49   def | (r: Rexp) = ALT(s, r)  | 
    37   def | (r: Rexp) = ALT(s, r)  | 
    50   def | (r: String) = ALT(s, r)  | 
    38   def | (r: String) = ALT(s, r)  | 
    51   def % = STAR(s)  | 
    39   def % = STAR(s)  | 
    52   def ~ (r: Rexp) = SEQ(s, r)  | 
    40   def ~ (r: Rexp) = SEQ(s, r)  | 
    53   def ~ (r: String) = SEQ(s, r)  | 
    41   def ~ (r: String) = SEQ(s, r)  | 
    54 }  | 
    42   def $ (r: Rexp) = RECD(s, r)  | 
    55   | 
    43 }  | 
    56 // string of a regular expression - for testing purposes   | 
         | 
    57 def string(r: Rexp) : String = r match { | 
         | 
    58   case ZERO => "0"  | 
         | 
    59   case ONE => "1"  | 
         | 
    60   case CHAR(c) => c.toString   | 
         | 
    61   case ALTS(rs) => rs.map(string).mkString("[", "|", "]") | 
         | 
    62   case SEQ(CHAR(c), CHAR(d)) => s"${c}${d}" | 
         | 
    63   case SEQ(ONE, CHAR(c)) => s"1${c}" | 
         | 
    64   case SEQ(r1, r2) => s"(${string(r1)} ~ ${string(r2)})" | 
         | 
    65   case STAR(r) => s"(${string(r)})*" | 
         | 
    66 }  | 
         | 
    67   | 
         | 
    68 // size of a regular expression - for testing purposes   | 
         | 
    69 def size(r: Rexp) : Int = r match { | 
         | 
    70   case ZERO => 1  | 
         | 
    71   case ONE => 1  | 
         | 
    72   case CHAR(_) => 1  | 
         | 
    73   case ALTS(rs) => 1 + rs.map(size).sum  | 
         | 
    74   case SEQ(r1, r2) => 1 + size(r1) + size(r2)  | 
         | 
    75   case STAR(r) => 1 + size(r)  | 
         | 
    76 }  | 
         | 
    77   | 
         | 
    78   | 
    44   | 
    79 // nullable function: tests whether the regular   | 
    45 // nullable function: tests whether the regular   | 
    80 // expression can recognise the empty string  | 
    46 // expression can recognise the empty string  | 
    81 def nullable (r: Rexp) : Boolean = r match { | 
    47 def nullable (r: Rexp) : Boolean = r match { | 
    82   case ZERO => false  | 
    48   case ZERO => false  | 
    83   case ONE => true  | 
    49   case ONE => true  | 
    84   case CHAR(_) => false  | 
    50   case CHAR(_) => false  | 
    85   case ALTS(rs) => rs.exists(nullable)  | 
    51   case ALT(r1, r2) => nullable(r1) || nullable(r2)  | 
    86   case SEQ(r1, r2) => nullable(r1) && nullable(r2)  | 
    52   case SEQ(r1, r2) => nullable(r1) && nullable(r2)  | 
    87   case STAR(_) => true  | 
    53   case STAR(_) => true  | 
         | 
    54   case RECD(_, r1) => nullable(r1)  | 
    88 }  | 
    55 }  | 
    89   | 
    56   | 
    90 // derivative of a regular expression w.r.t. a character  | 
    57 // derivative of a regular expression w.r.t. a character  | 
    91 def der (c: Char, r: Rexp) : Rexp = r match { | 
    58 def der (c: Char, r: Rexp) : Rexp = r match { | 
    92   case ZERO => ZERO  | 
    59   case ZERO => ZERO  | 
    93   case ONE => ZERO  | 
    60   case ONE => ZERO  | 
    94   case CHAR(d) => if (c == d) ONE else ZERO  | 
    61   case CHAR(d) => if (c == d) ONE else ZERO  | 
    95   case ALTS(rs) => ALTS(rs.map(der(c, _)))  | 
    62   case ALT(r1, r2) => ALT(der(c, r1), der(c, r2))  | 
    96   case SEQ(r1, r2) =>   | 
    63   case SEQ(r1, r2) =>   | 
    97     if (nullable(r1)) ALT(SEQ(der(c, r1), r2), der(c, r2))  | 
