7 case class SEQ(r1: Rexp, r2: Rexp) extends Rexp   | 
     7 case class SEQ(r1: Rexp, r2: Rexp) extends Rexp   | 
     8 case class STAR(r: Rexp) extends Rexp   | 
     8 case class STAR(r: Rexp) extends Rexp   | 
     9 case class NTIMES(r: Rexp, n: Int) extends Rexp   | 
     9 case class NTIMES(r: Rexp, n: Int) extends Rexp   | 
    10 case class UPNTIMES(r: Rexp, n: Int) extends Rexp   | 
    10 case class UPNTIMES(r: Rexp, n: Int) extends Rexp   | 
    11   | 
    11   | 
    12 // nullable function: tests whether the regular   | 
    12 // the nullable function: tests whether the regular   | 
    13 // expression can recognise the empty string  | 
    13 // expression can recognise the empty string  | 
    14 def nullable (r: Rexp) : Boolean = r match { | 
    14 def nullable (r: Rexp) : Boolean = r match { | 
    15   case ZERO => false  | 
    15   case ZERO => false  | 
    16   case ONE => true  | 
    16   case ONE => true  | 
    17   case CHAR(_) => false  | 
    17   case CHAR(_) => false  | 
    20   case STAR(_) => true  | 
    20   case STAR(_) => true  | 
    21   case NTIMES(r, i) => if (i == 0) true else nullable(r)  | 
    21   case NTIMES(r, i) => if (i == 0) true else nullable(r)  | 
    22   case UPNTIMES(r: Rexp, n: Int) => true  | 
    22   case UPNTIMES(r: Rexp, n: Int) => true  | 
    23 }  | 
    23 }  | 
    24   | 
    24   | 
    25 // derivative of a regular expression w.r.t. a character  | 
    25 // the derivative of a regular expression w.r.t. a character  | 
    26 def der (c: Char, r: Rexp) : Rexp = r match { | 
    26 def der (c: Char, r: Rexp) : Rexp = r match { | 
    27   case ZERO => ZERO  | 
    27   case ZERO => ZERO  | 
    28   case ONE => ZERO  | 
    28   case ONE => ZERO  | 
    29   case CHAR(d) => if (c == d) ONE else ZERO  | 
    29   case CHAR(d) => if (c == d) ONE else ZERO  | 
    30   case ALT(r1, r2) => ALT(der(c, r1), der(c, r2))  | 
    30   case ALT(r1, r2) => ALT(der(c, r1), der(c, r2))  | 
    56   }  | 
    56   }  | 
    57   case r => r  | 
    57   case r => r  | 
    58 }  | 
    58 }  | 
    59   | 
    59   | 
    60   | 
    60   | 
    61 // derivative w.r.t. a string (iterates der)  | 
    61 // the derivative w.r.t. a string (iterates der)  | 
    62 def ders (s: List[Char], r: Rexp) : Rexp = s match { | 
    62 def ders (s: List[Char], r: Rexp) : Rexp = s match { | 
    63   case Nil => r  | 
    63   case Nil => r  | 
    64   case c::s => ders(s, simp(der(c, r)))  | 
    64   case c::s => ders(s, simp(der(c, r)))  | 
    65 }  | 
    65 }  | 
    66   | 
    66   | 
    67   | 
    67   | 
    68 // main matcher function  | 
    68 // the main matcher function  | 
    69 def matcher(r: Rexp, s: String) : Boolean = nullable(ders(s.toList, r))  | 
    69 def matches(r: Rexp, s: String) : Boolean = nullable(ders(s.toList, r))  | 
    70   | 
    70   | 
    71 //one or zero  | 
    71 // one or zero  | 
    72 def OPT(r: Rexp) = ALT(r, ONE)  | 
    72 def OPT(r: Rexp) = ALT(r, ONE)  | 
    73   | 
    73   | 
    74 //evil regular expressions  | 
    74 // evil regular expressions  | 
    75 def EVIL1(n: Int) = SEQ(NTIMES(OPT(CHAR('a')), n), NTIMES(CHAR('a'), n)) | 
    75 def EVIL1(n: Int) = SEQ(NTIMES(OPT(CHAR('a')), n), NTIMES(CHAR('a'), n)) | 
    76 val EVIL2 = SEQ(STAR(STAR(CHAR('a'))), CHAR('b')) | 
    76 val EVIL2 = SEQ(STAR(STAR(CHAR('a'))), CHAR('b')) | 
    77 val EVIL3 = SEQ(STAR(ALT(CHAR('a'), SEQ(CHAR('a'),CHAR('a')))), CHAR('b')) | 
    77 val EVIL3 = SEQ(STAR(ALT(CHAR('a'), SEQ(CHAR('a'),CHAR('a')))), CHAR('b')) | 
    78   | 
    78   | 
    79 def time_needed[T](i: Int, code: => T) = { | 
    79 def time_needed[T](i: Int, code: => T) = { | 
    80   val start = System.nanoTime()  | 
    80   val start = System.nanoTime()  | 
    81   for (j <- 1 to i) code  | 
    81   for (j <- 1 to i) code  | 
    82   val end = System.nanoTime()  | 
    82   val end = System.nanoTime()  | 
    83   (end - start)/(i * 1.0e9)  | 
    83   "%.5f".format((end - start) / (i * 1.0e9))  | 
    84 }  | 
    84 }  | 
    85   | 
    85   | 
    86   | 
    86   | 
    87 //test: (a?{n}) (a{n}) | 
    87 // test: (a?{n}) (a{n}) | 
    88 for (i <- 1 to 8001 by 1000) { | 
    88 for (i <- 0 to 8000 by 1000) { | 
    89   println(i + " " + "%.5f".format(time_needed(2, matcher(EVIL1(i), "a" * i))))  | 
    89   println(s"$i: ${time_needed(2, matches(EVIL1(i), "a" * i))}") | 
    90 }  | 
    90 }  | 
    91   | 
    91   | 
    92 for (i <- 1 to 8001 by 1000) { | 
    92 // test: (a*)* b  | 
    93   println(i + " " + "%.5f".format(time_needed(2, matcher(EVIL1(i), "a" * i))))  | 
    93 for (i <- 0 to 6000000 by 500000) { | 
    94 }  | 
    94   println(s"$i: ${time_needed(2, matches(EVIL2, "a" * i))}") | 
    95   | 
         | 
    96 //test: (a*)* b  | 
         | 
    97 for (i <- 1 to 6000001 by 500000) { | 
         | 
    98   println(i + " " + "%.5f".format(time_needed(2, matcher(EVIL2, "a" * i))))  | 
         | 
    99 }  | 
         | 
   100   | 
         | 
   101 for (i <- 1 to 6000001 by 500000) { | 
         | 
   102   println(i + " " + "%.5f".format(time_needed(2, matcher(EVIL2, "a" * i))))  | 
         | 
   103 }  | 
    95 }  | 
   104   | 
    96   | 
   105   | 
    97   | 
   106 val r0 = simp(der('a', EVIL3)) | 
    98 val r0 = simp(der('a', EVIL3)) | 
   107 val r1 = simp(der('a', r0)) | 
    99 val r1 = simp(der('a', r0)) |