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\begin{document}+
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\section*{Coursework 1 (Update for 2024: CW is OPTIONAL but recommended)}+
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+
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%You are asked to implement a regular expression matcher and submit a+
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%document containing the answers for the questions below. You can do+
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%the implementation in any programming language you like, but you need+
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%to submit the source code with which you answered the questions,+
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%otherwise a mark of 0\% will be awarded. You need to submit your+
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%written answers as pdf---see attached questionaire.  Code send as+
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%code. If you use Scala in your code, a good place to start is the file+
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%\texttt{re3.sc} that is uploaded to Github.+
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+
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%Please package everything+
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%inside a zip-file that creates a directory with the name+
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%\[\texttt{YournameYourfamilyname}\]+
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%+
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%\noindent on my end. Thanks!+
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+
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+
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+
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%\subsubsection*{Disclaimer\alert}+
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+
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%It should be understood that the work you submit represents+
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%your \textbf{own} effort. You have not copied from anyone else+
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%including CoPilot, ChatGPT \& Co. An+
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%exception is the Scala code I showed during the lectures or+
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%uploaded to KEATS, which you can freely use. Do not+
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%be tempted to ask Github Copilot for help or do any other+
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%shenanigans like this!\bigskip+
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+
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%\noindent+
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%If you have any questions, please send me an email in \textbf{good}+
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%time!\bigskip+
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+
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\subsection*{Task}+
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+
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The task is to implement a regular expression matcher based on+
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derivatives of regular expressions. The implementation should+
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be able to deal with the usual (basic) regular expressions+
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+
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\[+
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\ZERO,\; \ONE,\; c,\; r_1 + r_2,\; r_1 \cdot r_2,\; r^*+
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\]+
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+
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\noindent+
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but also with the following extended regular expressions:+
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+
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\begin{center}+
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\begin{tabular}{ll}+
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  $[c_1,c_2,\ldots,c_n]$ & a set of characters---for character ranges\\+
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  $r^+$ & one or more times $r$\\+
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  $r^?$ & optional $r$\\+
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  $r_1 \,\&\, r_2$ & intersection (matched by both $r_1$ and $r_2$)\\+
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  $r^{\{n\}}$ & exactly $n$-times\\+
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  $r^{\{..m\}}$ & zero or more times $r$ but no more than $m$-times\\+
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  $r^{\{n..\}}$ & at least $n$-times $r$\\+
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  $r^{\{n..m\}}$ & at least $n$-times $r$ but no more than $m$-times\\+
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  $\sim{}r$ & not-regular-expression of $r$\\+
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\end{tabular}+
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\end{center}+
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+
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\noindent You can assume that $n$ and $m$ are greater or equal than+
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$0$. In the case of $r^{\{n,m\}}$ you can also assume $0 \le n \le m$.\bigskip+
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+
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\noindent {\bf Important!} Your implementation should have explicit+
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case classes  for the basic regular expressions, but also explicit case+
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classes for+
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the extended regular expressions.\footnote{Please call them+
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  \code{RANGE}, \code{PLUS}, \code{OPTIONAL}, \code{INTER}, \code{NTIMES},+
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  \code{UPTO}, \code{FROM} and \code{BETWEEN}.} +
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  That means do not treat the extended regular expressions+
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by just translating them into the basic ones. See also Question 1,+
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where you are asked to explicitly give the rules for \textit{nullable}+
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and \textit{der} for the extended regular expressions. Something like+
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+
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\[der\,c\,(r^+) \dn der\,c\,(r\cdot r^*)\]+
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+
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\noindent is \emph{not} allowed as answer in Question 1 and \emph{not}+
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allowed in your code.\medskip+
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+
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\noindent+
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The meanings of the extended regular expressions are+