    64     if (nullable(r1)) ALT(SEQ(der(c, r1), r2), der(c, r2))  | 
    98     else SEQ(der(c, r1), r2)  | 
    65     else SEQ(der(c, r1), r2)  | 
    99   case STAR(r) => SEQ(der(c, r), STAR(r))  | 
    66   case STAR(r) => SEQ(der(c, r), STAR(r))  | 
         | 
    67   case RECD(_, r1) => der(c, r1)  | 
   100 }  | 
    68 }  | 
   101   | 
    69   | 
   102 // derivative w.r.t. a string (iterates der)  | 
    70 // derivative w.r.t. a string (iterates der)  | 
   103 def ders (s: List[Char], r: Rexp) : Rexp = s match { | 
    71 def ders (s: List[Char], r: Rexp) : Rexp = s match { | 
   104   case Nil => r  | 
    72   case Nil => r  | 
   105   case c::s => ders(s, der(c, r))  | 
    73   case c::s => ders(s, der(c, r))  | 
   106 }  | 
    74 }  | 
   107   | 
    75   | 
   108 val test : Rexp= STAR("a" | "aa") | 
         | 
   109 size(test)  | 
         | 
   110 size(der('a', test)) | 
         | 
   111 size(der('a', der('a', test))) | 
         | 
   112   | 
         | 
   113 size(ders("aaaaaa".toList, test))  | 
         | 
   114 string(ders("aaaaaa".toList, test)) | 
         | 
   115   | 
         | 
   116   | 
         | 
   117 // extracts a string from value  | 
    76 // extracts a string from value  | 
   118 def flatten(v: Val) : String = v match { | 
    77 def flatten(v: Val) : String = v match { | 
   119   case Empty => ""  | 
    78   case Empty => ""  | 
   120   case Chr(c) => c.toString  | 
    79   case Chr(c) => c.toString  | 
   121   case Proj(_, v) => flatten(v)  | 
    80   case Left(v) => flatten(v)  | 
   122   case Sequ(v1, v2) => flatten(v1) ++ flatten(v2)  | 
    81   case Right(v) => flatten(v)  | 
         | 
    82   case Sequ(v1, v2) => flatten(v1) + flatten(v2)  | 
   123   case Stars(vs) => vs.map(flatten).mkString  | 
    83   case Stars(vs) => vs.map(flatten).mkString  | 
   124 }  | 
    84   case Rec(_, v) => flatten(v)  | 
   125   | 
    85 }  | 
   126   | 
    86   | 
   127 // mkeps  | 
    87 // extracts an environment from a value  | 
         | 
    88 def env(v: Val) : List[(String, String)] = v match { | 
         | 
    89   case Empty => Nil  | 
         | 
    90   case Chr(c) => Nil  | 
         | 
    91   case Left(v) => env(v)  | 
         | 
    92   case Right(v) => env(v)  | 
         | 
    93   case Sequ(v1, v2) => env(v1) ::: env(v2)  | 
         | 
    94   case Stars(vs) => vs.flatMap(env)  | 
         | 
    95   case Rec(x, v) => (x, flatten(v))::env(v)  | 
         | 
    96 }  | 
         | 
    97   | 
         | 
    98 // injection part  | 
   128 def mkeps(r: Rexp) : Val = r match { | 
    99 def mkeps(r: Rexp) : Val = r match { | 
   129   case ONE => Empty  | 
   100   case ONE => Empty  | 
   130   case ALTS(r1::rs) =>   | 
   101   case ALT(r1, r2) =>   | 
   131     if (nullable(r1)) Proj(0, mkeps(r1))   | 
   102     if (nullable(r1)) Left(mkeps(r1)) else Right(mkeps(r2))  | 
   132     else IncProj(1, mkeps(ALTS(rs)))  | 
         | 
   133   case SEQ(r1, r2) => Sequ(mkeps(r1), mkeps(r2))  | 
   103   case SEQ(r1, r2) => Sequ(mkeps(r1), mkeps(r2))  | 
   134   case STAR(r) => Stars(Nil)  | 
   104   case STAR(r) => Stars(Nil)  | 
   135 }  | 
   105   case RECD(x, r) => Rec(x, mkeps(r))  | 
   136   | 
   106 }  | 
