ Stmts) ==> { case ((x, y), z) => x :: z : Block } ||
  (Stmt ==> ((s) => List(s) : Block))

lazy val Block: Parser[List[Token], Block] =
  (T_BEGIN ~> Stmts <~ T_END) || 
  (Stmt ==> ((s) => List(s)))

// compiler
val beginning = """
.class public XXX.XXX
.super java/lang/Object

.method public <init>()V
   aload_0
   invokenonvirtual java/lang/Object/<init>()V
   return
.end method

.method public static write(I)V 
    .limit locals 5 
    .limit stack 5 
    iload 0 
    getstatic java/lang/System/out Ljava/io/PrintStream; 
    swap 
    invokevirtual java/io/PrintStream/println(I)V 
    return 
.end method


.method public static main([Ljava/lang/String;)V
   .limit locals 200
   .limit stack 200

"""

val ending = """

   return

.end method
"""

// for generating new labels
var counter = -1

def Fresh(x: String) = {
  counter += 1
  x ++ "_" ++ counter.toString()
}

type Env = Map[String, String]
type Instrs = List[String]

def compile_aexp(a: AExp, env : Env) : Instrs = a match {
  case Num(i) => List("ldc " + i.toString + "\n")
  case Var(s) => List("iload " + env(s) + "\n")
  case Aop("+", a1, a2) => compile_aexp(a1, env) ++ compile_aexp(a2, env) ++ List("iadd\n")
  case Aop("-", a1, a2) => compile_aexp(a1, env) ++ compile_aexp(a2, env) ++ List("isub\n")
  case Aop("*", a1, a2) => compile_aexp(a1, env) ++ compile_aexp(a2, env) ++ List("imul\n")
}

def compile_bexp(b: BExp, env : Env, jmp: String) : Instrs = b match {
  case True => Nil
  case False => List("goto " + jmp + "\n")
  case Relop("=", a1, a2) => 
    compile_aexp(a1, env) ++ compile_aexp(a2, env) ++ List("if_icmpne " + jmp + "\n")
  case Relop("!=", a1, a2) => 
    compile_aexp(a1, env) ++ compile_aexp(a2, env) ++ List("if_icmpeq " + jmp + "\n")
  case Relop("<", a1, a2) => 
    compile_aexp(a1, env) ++ compile_aexp(a2, env) ++ List("if_icmpge " + jmp + "\n")
}


def compile_stmt(s: Stmt, env: Env) : (Instrs, Env) = s match {
  case Skip => (Nil, env)
  case Assign(x, a) => {
    val index = if (env.isDefinedAt(x)) env(x) else env.keys.size.toString
    (compile_aexp(a, env) ++ 
     List("istore " + index + "\n"), env + (x -> index))
  } 
  case If(b, bl1, bl2) => {
    val if_else = Fresh("If_else")
    val if_end = Fresh("If_end")
    val (instrs1, env1) = compile_bl(bl1, env)
    val (instrs2, env2) = compile_bl(bl2, env1)
    (compile_bexp(b, env, if_else) ++
     instrs1 ++
     List("goto " + if_end + "\n") ++
     List("\n" + if_else + ":\n\n") ++
     instrs2 ++
     List("\n" + if_end + ":\n\n"), env2)
  }
  case While(b, bl) => {
    val loop_begin = Fresh("Loop_begin")
    val loop_end = Fresh("Loop_end")
    val (instrs1, env1) = compile_bl(bl, env)
    (List("\n" + loop_begin + ":\n\n") ++
     compile_bexp(b, env, loop_end) ++
     instrs1 ++
     List("goto " + loop_begin + "\n") ++
     List("\n" + loop_end + ":\n\n"), env1)
  }
  case Write(x) => 
    (List("iload " + env(x) + "\n" + "invokestatic XXX/XXX/write(I)V\n"), env)
}

def compile_bl(bl: Block, env: Env) : (Instrs, Env) = bl match {
  case Nil => (Nil, env)
  case s::bl => {
    val (instrs1, env1) = compile_stmt(s, env)
    val (instrs2, env2) = compile_bl(bl, env1)
    (instrs1 ++ instrs2, env2)
  }
}

def compile(input: String) : String = {
  val class_name = input.split('.')(0)
  val tks = Tok.fromFile(input)
  val ast = Stmts.parse_single(tks)
  val instructions = compile_bl(ast, Map.empty)._1
  (beginning ++ instructions.mkString ++ ending).replaceAllLiterally("XXX", class_name)
}


def compile_to(input: String, output: String) = {
  val fw = new java.io.FileWriter(output) 
  fw.write(compile(input)) 
  fw.close()
}

//
val tks = Tok.fromString("x := x + 1")
val ast = Stmt.parse_single(tks)
println(compile_stmt(ast, Map("x" -> "n"))._1.mkString)



//examples

compile_to("loops.while", "loops.j")
//compile_to("fib.while", "fib.j")


// testing cases for time measurements
/*
def time_needed[T](i: Int, code: => T) = {
  val start = System.nanoTime()
  for (j <- 1 to i) code
  val end = System.nanoTime()
  (end - start)/(i * 1.0e9)
}

// for testing
import scala.sys.process._

val test_prog = """
start := XXX;
x := start;
y := start;
z := start;
while 0 < x do {
 while 0 < y do {
  while 0 < z do {
    z := z - 1
  };
  z := start;
  y := y - 1
 };     
 y := start;
 x := x - 1
};
write x;
write y;
write z
"""


def compile_test(n: Int) : Unit = {
  val class_name = "LOOP"
  val tks = Tok.fromString(test_prog.replaceAllLiterally("XXX", n.toString))
  val ast = Stmts.parse_single(tks)
  val instructions = compile_bl(ast, Map.empty)._1
  val assembly = (beginning ++ instructions.mkString ++ ending).replaceAllLiterally("XXX", class_name)
  val fw = new java.io.FileWriter(class_name + ".j") 
  fw.write(assembly) 
  fw.close()
  val test = ("java -jar jvm/jasmin-2.4/jasmin.jar " + class_name + ".j").!!
  println(n + " " + time_needed(2, ("java " + class_name + "/" + class_name).!!))
}

List(1, 5000, 10000, 50000, 100000, 250000, 500000, 750000, 1000000).map(compile_test(_))



// javabyte code assmbler
//
// java -jar jvm/jasmin-2.4/jasmin.jar loops.j

*/