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+
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\begin{center}+
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\begin{tabular}{r@{\hspace{2mm}}c@{\hspace{2mm}}l}+
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  $L([c_1,c_2,\ldots,c_n])$ & $\dn$ & $\{[c_1], [c_2], \ldots, [c_n]\}$\\ +
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  $L(r^+)$                  & $\dn$ & $\bigcup_{1\le i}.\;L(r)^i$\\+
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  $L(r^?)$                  & $\dn$ & $L(r) \cup \{[]\}$\\+
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  $L(r_1 \,\&\, r_2)$       & $\dn$ & $L(r_1) \cap L(r_2)$\\+
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  $L(r^{\{n\}})$             & $\dn$ & $L(r)^n$\\+
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  $L(r^{\{..m\}})$           & $\dn$ & $\bigcup_{0\le i \le m}.\;L(r)^i$\\+
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  $L(r^{\{n..\}})$           & $\dn$ & $\bigcup_{n\le i}.\;L(r)^i$\\+
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  $L(r^{\{n..m\}})$          & $\dn$ & $\bigcup_{n\le i \le m}.\;L(r)^i$\\+
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  $L(\sim{}r)$              & $\dn$ & $\Sigma^* - L(r)$+
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\end{tabular}+
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\end{center}+
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+
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\noindent whereby in the last clause the set $\Sigma^*$ stands+
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for the set of \emph{all} strings over the alphabet $\Sigma$+
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(in the implementation the alphabet can be just what is+
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represented by, say, the type \pcode{Char}). So $\sim{}r$+
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means in effect ``all the strings that $r$ cannot match''.\medskip +
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+
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\noindent+
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Be careful that your implementation of \textit{nullable} and+
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\textit{der} satisfies for every regular expression $r$ the following+
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two properties (see also Question 1):+
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+
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\begin{itemize}+
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\item $\textit{nullable}(r)$ if and only if $[]\in L(r)$+
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\item $L(der\,c\,r) = Der\,c\,(L(r))$+
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\end{itemize}+
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+
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+
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+
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%\subsection*{Question 1 (Unmarked)}+
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%+
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%What is your King's email address (you will need it in+
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%Question 5)? Also, could you please let me know whether you are+
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%a BSc / MSci and the year you are in (in case of MSci). Thanks!+
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+
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+
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%\subsection*{Question 2 (Unmarked)}+
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%+
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%Can you please also list all programming languages in which you have+
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%already written programs (include only instances where you have spent+
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%at least a good working day fiddling with a program)?  This is just+
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%for my curiosity to estimate what your background is.+
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+
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\subsection*{Question 1}+
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+
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From the lectures you have seen the definitions for the functions+
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\textit{nullable} and \textit{der} for the basic regular+
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expressions. Implement and \underline{write down} the rules for the+
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extended regular expressions (see questionaire at the end).+
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+
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+
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\noindent+
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Remember your definitions have to satisfy the two properties+
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+
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\begin{itemize}+
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\item $\textit{nullable}(r)$ if and only if $[]\in L(r)$+
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\item $L(der\,c\,r)) = Der\,c\,(L(r))$+
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\end{itemize}+
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+
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\noindent+
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Given the definitions of \textit{nullable} and \textit{der}, it is+
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easy to implement a regular expression matcher.  Test your regular+
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expression matcher with (\underline{at least}) the examples:+
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+
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+
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\begin{center}+
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\def\arraystretch{1.2}  +
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\begin{tabular}{@{}r|m{3mm}|m{6mm}|m{6mm}|m{10mm}|m{6mm}|m{10mm}|m{10mm}|m{10mm}}+
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  string & $a^?$ & $\sim{}a$ & $a^{\{3\}}$ & $(a^?)^{\{3\}}$ & $a^{\{..3\}}$ &+
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     $(a^?)^{\{..3\}}$ & $a^{\{3..5\}}$ & $(a^?)^{\{3..5\}}$ \\\hline+
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  $[]$           &&&&&&& \\\hline +
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  \texttt{a}     &&&&&&& \\\hline +
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  \texttt{aa}    &&&&&&& \\\hline +
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  \texttt{aaa}   &&&&&&& \\\hline +
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  \texttt{aaaaa} &&&&&&& \\\hline +
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  \texttt{aaaaaa}&&&&&&& \\+
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\end{tabular}+
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\end{center}+
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+