   137 // injection   | 
   107   | 
         | 
   108   | 
   138 def inj(r: Rexp, c: Char, v: Val) : Val = (r, v) match { | 
   109 def inj(r: Rexp, c: Char, v: Val) : Val = (r, v) match { | 
   139   case (STAR(r), Sequ(v1, Stars(vs))) => Stars(inj(r, c, v1)::vs)  | 
   110   case (STAR(r), Sequ(v1, Stars(vs))) => Stars(inj(r, c, v1)::vs)  | 
   140   case (SEQ(r1, r2), Sequ(v1, v2)) => Sequ(inj(r1, c, v1), v2)  | 
   111   case (SEQ(r1, r2), Sequ(v1, v2)) => Sequ(inj(r1, c, v1), v2)  | 
   141   case (SEQ(r1, r2), Proj(0, Sequ(v1, v2))) => Sequ(inj(r1, c, v1), v2)  | 
   112   case (SEQ(r1, r2), Left(Sequ(v1, v2))) => Sequ(inj(r1, c, v1), v2)  | 
   142   case (SEQ(r1, r2), Proj(1, v2)) => Sequ(mkeps(r1), inj(r2, c, v2))  | 
   113   case (SEQ(r1, r2), Right(v2)) => Sequ(mkeps(r1), inj(r2, c, v2))  | 
   143   case (ALTS(rs), Proj(n, v1)) => Proj(n, inj(rs(n), c, v1))  | 
   114   case (ALT(r1, r2), Left(v1)) => Left(inj(r1, c, v1))  | 
         | 
   115   case (ALT(r1, r2), Right(v2)) => Right(inj(r2, c, v2))  | 
   144   case (CHAR(d), Empty) => Chr(c)   | 
   116   case (CHAR(d), Empty) => Chr(c)   | 
         | 
   117   case (RECD(x, r1), _) => Rec(x, inj(r1, c, v))  | 
   145 }  | 
   118 }  | 
   146   | 
   119   | 
   147 // main lexing function (produces a value)  | 
   120 // main lexing function (produces a value)  | 
   148 //  - does  not simplify  | 
         | 
   149 def lex(r: Rexp, s: List[Char]) : Val = s match { | 
   121 def lex(r: Rexp, s: List[Char]) : Val = s match { | 
   150   case Nil => { | 
   122   case Nil => if (nullable(r)) mkeps(r)   | 
   151     //println(s"Size of the last regex: ${size(r)}") | 
   123               else throw new Exception("Not matched") | 
   152     if (nullable(r)) mkeps(r) else throw new Exception("Not matched") | 
         | 
   153   }  | 
         | 
   154   case c::cs => inj(r, c, lex(der(c, r), cs))  | 
   124   case c::cs => inj(r, c, lex(der(c, r), cs))  | 
   155 }  | 
   125 }  | 
   156   | 
   126   | 
   157 def lexing(r: Rexp, s: String) : Val = lex(r, s.toList)  | 
   127 def lexing(r: Rexp, s: String) : Val = lex(r, s.toList)  | 
   158   | 
   128   | 
   159 lexing("a" | ZERO, "a") | 
         | 
   160 lexing(ZERO | "a", "a")  | 
         | 
   161   | 
   129   | 
   162 lexing(("ab" | "a") ~ ("b" | ONE), "ab") | 
   130 lexing(("ab" | "a") ~ ("b" | ONE), "ab") | 
   163   | 
   131   | 
   164   | 
         | 
   165 // removing duplicate regular expressions  | 
         | 
   166 val unit = (ZERO, F_ERROR(_))  | 
         | 
   167   | 
         | 
   168 def dups2(xs: List[(Rexp, Val => Val)],   | 
         | 
   169 	 acc: List[(Rexp, Val => Val)] = Nil) : List[(Rexp, Val => Val)] = xs match { | 
         | 
   170   case Nil => acc  | 
         | 
   171   case (x, y)::xs =>   | 
         | 
   172 	     if (acc.map(_._1).contains(x)) dups2(xs, acc :+ unit)  | 
         | 
   173 	     else dups2(xs, acc :+ (x, y))  | 
         | 
   174 }  | 
         | 
   175   | 
         | 
   176 def dups(xs: List[(Rexp, Val => Val)]) : List[(Rexp, Val => Val)] = { | 
         | 
   177   val out = dups2(xs)  | 
         | 
   178   //if (out != xs) { | 
         | 
   179   //  println()  | 
         | 
   180   //  println(s"Input ${string(ALTS(xs.map(_._1)))}") | 
         | 
   181   //  println(s"Ouput ${string(ALTS(out.map(_._1)))}") | 
         | 
   182   //}  | 
         | 
   183   out  | 
         | 
   184 }  | 
         | 
   185   | 
   132   | 
   186   | 
   133   | 
   187 // some "rectification" functions for simplification  | 
   134 // some "rectification" functions for simplification  | 
   188 def F_ID(v: Val): Val = v  | 
   135 def F_ID(v: Val): Val = v  | 
         | 
   136 def F_RIGHT(f: Val => Val) = (v:Val) => Right(f(v))  | 
         | 
   137 def F_LEFT(f: Val => Val) = (v:Val) => Left(f(v))  | 
         | 
   138 def F_ALT(f1: Val => Val, f2: Val => Val) = (v:Val) => v match { | 
         | 
   139   case Right(v) => Right(f2(v))  | 
         | 
   140   case Left(v) => Left(f1(v))  | 
         | 
   141 }  | 
   189 def F_SEQ(f1: Val => Val, f2: Val => Val) = (v:Val) => v match { | 
   142 def F_SEQ(f1: Val => Val, f2: Val => Val) = (v:Val) => v match { | 
   190   case Sequ(v1, v2) => Sequ(f1(v1), f2(v2))  | 
   143   case Sequ(v1, v2) => Sequ(f1(v1), f2(v2))  | 
   191 }  | 
   144 }  | 
   192 def F_SEQ_Empty1(f1: Val => Val, f2: Val => Val) =   | 
   145 def F_SEQ_Empty1(f1: Val => Val, f2: Val => Val) =   | 
   193   (v:Val) => Sequ(f1(Empty), f2(v))  | 
   146   (v:Val) => Sequ(f1(Empty), f2(v))  | 
   194 def F_SEQ_Empty2(f1: Val => Val, f2: Val => Val) =   | 
   147 def F_SEQ_Empty2(f1: Val => Val, f2: Val => Val) =   | 
   195   (v:Val) => Sequ(f1(v), f2(Empty))  | 
   148   (v:Val) => Sequ(f1(v), f2(Empty))  | 
         | 
   149 def F_RECD(f: Val => Val) = (v:Val) => v match { | 
         | 
   150   case Rec(x, v) => Rec(x, f(v))  | 
         | 
   151 }  | 
   196 def F_ERROR(v: Val): Val = throw new Exception("error") | 
   152 def F_ERROR(v: Val): Val = throw new Exception("error") | 
   197 def F_PRINT(v: Val): Val = { | 
         | 
   198   println(s"value is ${v}") | 
         | 
   199   throw new Exception("caught error") | 
         | 
   200 }  | 
         | 
   201   | 
         | 
   202 def flats(rs: List[Rexp], seen: Set[Rexp]) : (List[Rexp], Val => Val) = { | 
         | 
   203   //println(s"I am flats: ${string(ALTS(rs))}") | 
         | 
   204   //println(s"The size of seen is ${seen.size}, ${seen.map(string)}") | 
         | 
   205   rs match { | 
         | 
   206   case Nil => (Nil, F_ERROR)  | 
         | 
   207   case r::rs1 if seen.contains(simp(r)._1) => { | 
         | 
   208     //println(s" I remove ${string(r)}") | 
         | 
   209     val (rs2, f) = flats(rs1, seen)  | 
         | 
   210     (rs2, (v:Val) => IncProj(1, f(v)))  | 
         | 
   211   }  | 
         | 
   212   case ZERO::rs1 => { | 
         | 
   213     val (rs2, f) = flats(rs1, seen)  | 
         | 
   214     (rs2, (v:Val) => IncProj(1, f(v)))  | 
         | 
   215   }  | 
         | 
   216   case ALTS(rs0)::rs1 => { | 
         | 
   217     val (rss, f1) = flats(rs0, seen)  | 
         | 
   218     val (rs2, f2) = flats(rs1, rss.toSet ++ seen)  | 
         | 
   219     (rss:::rs2, (v:Val) => v match { | 
         | 
   220       case Proj(n, vn) =>   | 
         | 
   221      	if (n < rss.length) Proj(0, f1(Proj(n, vn)))  | 
         | 
   222   	else IncProj(1, f2(Proj(n - rss.length, vn)))  | 
         | 
   223     })  | 
         | 
   224   }  | 
         | 