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\noindent+
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Does your matcher produce the expected results? Make sure you+
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also test corner-cases, like $a^{\{0\}}$!+
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+
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\subsection*{Question 2}+
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+
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As you can see, there are a number of explicit regular expressions+
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that deal with single or several characters, for example:+
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+
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\begin{center}+
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\begin{tabular}{ll}+
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  $c$ & matches a single character\\  +
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  $[c_1,c_2,\ldots,c_n]$ & matches a set of characters---for character ranges\\+
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  $\textit{ALL}$ & matches any character+
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\end{tabular}+
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\end{center}+
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+
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\noindent+
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The latter is useful for matching any string (for example+
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by using $\textit{ALL}^*$). In order to avoid having an explicit constructor+
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for each case, we can generalise all these cases and introduce a single+
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constructor $\textit{CFUN}(f)$ where $f$ is a function from characters+
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to booleans. In Scala code this would look as follows:+
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+
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\begin{lstlisting}[numbers=none]+
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abstract class Rexp+
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...+
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case class CFUN(f: Char => Boolean) extends Rexp +
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\end{lstlisting}\smallskip+
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+
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\noindent+
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The idea is that the function $f$ determines which character(s)+
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are matched, namely those where $f$ returns \texttt{true}.+
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In this question implement \textit{CFUN} and define+
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+
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\begin{center}+
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\begin{tabular}{@ {}l@ {\hspace{2mm}}c@ {\hspace{2mm}}l@ {}}+
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  $\textit{nullable}(\textit{CFUN}(f))$  & $\dn$ & $?$\\+
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  $\textit{der}\,c\,(\textit{CFUN}(f))$  & $\dn$ & $?$+
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\end{tabular}+
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\end{center}+
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+
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\noindent in your matcher and then also give definitions for+
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+
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\begin{center}+
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\begin{tabular}{@ {}l@ {\hspace{2mm}}c@ {\hspace{2mm}}l@ {}}+
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  $c$  & $\dn$ & $\textit{CFUN}(?)$\\+
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  $[c_1,c_2,\ldots,c_n]$  & $\dn$ & $\textit{CFUN}(?)$\\+
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  $\textit{ALL}$  & $\dn$ & $\textit{CFUN}(?)$+
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\end{tabular}+
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\end{center}+
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+
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\noindent+
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You can either add the constructor $CFUN$ to your implementation in+
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Question 3, or you can implement this questions first+
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and then use $CFUN$ instead of \code{RANGE} and \code{CHAR} in Question 3.+
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In an ideal world one would do this task first, but this might confuse+
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you with what you need to do in the previous question.+
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+
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\subsection*{Question 3}+
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+
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Suppose $[a\mbox{-}z0\mbox{-}9\_\,.\mbox{-}]$ stands for the regular expression+
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+
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\[[a,b,c,\ldots,z,0,\dots,9,\_,.,\mbox{-}]\;.\]+
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+
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\noindent+
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Define in your code the following regular expression for email addresses+
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+
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\[+
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([a\mbox{-}z0\mbox{-}9\_\,.-]^+)\cdot @\cdot ([a\mbox{-}z0\mbox{-}9\,.-]^+)\cdot .\cdot ([a\mbox{-}z\,.]^{\{2,6\}})+
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\]+
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+
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\noindent and calculate the derivative according to your own email+
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address. When calculating the derivative, simplify all regular+
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expressions as much as possible by applying the+
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following 7 simplification rules:+
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+
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\begin{center}+
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\begin{tabular}{l@{\hspace{2mm}}c@{\hspace{2mm}}ll}+
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$r \cdot \ZERO$ & $\mapsto$ & $\ZERO$\\ +
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$\ZERO \cdot r$ & $\mapsto$ & $\ZERO$\\ +
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$r \cdot \ONE$ & $\mapsto$ & $r$\\ +
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$\ONE \cdot r$ & $\mapsto$ & $r$\\ +
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$r + \ZERO$ & $\mapsto$ & $r$\\ +
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$\ZERO + r$ & $\mapsto$ & $r$\\ +
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$r + r$ & $\mapsto$ & $r$\\ +