   225   case r1::rs2 => { | 
         | 
   226     val (r1s, f1) = simp(r1)  | 
         | 
   227     val (rs3, f2) = flats(rs2, seen + r1s)  | 
         | 
   228     (r1s::rs3, (v:Val) => v match { | 
         | 
   229       case Proj(0, vn) => Proj(0, f1(vn))  | 
         | 
   230       case Proj(n, vn) => IncProj(1, f2(Proj(n - 1, vn)))  | 
         | 
   231     })  | 
         | 
   232   }  | 
         | 
   233 }}  | 
         | 
   234   | 
   153   | 
   235 // simplification of regular expressions returning also an  | 
   154 // simplification of regular expressions returning also an  | 
   236 // rectification function; no simplification under STAR   | 
   155 // rectification function; no simplification under STAR   | 
   237 def simp(r: Rexp): (Rexp, Val => Val) = r match { | 
   156 def simp(r: Rexp): (Rexp, Val => Val) = r match { | 
   238   case ALTS(rs) => { | 
   157   case ALT(r1, r2) => { | 
   239     val (rs_s, fs_s) = flats(rs, Set())  | 
   158     val (r1s, f1s) = simp(r1)  | 
   240     rs_s match { | 
   159     val (r2s, f2s) = simp(r2)  | 
   241       case Nil => (ZERO, F_ERROR)   | 
   160     (r1s, r2s) match { | 
   242       case r::Nil => (r, (v:Val) => fs_s(Proj(0, v)))  | 
   161       case (ZERO, _) => (r2s, F_RIGHT(f2s))  | 
   243       case rs_sd => (ALTS(rs_sd), fs_s)  | 
   162       case (_, ZERO) => (r1s, F_LEFT(f1s))  | 
         | 
   163       case _ => if (r1s == r2s) (r1s, F_LEFT(f1s))  | 
         | 
   164                 else (ALT (r1s, r2s), F_ALT(f1s, f2s))   | 
   244     }  | 
   165     }  | 
   245   }  | 
   166   }  | 
   246   case SEQ(r1, r2) => { | 
   167   case SEQ(r1, r2) => { | 
   247     val (r1s, f1s) = simp(r1)  | 
   168     val (r1s, f1s) = simp(r1)  | 
   248     val (r2s, f2s) = simp(r2)  | 
   169     val (r2s, f2s) = simp(r2)  | 
   249     (r1s, r2s) match { | 
   170     (r1s, r2s) match { | 
   250       case (ZERO, _) => (ZERO, F_ERROR)  | 
   171       case (ZERO, _) => (ZERO, F_ERROR)  | 
   251       case (_, ZERO) => (ZERO, F_ERROR)  | 
   172       case (_, ZERO) => (ZERO, F_ERROR)  | 
   252       case (ONE, _) => (r2s, F_SEQ_Empty1(f1s, f2s))  | 
   173       case (ONE, _) => (r2s, F_SEQ_Empty1(f1s, f2s))  | 
   253       case (_, ONE) => (r1s, F_SEQ_Empty2(f1s, f2s))  | 
   174       case (_, ONE) => (r1s, F_SEQ_Empty2(f1s, f2s))  | 
   254       case (ALTS(rs), r2s) => (ALTS(rs.map(SEQ(_, r2s))),   | 
         | 
   255 			       (v:Val) => v match { | 
         | 
   256 				 case Proj(n, Sequ(v1, v2)) => Sequ(f1s(Proj(n, v1)), f2s(v2))  | 
         | 
   257 			       }  | 
         | 
   258 			      )  | 
         | 
   259       case _ => (SEQ(r1s,r2s), F_SEQ(f1s, f2s))  | 
   175       case _ => (SEQ(r1s,r2s), F_SEQ(f1s, f2s))  | 
   260     }  | 
   176     }  | 
   261   }  | 
   177   }  | 
         | 
   178   case RECD(x, r1) => { | 
         | 
   179     val (r1s, f1s) = simp(r1)  | 
         | 
   180     (RECD(x, r1s), F_RECD(f1s))  | 
         | 
   181   }  | 
   262   case r => (r, F_ID)  | 
   182   case r => (r, F_ID)  | 
   263 }  | 
   183 }  | 
   264   | 
   184   | 
   265 def lex_simp(r: Rexp, s: List[Char]) : Val = s match { | 
   185 def lex_simp(r: Rexp, s: List[Char]) : Val = s match { | 
   266   case Nil => { | 
   186   case Nil => if (nullable(r)) mkeps(r) else throw new Exception("Not matched") | 
   267     //println(s"Size of the last regex: ${size(r)}") | 
         | 
   268     //println(s"${string(r)}") | 
         | 
   269     if (nullable(r)) mkeps(r) else throw new Exception("Not matched") | 
         | 
   270   }  | 
         | 
   271   case c::cs => { | 
   187   case c::cs => { | 
   272     val rd = der(c, r)       | 
   188     val (r_simp, f_simp) = simp(der(c, r))  | 
   273     val (r_simp, f_simp) = simp(rd)  | 
   189     inj(r, c, f_simp(lex_simp(r_simp, cs)))  | 
   274     println(s"BEFORE ${string(rd)}") | 
         | 
   275     println(s"AFTER  ${string(r_simp)}") | 
         | 
   276     val rec = lex_simp(r_simp, cs)  | 
         | 
   277     inj(r, c, f_simp(rec))  | 
         | 
   278   }  | 
   190   }  | 
   279 }  | 
   191 }  | 
   280   | 
   192   | 
   281 def lexing_simp(r: Rexp, s: String) : Val = lex_simp(r, s.toList)  | 
   193 def lexing_simp(r: Rexp, s: String) : Val = lex_simp(r, s.toList)  | 
   282   | 
   194   | 
   283   | 
         | 
   284 lexing_simp("ab" | "aa", "ab") | 
         | 
   285 lexing_simp("ab" | "aa", "aa") | 
         | 
   286   | 
         | 
   287 lexing(STAR("a" | "aa"), "aaaaa") | 
         | 
   288 lexing_simp(STAR("a" | "aa"), "aaaaa") | 
         | 
   289   | 
         | 
   290 lexing(STAR("a" | "aa"), "aaaaaaaaaaa") | 
         | 
   291 lexing_simp(STAR("a" | "aa"), "aaaaaaaaaaa") | 
         | 
   292   | 
         | 
   293 lexing_simp(STAR("a" | "aa"), "a" * 2) | 
         | 
   294 lexing_simp(STAR("a" | "aa"), "a" * 3) | 
         | 
   295 lexing_simp(STAR("a" | "aa"), "a" * 4) | 
         | 
   296   | 
         | 
   297   | 
         | 
   298 lexing_simp(STAR("a" | "aa"), "a" * 20) | 
         | 
   299 lexing_simp(STAR("a" | "aa"), "a" * 2000) | 
         | 
   300   | 
         | 
   301 lexing(ALTS(List("aa", "aa", "aa", "ab", "ab")), "ab") | 
         | 
   302 lexing_simp(ALTS(List("aa", "aa", "aa", "ab", "ab")), "ab") | 
         | 
   303   | 
         | 
   304 lexing(ALTS(List(("aa" | "ab" | "aa"), "aa", "ab", "ab")), "ab") | 
         | 
   305 lexing_simp(ALTS(List(("aa" | "ab" | "aa"), "aa", "ab", "ab")), "ab") | 
         | 
   306   | 
         | 
   307 lexing(ALTS(List(ZERO, ZERO, ONE, "aa", ZERO, "aa", "aa")), "aa")  | 
         | 
   308 lexing_simp(ALTS(List(ZERO, ZERO, ONE, "aa", ZERO, "aa", "aa")), "aa")  | 
         | 
   309   | 
         | 
   310 lexing_simp(ONE | ZERO, "")  | 
         | 
   311 lexing_simp(ZERO | ONE, "")  | 
         | 
   312   | 
         | 
   313 lexing("a" | ZERO, "a") | 
         | 
   314 lexing_simp("a" | ZERO, "a") | 
         | 
   315 lexing(ZERO | "a", "a")  | 
         | 
   316 lexing_simp(ZERO | "a", "a")  | 
         | 
   317   | 
         | 
   318 lexing(ALTS(List(ZERO, ZERO, ONE, "a", ZERO, "a")), "a")  | 
         | 
   319 lexing_simp(ALTS(List(ZERO, ZERO, ONE, "a", ZERO, "a")), "a")  | 
         | 
   320 lexing(ALTS(List("a")), "a") | 
         | 
   321 lexing_simp(ALTS(List("a")), "a") | 
         | 
   322   | 
         | 
   323 lexing_simp(("a" | ZERO) | ZERO, "a") | 
         | 
   324 lexing_simp("a" | (ZERO | ZERO), "a") | 
         | 
   325 lexing_simp(ZERO | ("a" | ZERO), "a") | 
         | 