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\end{tabular}+
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\end{center}+
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+
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\noindent Write down your simplified derivative in a readable+
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notation using parentheses where necessary. That means you+
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should use the infix notation $+$, $\cdot$, $^*$ and so on,+
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instead of raw code.\bigskip+
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+
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+
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\subsection*{Question 4}+
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+
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Implement the simplification rules in your regular expression matcher.+
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Consider the regular expression $/ \cdot * \cdot+
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(\sim{}(\textit{ALL}^* \cdot * \cdot / \cdot \textit{ALL}^*)) \cdot *+
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\cdot /$ and decide whether the following four strings are matched by+
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this regular expression. Answer yes or no.+
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+
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\begin{enumerate}+
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\item \texttt{"/**/"}+
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\item \texttt{"/*foobar*/"}+
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\item \texttt{"/*test*/test*/"}+
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\item \texttt{"/*test/*test*/"}+
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\end{enumerate}+
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+
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\subsection*{Question 5}+
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+
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Let $r_1$ be the regular expression $a\cdot a\cdot a$ and $r_2$ be+
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$(a^{\{19,19\}}) \cdot (a^?)$.\medskip+
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+
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\noindent+
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Decide whether the following three+
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strings consisting of $a$s only can be matched by $(r_1^+)^+$.+
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Similarly test them with $(r_2^+)^+$. Again answer in all six cases+
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with yes or no. \medskip+
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+
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\noindent+
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These are strings are meant to be entirely made up of $a$s. Be careful+
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when copy-and-pasting the strings so as to not forgetting any $a$ and+
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to not introducing any other character.+
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+
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\begin{enumerate}+
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\setcounter{enumi}{0}+
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\item \texttt{"aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa\\+
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aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa\\+
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aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"}+
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\item \texttt{"aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa\\ +
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aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa\\ +
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aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"}+
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\item \texttt{"aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa\\ +
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aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa\\ +
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aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"}+
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\end{enumerate}+
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+
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\newpage+
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\section*{Answers}+
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+
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\mbox{}  +
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+
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\noindent+
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\textbf{Name:}\uline{\hfill}\bigskip+
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+
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\noindent+
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\textbf{BSc / MSci \hspace{2cm} Year:\uline{\hspace{2cm}}}\bigskip+
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+
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\noindent+
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\textbf{Programming Languages:}\uline{\hfill}\medskip+
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+
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\noindent+
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\uline{\hfill}\medskip+
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+
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\noindent+
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\uline{\hfill}\medskip+
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+
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\noindent+
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\uline{\hfill}\bigskip\bigskip+
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+
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\noindent+
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\textbf{Question 1:}+
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+
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\begin{center}+
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\def\arraystretch{1.6}  +
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\begin{tabular}{@ {}l@ {\hspace{2mm}}c@ {\hspace{2mm}}l@ {}}+
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  $\textit{nullable}([c_1,c_2,\ldots,c_n])$  & $\dn$ & \uline{\hspace{8cm}}\\+
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  $\textit{nullable}(r^+)$                   & $\dn$ & \uline{\hspace{8cm}}\\+
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  $\textit{nullable}(r^?)$                   & $\dn$ & \uline{\hspace{8cm}}\\+
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  $\textit{nullable}(r_1 \,\&\, r_2)$        & $\dn$ & \uline{\hspace{8cm}}\\+
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  $\textit{nullable}(r^{\{n\}})$              & $\dn$ & \uline{\hspace{8cm}}\\+
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  & & \uline{\hspace{8cm}}\\+