   326   | 
         | 
   327   | 
         | 
   328 lexing_simp("abc", "abc") | 
         | 
   329   | 
         | 
   330 lexing_simp("abc" | ONE, "abc") | 
         | 
   331   | 
         | 
   332 lexing(("a" | "ab") ~ ("b" | ""), "ab") | 
         | 
   333 lexing_simp(("a" | "ab") ~ ("b" | ""), "ab") | 
   195 lexing_simp(("a" | "ab") ~ ("b" | ""), "ab") | 
   334 lexing_simp(("ba" | "c" | "ab"), "ab") | 
   196   | 
   335   | 
   197 // Lexing Rules for a Small While Language  | 
   336 lexing(ALTS(List(ALTS(Nil), "c", "ab")), "ab")  | 
   198   | 
   337 lexing_simp(ALTS(List(ALTS(Nil), "c", "ab")), "ab")  | 
   199 def PLUS(r: Rexp) = r ~ r.%  | 
   338   | 
   200   | 
   339 lexing(ALTS(List(ALTS("ab"::Nil), "c", "ab")), "ab") | 
   201 val SYM = "a" | "b" | "c" | "d" | "e" | "f" | "g" | "h" | "i" | "j" | "k" | "l" | "m" | "n" | "o" | "p" | "q" | "r" | "s" | "t" | "u" | "v" | "w" | "x" | "y" | "z"  | 
   340 lexing_simp(ALTS(List(ALTS("ab"::Nil), "c", "ab")), "ab") | 
   202 val DIGIT = "0" | "1" | "2" | "3" | "4" | "5" | "6" | "7" | "8" | "9"  | 
   341   | 
   203 val ID = SYM ~ (SYM | DIGIT).%   | 
   342 lexing(ALTS(List(ALTS(List("a","ab")), "c", "ab")), "ab") | 
   204 val NUM = PLUS(DIGIT)  | 
   343 lexing_simp(ALTS(List(ALTS(List("a","ab")), "c", "ab")), "ab") | 
   205 val KEYWORD : Rexp = "skip" | "while" | "do" | "if" | "then" | "else" | "read" | "write" | "true" | "false"  | 
   344   | 
   206 val SEMI: Rexp = ";"  | 
   345 lexing(ALTS(List(ALTS(List("ab","a")), "c", "ab")), "ab") | 
   207 val OP: Rexp = ":=" | "==" | "-" | "+" | "*" | "!=" | "<" | ">" | "<=" | ">=" | "%" | "/"  | 
   346 lexing_simp(ALTS(List(ALTS(List("ab","a")), "c", "ab")), "ab") | 
   208 val WHITESPACE = PLUS(" " | "\n" | "\t") | 
   347   | 
   209 val RPAREN: Rexp = ")"  | 
   348 lexing(ALTS(List(ALTS(List("ab","a","a")), "c", "ab")), "ab") | 
   210 val LPAREN: Rexp = "(" | 
   349 lexing_simp(ALTS(List(ALTS(List("ab","a","a")), "c", "ab")), "ab") | 
   211 val BEGIN: Rexp = "{" | 
   350   | 
   212 val END: Rexp = "}"  | 
   351 lexing(ALTS(List(ALTS(List("a","ab","a")), "c", "ab")), "ab") | 
   213 val STRING: Rexp = "\"" ~ SYM.% ~ "\""  | 
   352 lexing_simp(ALTS(List(ALTS(List("a","ab","a")), "c", "ab")), "ab") | 
   214   | 
   353   | 
   215   | 
   354 lexing(ALTS(List(ALTS(List("b","a","ab")), "c", "ab")), "ab") | 
   216 val WHILE_REGS = (("k" $ KEYWORD) |  | 
   355 lexing_simp(ALTS(List(ALTS(List("b","a","ab")), "c", "ab")), "ab") | 
   217                   ("i" $ ID) |  | 
   356   | 
   218                   ("o" $ OP) |  | 
   357   | 
   219                   ("n" $ NUM) |  | 
   358 lexing_simp(ALTS(List("ba", "c", "ab")), "ab") | 
   220                   ("s" $ SEMI) |  | 
   359   | 
   221                   ("str" $ STRING) | | 
   360 lexing(ALTS(List("a", "ab", "a")), "ab") | 
   222                   ("p" $ (LPAREN | RPAREN)) |  | 
   361 lexing_simp(ALTS(List("a", "ab", "a")), "ab") | 
   223                   ("b" $ (BEGIN | END)) |  | 
   362   | 
   224                   ("w" $ WHITESPACE)).% | 
   363 lexing(STAR("a" | "aa"), "aa") | 
   225   | 
   364 lexing_simp(STAR("a" | "aa"), "aa") | 
   226 //   Testing  | 
   365   | 
   227 //============  | 
   366   | 
   228   | 
   367   | 
   229 def time[T](code: => T) = { | 