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  $\textit{nullable}(r^{\{..m\}})$            & $\dn$ & \uline{\hspace{8cm}}\\+
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  & & \uline{\hspace{8cm}}\\+
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  $\textit{nullable}(r^{\{n..\}})$            & $\dn$ & \uline{\hspace{8cm}}\\+
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  & & \uline{\hspace{8cm}}\\+
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  $\textit{nullable}(r^{\{n..m\}})$           & $\dn$ & \uline{\hspace{8cm}}\\+
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  & & \uline{\hspace{8cm}}\\+
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  $\textit{nullable}(\sim{}r)$              & $\dn$ & \uline{\hspace{8cm}}\\+
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%  \\+
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\end{tabular}+
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\begin{tabular}{@ {}l@ {\hspace{2mm}}c@ {\hspace{2mm}}l@ {}}  +
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  $der\, c\, ([c_1,c_2,\ldots,c_n])$  & $\dn$ & \uline{\hspace{8cm}}\\+
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  $der\, c\, (r^+)$                   & $\dn$ & \uline{\hspace{8cm}}\\+
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  $der\, c\, (r^?)$                   & $\dn$ & \uline{\hspace{8cm}}\\+
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  $der\, c\, (r_1 \,\&\, r_2)$        & $\dn$ & \uline{\hspace{8cm}}\\+
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  $der\, c\, (r^{\{n\}})$              & $\dn$ & \uline{\hspace{8cm}}\\+
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                                      & & \uline{\hspace{8cm}}\\+
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  $der\, c\, (r^{\{..m\}})$           & $\dn$ & \uline{\hspace{8cm}}\\+
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                                     &  & \uline{\hspace{8cm}}\\+
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  $der\, c\, (r^{\{n..\}})$           & $\dn$ & \uline{\hspace{8cm}}\\+
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                                     & & \uline{\hspace{8cm}}\\+
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  $der\, c\, (r^{\{n..m\}})$           & $\dn$ & \uline{\hspace{8cm}}\\+
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                                      &  & \uline{\hspace{8cm}}\\+
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                                      &  & \uline{\hspace{8cm}}\\+
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  $der\, c\, (\sim{}r)$               & $\dn$ & \uline{\hspace{8cm}}+
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\end{tabular}+
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\end{center}\bigskip+
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+
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+
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\noindent+
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\textbf{Question 2:}+
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+
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\begin{center}+
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\def\arraystretch{1.6}    +
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\begin{tabular}{@ {}r@ {\hspace{2mm}}c@ {\hspace{2mm}}l@ {}}+
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  $\textit{nullable}(CFUN(f))$  & $\dn$ & \uline{\hspace{8cm}}\\+
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  \\+
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  $der\, c\, (CFUN(f))$  & $\dn$ & \uline{\hspace{8cm}}\\+
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                         & & \uline{\hspace{8cm}}\\+
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  \\+
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  \\+
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  $c$ & $\dn$ & \textit{CFUN}(\uline{\hspace{7cm}})\medskip\\+
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  $[c_1,c_2,\ldots,c_n]$ & $\dn$ & \textit{CFUN}(\uline{\hspace{7cm}})\medskip\\+
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  $\textit{ALL}$ & $\dn$ & \textit{CFUN}(\uline{\hspace{7cm}})\medskip\\+
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\end{tabular}+
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\end{center}+
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+
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\newpage+
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+
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\noindent+
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\textbf{Question 3 (`mathematical' notation):}+
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+
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\noindent+
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\uline{\hfill}\medskip+
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+
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\noindent+
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\uline{\hfill}\medskip+
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+
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\noindent+
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\uline{\hfill}\medskip+
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+
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\noindent+
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\uline{\hfill}\medskip+
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+
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\noindent+
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\uline{\hfill}\bigskip\bigskip+
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+
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\noindent+
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\textbf{Question 4:}\medskip+
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+
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\noindent+
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\textbf{1)}\; Yes / No\qquad+
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\textbf{2)}\; Yes / No\qquad+
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\textbf{3)}\; Yes / No\qquad+
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\textbf{4)}\; Yes / No\bigskip\bigskip+
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+
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+
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\noindent+
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\textbf{Question 5:}\medskip+
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+
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\def\arraystretch{1.5}+
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\begin{tabular}{l|c|c}+
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  & $\quad{}r_1\quad$ & $\quad{}r_2\quad$\\\hline+
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  1. & & \\\hline+
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  2. & & \\\hline+
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  3. & & \\+
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\end{tabular}+
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+
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\end{document}+
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+
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