   368   | 
   230   val start = System.nanoTime()  | 
   369 def enum(n: Int, s: String) : Set[Rexp] = n match { | 
   231   val result = code  | 
   370   case 0 => Set(ZERO, ONE) ++ s.toSet.map(CHAR)  | 
   232   val end = System.nanoTime()  | 
   371   case n => { | 
   233   println((end - start)/1.0e9)  | 
   372     val rs = enum(n - 1, s)  | 
   234   result  | 
   373     rs ++  | 
   235 }  | 
   374     (for (r1 <- rs; r2 <- rs) yield ALT(r1, r2)) ++  | 
   236   | 
   375     (for (r1 <- rs; r2 <- rs) yield SEQ(r1, r2)) ++  | 
   237 val r1 = ("a" | "ab") ~ ("bcd" | "c") | 
   376     (for (r1 <- rs) yield STAR(r1))  | 
   238 println(lexing(r1, "abcd"))  | 
   377   }  | 
   239   | 
   378 }  | 
   240 val r2 = ("" | "a") ~ ("ab" | "b") | 
   379   | 
   241 println(lexing(r2, "ab"))  | 
   380 def strs(n: Int, cs: String) : Set[String] = { | 
   242   | 
   381   if (n == 0) Set("") | 
   243   | 
   382   else { | 
   244 // Two Simple While Tests  | 
   383     val ss = strs(n - 1, cs)  | 
   245 //========================  | 
   384     ss ++  | 
   246 println("prog0 test") | 
   385     (for (s <- ss; c <- cs.toList) yield c + s)  | 
   247   | 
   386   }  | 
   248 val prog0 = """read n"""  | 
   387 }  | 
   249 println(env(lexing_simp(WHILE_REGS, prog0)))  | 
   388   | 
   250   | 
   389 import scala.util.Try  | 
   251 println("prog1 test") | 
   390   | 
   252   | 
   391 def tests(n: Int, m: Int, s: String) = { | 
   253 val prog1 = """read  n; write (n)"""  | 
   392   val rs = enum(n, s)  | 
   254 println(env(lexing_simp(WHILE_REGS, prog1)))  | 
   393   val ss = strs(m, s)  | 
   255   | 
   394   println(s"cases generated: ${rs.size} regexes and ${ss.size} strings") | 
   256   | 
   395   for (r1 <- rs.par; s1 <- ss.par) yield { | 
   257 // Bigger Test  | 
   396     val res1 = Try(Some(lexing(r1, s1))).getOrElse(None)  | 
   258 //=============  | 
   397     val res2 = Try(Some(lexing_simp(r1, s1))).getOrElse(None)  | 
   259   | 
   398     if (res1 != res2) println(s"Disagree on ${r1} and ${s1}") | 
   260 val prog2 = """  | 
   399     if (res1 != res2) Some((r1, s1)) else None  | 
   261 write "fib";  | 
   400   }  | 
   262 read n;  | 
   401 }  | 
   263 minus1 := 0;  | 
   402   | 
   264 minus2 := 1;  | 
   403 println("Testing") | 
   265 while n > 0 do { | 
   404 println(tests(2,7,"abc"))  | 
   266   temp := minus2;  | 
   405   | 
   267   minus2 := minus1 + minus2;  | 
   406   | 
   268   minus1 := temp;  | 
   407   | 
   269   n := n - 1  | 
         | 
   270 };  | 
         | 
   271 write "result";  | 
         | 
   272 write minus2  | 
         | 
   273 """  | 
         | 
   274   | 
         | 
   275 println("Tokens") | 
         | 
   276 println(env(lexing_simp(WHILE_REGS, prog2)))  | 
         | 
   277 println(env(lexing_simp(WHILE_REGS, prog2)).filterNot{_._1 == "w"}.mkString("\n")) | 
         | 
   278   | 
         | 
   279 // some more timing tests with  | 
         | 
   280 // i copies of the program  | 
         | 
   281   | 
         | 
   282 for (i <- 1 to 21 by 10) { | 
         | 
   283   print(i.toString + ":  ")  | 
         | 
   284   time(lexing_simp(WHILE_REGS, prog2 * i))  | 
         | 
   285 }  | 
         | 
   286   | 
         | 
   287   |